Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
-
Upload
sandeepanchoudhury -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
0
Transcript of Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
1/52
An Eco-friendly Solution for Human
Waste Management
A DRDO Presentation
1
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
2/52
Present World Scenario
According to UNICEF / WHO estimates:
About 1/7thof world population still openlydefecate in the absence of any toilet / latrine, of
which 60% live in India.
Global impact of poor sanitation on human
health and infant / child death is profound
Estimated 10 million children under 5 - die
globally every year - out of which 2.4 million are
in India.
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
3/52
Worlds largest mobile toilet
The Ind ian Railways
Indian Railways
Worlds largest rail
network 115000 km
Runs 10000 trains
daily
20 million passengers
travel by train every
day
59713 passenger
coaches
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
4/52
Priorities are Different
Telephone statistics - May 2012 ( Source: trai.gov.in )
Telephone Subscribers (Wireless and Landline): 960.0 million
Land Lines: 31.53 millionCell phones: 929.37 million
Monthly Cell phone Addition: 8.35 million
Tele density: 79.28%
Annual Cell phone Addition: 227.27 million
Projected Tele density: 1.159 billion, 97% of population by 2013
60% (626 million) in India do not
have toilet
This makes India the number onecountry in the world where open
defecation is practised
Indonesia with 63 million is a far
second!
Less than 10% of Gram
Panchayats in India are ODF
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
5/52
Problems of Open Defecation
Pollution of fecal matter with drinking water leads to contamination of
food, fruits & vegetables, animals (direct contact, flies & rodents)
Water borne diseases
Viral gastroenteritis
Typhoid
Cholera epidemics
Diarrhoea (annually kills 5 Lakhs children)
Viral hepatitis (100 cases per 100,000 people)
Organic pollution
Aesthetic nuisance
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
6/52
Open defecation
Individual houses toiletsdry, soak pit, twin pit & septic tank
Flush & Forget
Defecation
6
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
7/52
Dry Pit Toilets
Most commonly used by NGOs in TSC
Ventilated Dry
pit toilet
Twin (Dry) pit
toilet
The pits needs periodical evacuationManual scavenging problem not solved
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
8/52
Twin-Pit Pour-Flush Toilet (Leach Pit Toilets)
The pits are constructed in brick line
(much like a honeycomb to facilitatethe liquid to flow out) or with
perforated concrete tubes (e.g. pre-
fabricated)
A wooden or concrete slab to prevent
people falling into them The pit shape can be circular or
rectangular, but circular pits are more
stable
Pits should be placed symmetrically at
the back of the latrine pan and have aminimal distance of the pit depth to
prevent cross-contamination.
If the spacing between the two pits is to
be reduced, an impervious barrier
should be provided between themCourtesy: SSWM
Distance not
less than the
pit depth
Junction /
Inspection
chamber
Adapted fromhttp://www.k4rd.org
/ruraltech_pit.htm
[Accessed:
01.06.2010]
http://www.k4rd.org/ruraltech_pit.htmhttp://www.k4rd.org/ruraltech_pit.htmhttp://www.k4rd.org/ruraltech_pit.htmhttp://www.k4rd.org/ruraltech_pit.htm -
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
9/52
Septic Tank
Sludge needs periodical evacuation (in case no drain more
frequent evacuation of septic tank required)
Outlet to
drain / leach
pit
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
10/52
Percentage of Households Having No Latrine
India, 2001-2011
10
10.5 % improvement in10 years
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
11/52
Percentage of Households Having Water Closet
India, 2001-2011
11
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
12/52
Percentage Of Households Having Pit Latrine
India, 2001-2011
12
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
13/52
PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING OTHER LATRINE
INDIA, 2001-2011
13
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
14/52
Wide variation in temperature:
-50oC to 50oC
Variety Of Terrain:
High Altitude, Hilly, Marshy, Plains, Desert,
Coastal Areas & Islands
Water Conditions:
Low / High Water Table
Dry / Flooded / Water Logged Areas
Sweet / Salty Water
Economic Constraints, Awareness, Casual
Approach And Lack Of Concern
Waste Treatment Challenges
14
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
15/52
This comparison shows the respective fate of organic materials that are biodegraded under aerobic versusanaerobic conditions
