Biodiversity: Living and Non-Living Resources
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LECTURE ON
BIODIVERSITYDEFINITION!LEVELS!IMPORTANCE!THREATS & !STATUS
www.picswallpaper.com
MODULE 4
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LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
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LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
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LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?A B
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LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?A B
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NOW LET’S CHECK OUT THE OUTSIDE WORLD
Which one looks better?
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BIODIVERSITY
errolgatumbato.wordpress.comwww.thelandofpromise.com
www.vintagephilippines.com
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WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
❖ Variety and Diversity of life forms (number of kinds) in an area!
!
❖ Biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem and contributes to the health of the biosphere
australianmuseum.net.au
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BIODIVERSITY on EXTINCTION ISSUES
❖Biodiversity is the FOCUS of conservation!!
❖Extinction !❖a process that happens when an entire species permanently disappears from the biosphere due to the death of the species’ last member
www.phibetaiota.net
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HIGH BIODIVERSITY = HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM
❖Measurement of how healthy ecosystems are!!
❖HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM support HIGH biological diversity!!
❖STRESSED ECOSYSTEM may not have the CAPACITY to support high biological diversity
www.motherearthnews.com
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BIODIVERSITY LEVELS❖ ECOLOGICAL/ECOSYSTEM!
❖ different habitats, niches, species interactions!
❖ SPECIES!
❖ different kinds of organisms, relationships among species!!
❖ GENETIC!
❖ different genes & combinations of genes within populations
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ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY❖ collection of all the plants and animals within a
particular area, each differing in species composition, physical structure and function!
!
❖ the variety of ecosystems that are present in the biosphere!❖ made up of interacting populations and the abiotic
factors that support them!❖ example: BIOMES
www.sciencerecorder.com
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SPECIES DIVERSITY❖ measure of the number of species which
occur within a particular taxonomic level in a given geographic area!
!
❖ the number of different species and the relative abundance of each species in a biological community
blogs.thehindu.com
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SPECIES DIVERSITY in ANGIOSPERMS
www.blog.gurukpo.com
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GENETIC DIVERSITY❖ The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that
are present in a population comprises its genetic diversity!
❖ Degree of variation in all the genes for all individuals within a species!
❖ As basis for evolution: Genetic diversity within an interbreeding population increases the chances of survival during changing environmental conditions or during the outbreak of disease!
❖ Example: BANANAS and RICE varietieswww.ethicurean.com
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GENETIC DIVERSITY in BANANAS
errebeekeeper.wordpress.com
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GENETIC DIVERSITY in RICE
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GENETIC DIVERSITY in CORN
slola.blogspot.com
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OTHER DIVERSITY IN GENES
biojoan.comwww.gardenculture.net
www.ecosystemservicesseq.com.au
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WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?
There are direct and indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
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WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?There are direct and
indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
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WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?There are direct and
indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
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THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinction
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THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinctionwww.globalchange.umich.edu
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EXTINCTION
Introduced Speciesavrotor.blogspot.com www.petproductnews.com
GOLDEN SNAIL JANITOR FISH
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EXTINCTION
Habitat Loss
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EXTINCTION
Habitat Fragmentation
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EXTINCTION
Over Exploitation
Too much harvest for food, medicine and other human sustenance
science.howstuffworks.com
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EXTINCTION
Invasive Species
davesgarden.comwww.davidsanger.com
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THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Climate Change
www.newsecuritybeat.org
www.mediaglobal.org
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THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Pollutionclimatechange.thinkaboutit.eu
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THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Mining and BioaccumulationLARRY PRICE - www.flickr.com
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THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Overpopulation
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BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
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THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS
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PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ RAREST WILDLIFE: has more than 52,177 described species, half of which are endemic!
❖ more than 1,130 terrestrial wildlife species recorded for the Philippines (49 percent or half are endemic); 157 are threatened (128 are threatened endemic)
life-sea.blogspot.com
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PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ FLORAL DIVERSITY: between 10,000 and 14,000 species of vascular and non-vascular plants, more than half of which are endemic
landofpromise.fairfood.org wildlifeconservation.ph hortlog.blogspot.com
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PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE DIVERSITY: estimated total of 359 species of amphibians (101 species, 246 are endemic, highest % endemism for all vertebrates) and reptiles (258 species)
gdeichmann.photoshelter.comPhoto by: Arvin Diesmos.
