Biodiversity Microbial

8/12/2019 Biodiversity Microbial

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Microorganisms: Biodiversity

and Bioprospecting

Dr. Anu Appaiah K AScientist, Food Microbiology

CFTRI, Mysore


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Biodiversity:

what is it! This gives the total range of variation and variability amongbioregional landscape, ecosystem and habitat level systems and

organisms.

Biodiversity refers to the quality, range or extent of differencebetween the biological entities in a given set

The variation may be at organism level down to species, populationand individuals and genes .


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All these changes as well as human induced modification ofbiodiversity must be seen against the background of its 3.5 billionyear history

Species and their population are in a constant state of evolutionarychange .

Biodiversity is dynamic


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How is the biodiversity valued in different Cultures?How is it influenced by human action and activity?How can biological resources be used sustainable?

How can the benefits derived from their use be shared fairly and equitably?

Global biodiversity crisis


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Designer baby

butWhere is the gene ?


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Conservative estimates state thatabout 1-3% of the microbial diversity has been

identified,classified

catalogued

.

Knowledge of our Microbial diversity

which means that more than 99% is yet to be discovered


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Described and estimated species

numberGroup Described Estimated (range) Accuracy

Plants 270,000 300,000 - 500,000 good

Chordates 45,000 50,000 55,000 goodArthropods 1,065,000 2,375,000 -100 million

moderate Nematodes 25,000 100,000 - 1,000,000 poorFungi 75,000 200,000 10 million moderateBacteria ~5,000 50,000 3 million (??) very

poor

Bull (2004) Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting

Unit of count s ecies is an undefined uantit


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Today it is widely accepted that 80% of themicrobial forms cannot be cultured with ourpresent knowledge .

Why is our knowledge about microbes solimited?


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Why is Microbial DiversityImportant?

Important values to the Earths ecosystem and to society 1. Microbes are of critical importance to the sustainability of

life on Earth, including recycling of elements, maintenanceof climate, degradation of wastes

2. Discoveries of microbial diversity expand the frontiers ofknowledge about the limits and strategies of life3. Microbial diversity represent the largest untapped

reservoir of biodiversity for potential discovery of newbiotechnology products, such as biopharmaceuticals, new

enzymes, or organisms that carry out novel processes4. Microbes often have key roles in conservation of higherorganisms and in restoration of degraded ecosystems


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MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND

BIOPROSPECTINGBiodiversity as a source of innovation in biotechnologyBiotechnology = the art of exploiting biologyInternational Convention on Biological Diversity defines genetic resources

as genetic material of actual of potential value, inclusive of whole organisms, cell component and extracts, and nucleic acids.Microbial diversity as a major resource for biotechnological products and

processes1. Food and beverage biotechnology2. Metabolites (amino acids, antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals,) 3. Enzymes4. Organic synthesis5. Single cell protein6. Environmental biotechnology7. Biological fuels Search for and discovery of novel microorganisms and properties


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Exploitation of chemical energy sour cesUptake and extrusion of small moleculesBiosynthesis pathways for intermediates

Reliable macromolecular synthesisRegulation of macromolecular synthesisSynchr ony of DNA synthesis and cel l division

Shape determination and cel l divisionResponses to environmental chal lenges

* Retained today with r elatively minor variations

Processes developed during themonophyletic period *


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Microbes have degradative mechanism formolecules yet to be synthesized

and

cure for disease yet to be discovered


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Open reading frames (ORF) prediction based on genomicsequence

Homology searches for all the predicted ORFs

Hit found No hit found

Localization predictionEnzyme &ytoplasmicocalization

AlreadyKnownantigen

Homology

to virulence protein Secreted

Outer membraneInner membrane

Periplasmiclipoproteins

cytoplasmic

Clone &Express

X X


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National Priority

With the passage of the Biodiversity Act 2002, it is the duty ofevery Biological Scientist to collect, document and preserve the

rich Biodiversity of our country.Bio-prospecting of DNA from Environmental samples and

their preservation helps in developing a DNA library for the futureneed of the country.

Global requirements

This helps in reaching the requirements of emerging and trust areaof Biodiversity Documentation.

Further with an understanding today, that 80% of the Microorganism can not be grown (uncultivable microbes); the only wayof harvesting and exploiting their genomes for the benefit ofmankind is by Bio-prospecting


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Biodiversity Microbial

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