Aerobic treatment requires energy input for aeration whereas a net energy surplus is generated during
anaerobic treatment, in the form of methane bearing biogas that can be used for various purposes
Aerobic Vs Anaerobic Biodegradation
15
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
16/52
AEROBIC Vs. ANAEROBIC
Aerobic biodegradation Anaerobic biodegradation
Forced aeration/ agitation is essentialand is energy intensive
No aeration is required
Incomplete aeration (partial aerobic
condition) leads to foul smell
Complete anaerobic conditions
Not effective in pathogen inactivation More than 99% Pathogens inactivation
Can not tolerate detergents/ phenyl Anaerobes can even degrade detergents/
phenyl
Generates large amount of sludge Sludge generation is very less
Repeated addition of bacteria/ enzyme isrequired for the process
One time bacterial inoculation isenough
Maintenance & recurring cost is high Minimal maintenance & no recurring
cost
16
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
17/52
STEPS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis
Large polymers are
converted into simpler monomers
Simple monomers are converted into
volatile fatty acids
Volatile fatty acids are converted into
acetic acid, CO2 & H2
Acetate & H2 are converted intoCH4 & CO2
Robust
Sensitive
17
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
18/52
Anaerobic Biodegradation
18
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
19/52
Biodegradation at Low Temperature
Traditional Systems Laddakhi Toilet
Dtl
Sub-zero Temperature (-50c) Ceases The Microbial Activity & NaturalDegradation
Challenges
Low Temperature Hilly Terrains
Limited Energy Sources
Low Oxygen
19
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
20/52
Laboratory Findings
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM
Screening & gradual adaptation
Isolation of psychrophilic bacteria fromAntarctica/ Siachen
BIOAUGMENTAION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM VFA degrading bacteria
Psychrophilic proteolytic bacteria CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM
HRT (25 days at 10C) Temp range (5-50C) Freeze-thaw resistance (two cycles)
PROCESS ENHANCEMENT Immobilization
CaCO3
Sulphate
20
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
21/52
DRDO TECHNOLOGY - BIOTOILET
BACTERIA
(INOCULUM) Anaerobic microbial consortium
developed by acclimatization /enrichment of microbes at low
temperature and bio-augmentation
with critical group of bacteria
BIO-DIGESTER Fermentation container made of mild
steel / SS / FRP / bricks.
The dimensions and internal design
varies with no. Of users, water
availability and geo-climatic
conditions
21
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
22/52
Types of Biodigesters
High Altitude: Metal - 1 m3 & 2 m3
FRP (Heating) - 1 M3
Rail: Stainless Steel (Ss)400 L
Plain:
FRP (Lakshadweep)700 L FRP700 L
Biotank - 1 m3, 2 m3 & 5 m3
22
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
23/52
Biodigester Development
Metal50-60 men
FRP 50-60 men
Temp controlled: 20-25 men
: 7-10 men (Modular)
Soil Glacier
23
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
24/52
Biodigesters
Metal Biodigesters Biodigesters at Army Transit Camp
Pang (Altitude: 15200 Ft)
Spot test for inflammability of biogas Biodigester at Siachen24
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
25/52
Low Temperature Biodigesters for Soil Bound
High Altitude Areas
25
M d l Bi di t f Gl i
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
26/52
Modular Biodigesters for Glaciers
26
T C ll d H b id
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
27/52
Temperature Controlled Hybrid
Biodigester
Working at North Pullu (16400ft) since July 2006
Digester Solar Panel Grinder & Toilet Grinder
Kitchen waste and human waste degradation
27
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
28/52
Biodigesters Installed in Plains
DRDE, Gwalior Vivekananda Needam, Gwalior
Games Village, New Delhi Model Town, New Delhi28
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
29/52
No energy dependence
Affordability
Long lasting (at least 15 years)
Require minimum water for cleaning
Space constraints
All weather system
Allow use of toilet cleaning agents for better hygiene
Free of manual scavenging / evacuation and Maintenance
DRDO Bio-Digester addresses all above challenges adequately
allenges In Rural Sector - Plains
29
Bi di t I I l d L k h d
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
30/52
Biodigesters In Islands - Lakshadweep
12000 biotoilets are being installed
FRP: 5-6 users
Size: 700 L
30
O b d T t t f H W t i
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
31/52
Onboard Treatment of Human Waste in
Indian Railways
Lifeline to the nation .