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PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ BIRD DIVERSITY: 576 species of birds (195 are endemic), 45 species are either extinct in the wild, critical, or endangered
newsinfo.inquirer.net
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PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: 174 mammalian species (111 are endemic)
www.explorer-philippines.com
animals.pawnation.com
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NEW DISCOVERIES
❖ Several new species have been discovered in small islands such as Sibuyan (five new species) and Camiguin (two new species), catapulting these islands to a new status as centers of mammal endemism!
!
❖ Sibuyan Island (463 km2), which hosts four species of endemic non-flying mammals (plus one bat), a total exceeding that of any country in Europe
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Activity for THURSDAY
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what to do…❖ If you will be an endemic (or endangered) philippine species
who will you be?!
❖ You may want to consult the workbook or other references!
❖ Make a portfolio (letter size) board paper:!
❖ photo!
❖ about you (from where are you)!
❖ shout out (how to save you from extinction)!
❖ BE RESOURCEFUL, BE UNIQUE!
❖ To be PRESENTED NEXT MEETING!
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NEXT MEETING:
BIODIVERSITY MEASUREMENTS
ALPHA & BETA DIVERSITY!RICHNESS & EVENNESS
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MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNITY DIVERSITY
❖ Ecologists define community diversity on the basis of 2 components:!
❖ SPECIES RICHNESS!
❖ the number of species in the community!
❖ SPECIES EVENNESS!
❖ the relative number of species in the community
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SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS
WHICH COMMUNITY IS RICH?
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SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS
WHICH COMMUNITY IS RICH?
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SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS
WHICH COMMUNITY IS EVEN?
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MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNITY DIVERSITY
❖ Measures of diversity are INDICATORS of the well-being of ecological systems and greatly contribute in environmental monitoring efforts and conservation strategies!
❖ Diversity Index!
❖ reflects the relationship between species richness and evenness in measuring diversity!
❖ e.g. SHANNON-WEINER INDEX
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ACTIVITY FOR TODAY❖ FORM 5 GROUPS & CHOOSE A CAR PARK AS YOUR
ECOSYSTEM!❖ OBTAIN THE VARIOUS DIVERSITY DATA USING THE
FOLLOWING!❖ Genus (Car brand)!❖ species (car characteristic)!
❖ CHOOSE A REPRESENTATIVE AND REPORT NEXT MEETING!❖ Follow the data format on page 50-51 and answer the
guide questions (submit one per group of your reported data and answers to Q)
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ACTIVITY FOR TODAY
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activity for today
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LECTURE ON
THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS
Non-Living Resources!Biological Resources!Population and Human Resources!Issues on the PHL Environmental Situation
www.picswallpaper.com
MODULE 3 and 5
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BIOMES - Interaction between living & non-living resources
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THE NON-LIVING RESOURCES
• AIR!• WATER!• LAND
www.fs.fed.us
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AIR• Air is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth's sphere!
• Clean air is composed of: !
• 78 percent nitrogen!
• 21 percent oxygen!
• 0.9 percent argon!
• 0.03 percent carbon dioxide!
• trace greenhouse gasess and tratospheric ozone!
• Air also contains water vapour, droplets, dust and other particles and contaminants
cleantechnica.com
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AIR as a Renewable resource• Air is a renewable resource replenished by
natural processes!
• Example: Oxygen = produced by plants!
• Air can also be cleansed by natural processes, such as rain!
• But air quality is changed by human and natural processes (the latter including volcanoes, forest fires)
cleantechnica.com
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AIR as a FREE resource• We treat the air as a free resource, as part of
the Global Commons!
• We don’t pay to use it for breathing !
• We don’t pay to use it as a conduit for waste disposal.!
