Biodiversity a summary for A Level Biology. Classification of the domestic cat Kingdom Animalia...
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![Page 1: Biodiversity a summary for A Level Biology. Classification of the domestic cat Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f135503460f94c26c6f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biodiversity
a summary for A Level Biology
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Classification of the domestic cat
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
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Family Felidae
Genus Felis
Species Felis catus, the domestic cat
Classification of the domestic cat
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The five kingdom system
• Until the mid-twentieth century all living organisms were classified in either the Animal Kingdom or the Plant Kingdom
• This led to numerous inconsistencies and absurdities (e.g. bacteria classified as ‘plants’)
• Since the 1960s most biologists have recognised five kingdoms: Prokaryota (Monera), Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
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Kingdom Prokaryota (Monera)• All prokaryotic unicells: cells may form groups or
chains, but there is little or no differentiation between them
• Include the bacteria, the cyanobacteria and the archaea:
Nostoc
Sulfolobus
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Kingdom Prokaryota (Monera)
• Genetically the bacteria are more different from the archaea than from animals or plants: some biologists propose a three-domain classification, with the Archaea, the Bacteria and the Eukarya having equal ‘domain’ status
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The three-domain system
The Prokaryota would comprise two of the domains …the Protoctista contains a wide range of eukaryotes …
with the Plantae, Animalia and Fungi three relatively similar groups.
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Kingdom Protoctista
• As we saw in the previous slide, the Protoctista contains a wide range of very diverse organisms
• All are eukaryotic; most are unicellular, and those that are multicellular (e.g. brown or red seaweeds) show very limited cellular differentiation
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Kingdom Protoctista
• ‘Animal-like’ Protoctists are often called Protozoa :
Paramecium, a ciliate protozoan
Euglena, a flagellate protozoan
Amoeba, a rhizopod protozoan
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Kingdom Protoctista
• ‘Plant-like’ Protoctists are often called Algae :
Chlorella, a ‘green alga’
Assorted phytoplankton
Assorted dinoflagellates
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Kingdom Fungi• Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms
with cell walls containing chitin and other polysaccharides as well as cellulose
• Typically a fungus consists of a mycelium composed of cylindrical hyphae, which may be multinucleate
• Nutrition is always heterotrophic, either saprobiontic or parasitic
• Reproduction is by production of sexual or asexual spores
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Kingdom FungiFalse-colour scanning electron micrograph of Penicillium
Green: hyphae, making up the mycelium
Orange: spore-bearing hyphae (conidiophores)
Blue: asexual spores (conidia)
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Kingdom FungiHigher fungi often produce their spores in organised structures called fruiting bodies: these include mushrooms, toadstools, brackets, puffballs etc
Death cap, Amanita phalloides
Shaggy ink cap, Coprinus comatus
Giant puffball, Lycoperdon gigantica
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Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular photoautotrophic eukaryotes• Cell walls contain cellulose• Some cells at least contain chloroplasts
(except in some plant parasites like broomrape or dodder, which have lost them)
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Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular heterototrophic eukaryotes• Cells without cell walls• Usually motile, at least at some stage in the life
cycle• Nutrition is characteristically holozoic• All except sponges show nervous coordination