31
Genesis of the ork
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
32/52
32
Trials of Microphor biotoilets (1993-
95) by Indian Railway in AC coaches
Failure due to Foul smell from tank
Cockroaches & flies infestation
Clogging of tanks
Regular dosing with Bacteria and
enzymes
Manual removal of residual solid waste
Genesis of the work
Trials with Integral Coach
factory modified biotoilets
(1995-96)
Failure due to
Visible fecal matter from the
tank
tanks getting filled non-
biodegradable waste
Foul smell
Director RDSO approached
DRDO in 2004 for the solution
in view of the expertise in the
field of bioremediation of
human waste at low
temperature areas
DRDOs Approach
Laboratory investigation
Design and fabrication
of digester
Laboratory trials
Onboard trial in
Barauni Mail
DRDO Di
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
33/52
Challenges
Reactor volume constraints
Washout
Vfa accumulation
Souring
Physico-chemical changes
Laboratory findings
Immobilization
Extended reaction time
Digester designing
Single toilet
Double toilet
DRDO Digester
33
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
34/52
Double Toilet Digester
34
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
35/52
Single Toilet Digester
35
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
36/52
Installed Digesters
Installed Digesters
Gwalior-Barauni Express
36
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
37/52
Railway Biodigester
9 trains fitted with 436 biotoilets
10000 biotoilets planned for 2012-13
Retro fitment in Old Coaches (50,000)
DRDO + Indian Railways Collaborative Endeavors
37
Bio digester Developed by R&DE (E) Pune
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
38/52
Bio-digester Developed by R&DE (E), Pune
38
iotank: A Low Cost Ecofriendly
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
39/52
iotank: A Low Cost Ecofriendly
lternative to Septic Tank Size: 1/4th to 1/10th
Less space requirement
Low material/ construction
cost
Can treat bathroom/kitchen
wastewater also No foul smell
Maintenance free
BioTank
BioTank cum Reed Bed39
S i l F t f DRDO Bi t il t
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
40/52
Special Features of DRDO Biotoilet
LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT
Affordable
Organic pollution reduction by
99%
Pathogen inactivation by 99%
Viability in all geoclimatic
conditions prevalent in the
country
Effluent is free from off odour
and safe for environmetal
discharge
Maintenance free, no need to
clean the tank
Permits toilet cleaning agents
Easy to transport and install
40
Low space requirement
Choice of material for
fabrication / construction
BIODIGESTER/BIOTANK : WATER
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
41/52
Septic Tank Biodigester/
Biotank
Biotank + Reed
bed treatment
pH 6.7-7.5 7.0-7.2 7.0-7.5
Turbidity (NTU) 500-800 70-90 2-5
Total Suspended Solids(mg/L)
150-300 90-120 50-80
TDS(mg/L) 500-850 350-450 100-300
VS (mg/100ml) 50-60 20-30 5-12
COD (mg/L) 1200-2000 250-300 15-25
BOD 5 (mg/L) 350-500 70-120 2-4
Coliforms (MPN/ml) >3000 300-350 0-12
BIODIGESTER/BIOTANK : WATER
QUALITY
41
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
42/52
LANDMARKS
42
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - IR
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
43/52
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - IR
Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) has
been signed between DRDO
and Ministry of Railways,
Government of India
MARCH 09, 2010
43
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO MDWS
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
44/52
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO- MDWS
Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MoU) has
been signed between DRDO
and Ministry of Drinking
Water and Sanitation,Government of India for
successful implementation of
this technology on national
level.
JULY 26, 2012
44
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - MDWS
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
45/52
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO MDWS
45
Inauguration at Orissa
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
46/52
Inauguration at Orissa
46
PMs Address at DRDO Award Function
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
47/52
I was very happy to learn that DRDO in collaboration with FICCI hascommercialised bio-toilet that promises to solve the problem of open
defecation in rural India. If this green, cost effective flush and forget
technology is successfully implanted, it will give a big boost to our Total
Sanitation Campaign. Application of technology to social benefit
programmes should be expanded further.