• But there are costs associated with air pollution, in terms of human health, ecosystem health, climate change and the economy
cleantechnica.com
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CLIMATE CHANGE
cleantechnica.com
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OZONE DEPLETION• TO MAKE OZONE….
cleantechnica.com
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OZONE DEPLETION• TO DESTROY OZONE…
cleantechnica.com
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AIR POLLUTION
cleantechnica.com
• Air pollutants are any visible or invisible substances in the atmosphere that pose a threat to human health or the environment!
• Most anthropogenic pollutants are associated with combustion of fossil fuels!
• PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulates (TSP), hydrocarbon organic compounds (HCs, VOCs)!
• Anthropogenic pollutants can be widely dispersed by atmospheric motions, depending on their residence time
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AIR POLLUTION & WEATHER CONDITIONS
cleantechnica.com
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WATER• While 67% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, only
less than 2.7% of global water is freshwater!
• Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are locked in ice caps and glaciers. Only less than 0.7% is available for human use!
• On a global basis, fresh water is a increasingly scarce resource!
• It is partially caused by increasing population coupled by change of consumption pattern and climate changes
imgur.com
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USES OF WATER
imgur.com
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USES OF WATER
imgur.com
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USES OF WATER IN FOOD PRODUCTION
imgur.com
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CLASSIFICATION: FRESHWATER• CLASS AA: PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY; REQUIRES
APPROVED DISINFECTION ONLY
• CLASS A: COMPLETE TREATMENT REQUIRED (COAGULATION, SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION, DISINFECTION)
• CLASS B: PRIMARY CONTACT RECREATION (BATHING, SWIMMING)
• CLASS C: PROPAGATION OF FISH; BOATING; MANUFACTURING WATER AFTER TREATMENT
• CLASS D: IRRIGATIONimgur.com
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CLASSIFICATION: MARINE WATER
• CLASS SA: PROPAGATION, SURVIVAL AND HARVEST OF SHELL FISH (COMMERCIAL PURPOSES)
• CLASS SB: RECREATIONAL WATER (BATHING, SWIMMING, SKINDIVING); FISHERIES (BANGUS)
• CLASS SC: RECREATIONAL WATER (BOATING ETC.); SUSTENANCE FISHING; MANGROVE AS WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
• CLASS SD: INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY (COOLING)
imgur.com
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THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
imgur.com
• Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts and floods!
• Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a result of population growth!
• Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff
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THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
imgur.com
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THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
imgur.com
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THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
imgur.com
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LAND RESOURCES• 3 uses that change the land are agriculture,
development, and mining!
• Less than 1/3 of Earth can be farmed!
• New farmland must be created for the growing populations!
• Poor soil management can result in 3 problems: !
• erosion, nutrient depletion, and desertification
www.wallpaper2020.com
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EROSION• Process by which water, wind, or ice moves particles
of rocks or soil
www.wallpaper2020.comgsoil.wordpress.com
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EROSION
www.wallpaper2020.com
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NUTRIENT DEPLETION• When farmers plant the same crops in a field year after
year!
• As a result, the plants use more nutrients than the decomposers can replace!
• The soil becomes less fertile
www.wallpaper2020.comthinktrees.co.uk
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DESERTIFICATION• Desertlike conditions: farm lands or areas that are into
previously were fertile advanced into becoming deserts
www.wallpaper2020.comearthhabitat.wordpress.com
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LAND CONVERSION
www.wallpaper2020.com
www.maharashtragk.com
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LAND CONVERSION
www.wallpaper2020.comwww.fao.org
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ENDEMISM: THE LIVING RESOURCES
• Native/Indigenous species: species are those established in a given region, having originated there, or been long settled without human intervention!
• Endemic organisms are found nowhere else!
• Introduced/exotic/alien: is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental
Paphiopedilum fowliei
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LIVING RESOURCES: PLANTS• Megadiverse!
• High species richness!
• High endemicity!
• The Philippines is the 23rd most plant species rich country in the world and the 7th in the Asian Region!
• 12, 000 species of plants in the Philippines, 8, 000 of which are seed plants (Madulid 1985)!
