SUBMITTED BY :

VAISHALI JAIN

MSC (TECH) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

SEMESTER -1

Bio =

Biodiversity

What does “Bio” means?

Biodiversity

Diversity = Variety

What does “Diversity”

means?

BIODIVERSITY or BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY is the variety of the earth’s species , the genes they contain , the ecosystem in which they live and the ecosystem processes such as energy flow and nutrient cycling that sustain all life .

Biodiversity exists on several levels:

Genetic diversity

Species diversity

Ecosystem diversity

Figure 15.2

A SPECIES is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and produce fertile offspring.

SPECIES DIVERSITY is the number and abundance of species present in different communities. It mainly consists of two components:

Species richness and Species eveness

GENETIC DIVERSITY is the variety of genetic material within a species or a population.

The Genetic Makeup of a population through successive generations is due to :

Genetic Variability

Mutations - random changes in DNA

Natural selection

Adaptations

Differential reproduction

Genetic resistance

ECOSYSTEM DIVESITY is the variety of different types of ecosystems such as terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth.

It can be describes for a specific geographical region or a political entity such as country or state.

A region may have several ecosytems or it can have only one ecosystem. For example: DESERTS AND OCEANS having low ecological diversity while MOUNTAIN AREA that has lakes, forests, grasslands would have high ecological diversity.

PLZZZZ …. DON’T RUN ,,, DON’T GET

SCARED …. :P

A B

A B

A B

A B

Which is more diverse?

Which has more biodiversity?

A B

A B

Have you all ever thought WHY THIS MUCH OF BIODIVERSITY IS ESSENTIAL?

WHY cant we all human beings live alone on this planet earth?

Why should we care about any other species?

How our fate is connected to “DIVERSITY” ?

The most important question “who cares for biodiversity” ?

Consumptive value:

Food/Drink

Fuel

Medicine

Better crop varieties

Industrial Material

Non-Consumptive Value:

Recreation

Education and Research Traditional value

Ecological services:

Balance of nature

Biological productivity

Regulation of climate

Degradation of waste

Cleaning of air and water

Cycling of nutrients

Control of potential pest and disease causing

species

Detoxification of soil and sediments

Stabilization of land against erosion

Carbon sequestration and global climate change

Maintenance of Soil fertility

•With only 2.4 % of the world’s area, India accounts for 7–8 % of the world’s recorded plant and animal species.• India’s ten biogeographic zones possess an exemplary diversity of ecological habitats like alpine forests, grasslands, wetlands, coastal and marine ecosystems, and desert ecosystems.•HENCE , we can conclude that INDIA HAS LARGE SPECIES AS WELL AS ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY.

HOTSPOT-A region with high biodiversity with most of spices being Endemic.

India have three Biodiversity Hotspots- East Himalayan Region, Western Ghats and India-Burma Region.

Natural causes:

Narrow geographical area

Low population

Low breeding rate

Natural disasters

Anthropogenic causes:

Habitat modification

Overexploitation of selected species

Innovation by exotic species.

Pollution

Hunting

Global warming and climate change

Agriculture

Conserving Biodiversity in protected Habitats-

In situ conservation – WILDLIFE

SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS

Ex situ conservation – ZOO, BOTANICAL

GARDENS

Seed Bank, Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, DNA

Bank