PM s Address at DRDO Award Function
(July 2012)
47
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO -GAP
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
48/52
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO GAP
Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) hasbeen signed between DRDO,
FICCI and Ganga Action
Parivar, Parmarth Niketan
for Clean Ganga Action Plan
NOVEMBER 03, 2012
48
For any enquiry contact
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
49/52
y q y
49
Mr S Radhakrishnan, Director, Directorate of Industry Interface &
Technology Management (DIITM), DRDO HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi
110011
Ph No - 011-23013209
Fax 011-23793008
Email- [email protected]
Col Atul Kumar Bhat, Jt Dir, DIITM
Ph No - 011-23007443, 9582705986
Email- [email protected]
Mr Nirankar Saxena, Senior Director, FICCI Federation House, Tansen
Marg, New Delhi
Ph No - 09811839174
Email- [email protected]
List of the TOT holders for Bio-digester
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
50/52
g
50
Kohinoor Metal Industries,
Industrial Estate, Leh
Hindustan Metal Industries, Gwalior-474001
Flotech Engineering and Trading Services,Bangalore
Aikon Technologies Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi. 110 003.
Alfa Therm LimitedNew Delhi 110 064.
S.B. EquipmentsNew Delhi 110 005.
Stone India Limited (SIL)Kolkata 700 088
Mohan Rail Components (P) Ltd.,Kapurthala 144 602
Thakar Equipment CompanyNew Delhi20
Kemrock Industries & Exports Ltd.
Vadodara 391 510.
Flexo Foam Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi 110 005.
Omax Autos LimitedGurgaon 122 001 (HR).
Escorts LimitedNew Delhi -110 001.
CBS Technologies Pvt. Ltd.Delhi 110 096.
Daulat Ram IndustriesBhopal 462 023.
Darshan EnterprisesNew Delhi - 110 020.
Rail TechNew Delhi -110 055.
Rail Coach Engrs.,Kapurthala
CTS Management Services P. Ltd.,
Noida (UP) 201 301.Faiveley Transport India LimitedHosur 635 109 (T.N.)
Dass Hitachi Ltd.Ghaziabad 201 007
Saranya Electronics Ltd.Hyderabad 500 062.
Sidwal Refrigeration Ind. Ltd.
New Delhi - 62.Pushpa Enterprises,New Delhi 110 063.
Samudra Shipyard (P) Ltd.,
Aroor688 534 .(Kerala)
Alfa System & Services,
Noida- 201301
Shree Ram Raja Wood Packers,
Gwalior-474 009,
Go Green Solution Pvt., Ltd.,Nagpur 15.
Anjana Steel Industries Pvt., Ltd.,
Hoogly (WB)
A.D. Electro-Steel Co. Pvt. Ltd.,Howrah 711 113.
E-Pack Polymers,
Delhi,110 006
Airflow Equipments (India) P. Ltd., Chennai-600117
List of ToT Holders for Bio-digester
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
51/52
g
51
Airflow Equipments (India) P. Ltd., Chennai-600117
Super Flow Engg. Corp.,
Gwalior
Maan Enviro Technologies,
Indore
Banka Enterprises
Hyderabad 500 004.
Besco Limited (Foundry Division)
Kolkata 700 071
Arkin Creations Pvt Ltd
Gurgaon-122001
LATOT TO BE FINALISED SHORTLY
1. BSA Corporation Ltd.
2. Srikar Biotech Pvt. Ltd.
3. Real India Lifetech Pvt. Ltd.4. Eram Scientific Solutions Pvt. Ltd
5. Century Pharmaceuticals
6. Mooreliving India Building Solutions LLP
-
7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012
52/52
. for better Health & Hygiene
ThanksAcknowledgments:
Dr Lokendra Singh Director Life Science & Patent Holder
Dr Vijay Veer, Director, Defence Lab Tezpur
Dr Soumya Chatterjee, Defence Lab, Tezpur & Patent HolderCol Atul Bhat, DI2TM