• Other estimates : about 9000 species (Ashton 1997)
Paphiopedilum fowliei
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WHY SO MANY PLANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES?
• Geological history!
• Archipelagic nature!
• Climatic conditions!
• Topographic features
Paphiopedilum fowliei
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1,246 SPECIES OF ENDEMIC MOSSES, LIVERWORTS AND HORNWORTS !
(6.1% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Dicranum sp Marchantia sp!Sphagnum sp Bazzania sp
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1,031 SPECIES OF FERNS & FERN ALLIES !(28% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Cyathea philippinensis Hymenophillum reinwardtii Dipteris lobbiana!Chingia ferox Dicksonia mollis Dryopteris purpurascens
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8,000 SPECIES OF SEED PLANTS !(40% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Hoya melliflua Rhododendron javanicum var schadenbergi!Drosera spathulata Monophyllaea longipes!
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1,068 SPECIES OF NATIVE ORCHIDS !(75% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Spathoglottis palawanensis Dendrobium sp.!Mycaranthes leonardoi Renanthera philippinensis
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PHILIPPINE RAFFLESIAS
From LL Co
• There seem to be a trend where the diameter seemed to decrease with increasing latitude!
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LIVING RESOURCES: ANIMALS
• ENDANGERED versus ENDEMIC!
• Endemic!
• An organism exclusively native to a place or biota!
!
• Endangered!
• A species present in such small numbers that it is at risk of extinction
PHILIPPINE TARSIER
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ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE BIRDS!(116/185 species)
Philippine Eagle Red-vented Cockatoo Palawan Peacock Pheasant !Sulu Hornbill Mindoro Imperial Pigeon Negros Bleeding Heart Pigeon
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ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE MAMMALS
takdangaralin.tumblr.comnoypicollections.blogspot.comwww2.hull.ac.ukwww.pcsd.phtuylosanimales.blogspot.com
Red-spotted deer Calamian Deer Philippine Tamaraw!Philippine Tarsier Palawan Bear Cat Philippine Mouse Deer (Pilandok)
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ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE MAMMALS
takdangaralin.tumblr.comnoypicollections.blogspot.comwww2.hull.ac.ukwww.pcsd.phtuylosanimales.blogspot.com
Philippine Dugong Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat!Philippine Flyring Lemur (Kagwang) Visayan Warty Pig
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THE WORLD’S SMALLEST AND BIGGEST BATS
www.pcsd.ph
Philippine Bamboo Bat!!
Golden-capped Fruit Bat
www.trulscronberg.com
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www.pcsd.ph
Mindoro Freshwater Crocodile!Philippine Flat-headed Frog!Gray Monitor Lizard (Bayawak)
LARGE CROCODILES, LIZARDS AND SMALL FROGS
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PHILIPPINE TURTLES
www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.comAmphibians and Reptiles
Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)
Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)
Hawksbill sea turtle Philippine pond turtle Heosemys leytensis Philippine Green turtle
Leatherback sea turtle
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LARGEST AND SMALLEST FISH IN THE HOUSE…
www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com
Whale Shark (Butanding)!Dwarf Goby!
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FAB-LOOKING CREATURES OF THE SEA
www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com
Philippine Seahorse!Tridacna gigas (Giant clam)!Pisidum!Connus gloriamaris
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CONSERVATION PROGRAMS• Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities (DENR-
PAWB and Conservation International!
• www.chm.ph!
• For some reference:!
• http://www.conservation.org/global/philippines/Pages/default.aspx!
• http://www.philippinecockatoo.org/programs%20and%20strategies.htm!
• http://fpe.ph/biodiversity-conservation-strategies.html/view/2002-the-philippine-biodiversity-conservation-priorities
PHILIPPINE TARSIER
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LIVING RESOURCES: HUMANS
Parungao lectures
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Parungao lecturessnbchf.com
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Parungao lectures
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Parungao lectures
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Parungao lectures
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Parungao lectures
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Parungao lectures
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Parungao lectures
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Parungao lectures
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ACTIVITY: MODULE ON PAGE 41-45
Parungao lectures
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END OF EXAM COVERAGE
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