Biodiesel Standards India
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Transcript of Biodiesel Standards India
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IS 15607 (2005): Bio-diesel (B 100) blend stock for dieselfuel [PCD 3: Petroleum, Lubricants and their RelatedProducts]
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IS15607:2005
mm
m ~lJ~~Qf . (moo)
I&i-m fafmz
BIO-DIESEL (Indian Standard
B 100) BLEND STOCK FOR DIESELFUEL SPECIFICATION
ICS 75.160.20
0 BIS 2005
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
October 2005 Price Group 3
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Petroleum, Lubricants and Their Related Products Sectional Committee, PCD 3
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Petroleum,Lubricants and Their Related Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Petroleum, Coal andRelated Products Division Council.
Environmental regulations continue to be the major driver for auto and oil industry. Biofiels Ethanol andBio-diesel are gaining worldwide acceptance as a solution to environmental problems and energy security.Bio-d iesel is gaining popularity in US, Brazil, Australia, Sweden and other European countries.
Bio-diesel is made from virgin or used vegetable oils ( both edible and non-edible ) and animal fats throughtrans-esterification. R is finding use as an automotive fuel for diesel engines at 100 percent concentration, or asan extender for automotive fuels for diesel engines. Diesel engines require very little or no modification tousethe bio-diesel up to 20 percent blend in normal diesel fuel and minor modification for higher percentageblends. The use of bio-diesel results in substantial reduction of un-burnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide andparticulate matter. It has almost no sulphur, no aromatics and about 10 percent built-in oxygen which help inensuring complete combustion. Its higher Cetane Number also improves the combustion. Bio-diesel besideshelping in reducing the air pollution, improves lubricity of low sulphur diesel fuels required for meeting Euro 111and Euro IV emission norms.
While Sunflower and Rapeseed are the raw materials used in Europe for manufacturing bio-diesel, Soya beanis mostly used in USA. Thailand uses palm oil, Ireland uses frying oil and animal fats. In India, edible oil isnot expected to be used for production of bio-diesel as its demand being higher than its domestic productionKeeping in view the climatic conditions and availability of considerable under stocked forest land andnon-forest land, it is envisaged that Jafropha Curcas and Fongamia finnata ( Honge or Karanja ) plants canbe cultivated profitably in India. The seeds of these plants bear rich in oil which is expected to be used forproduction of bio-diesel through trans-esterification in combination with methanol or ethanol.
Bio-diesel is non-toxic and biodegradable and is registered with Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) as afuel and fuel additive.
This standard is prepared keeping in view of the end use application, production and feed stock availability.Considerable assistance has been drawn from ASTM D 6751-02 and EN 142 i4 while preparing this standatd.
The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard is given in Annex B.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the finalvalue. observed or calculated, expressing the resuit of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordancewith 1S2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised). The number of significant places retainedin the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
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Indian
IS 15607:2005
Standard
BIO-DIESEL ( B 100) BLEND STOCK FOR DIESELFUEL SPECIFICATION .
1 SCOPE
This standard prescribes the requirements andmethods of sampling and tests for bio-dieselsuitable for fuel in diesel engines.
Bio-diesel is a fatty acid alkyl ( methyl or ethyl ) esterfor use as a blend component ( up to 20 percent )with diesel fuel meeting the requirements ofIS 1460 Automotive diesel fhel Specification.
2 REFERENCES
The following standards contain provisions,which through reference in this text constituteprovisions of this standard. At the time ofpublication the editions indicated were valid, Allstandards are subject to revision and parties toagreements based on this standard are encouragedto investigate the possibility of applying the mostrecent editions of the standards indicated below:
IS No,
l~(jo(Partl ): 1973
1460:2005
1447( Part 1 ): 2000
1448
[P:l/Sec l]:2002
[P:4J:1984
[P:9]: 1960[P:15] :1976
[P:16J: 1990
Title
Pictorial marking for handling andIabelling of goods: Part 1Dangerous goods (first revision )Automotive diesel fuel -Specification (first revision )Petroleum and its products Methods of sampling: Part 1Manualsampling (first revision )Methods of test for petroleum andits products:
Determination of acid number ofpetroleum products bypotentiometric titration ( secondrevision )
Ash, sulfated ash and watersoluble ash ( second revision )Cetane number
Detection of copper corrosionfrom petroleum products by thecopper strip tarnish test ( secondrevision )
Density, relative density or APIgravity of crude petroleum andliquid petroleum products byhydrometer method ( thirdrevision )
IS No.
[P:21] :1992
[P:25] :1976
[P:32] :1992
[P:40] :1987
[P:83] :1974
Zitle
Flash point ( closed ) by PenskyMartens apparatus ( secondrevision )
Determinaticm of kinematic anddynamic viscosity (jh-st revision)
Density and relative density ( secondrevision )
Water by distillation ( thirdrevision )
Determination of sulphur byWickbold oxy hydrogen method
3 REQUIREMENTS3.1 General
The term Bio-diesel refers to mono alkyl ( methylor ethyl ) esters of vegetable oils like Rapeseed,Soya bean, Sunflower, Jatropha Curcas, Karanja, etc,and other fats. The bio-diesel specified shall be mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids from vegetableoil and animal fats, with which small amounts ofhydrocarbon or non-hydrocarbon additives( see Annex A ) may have been incorporated toimprove ignition or other characteristics. Thematerials shall be free from grit, suspended matterand other visible impurities.
3.1.1 The bio-diesel shall not contain. any residuumoil.
3.1.2 Dyes or markers are allowed to be used for thepurpose of identification.
3.2 The material shall also comply with therequirements prescribed in Table 1 when testedaccording to the appropriate methods prescribedin IS 1448 [ P : ] series and others as given inCOI4 and 5 of Table 1.
4 PACKING AND MARKING
4,1 Packing
The material shal I be packed in suitable containersas agreed to between the purchaser and the supplier,and subject to the provision of Red Tarrif No. 18Rules and Rates for the Conveyance by Rail ofExplosives and other Dangerous Goods, issued bythe Indian Railway Conference Association, withany alterations or additions made thereafter.
1
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IS 15607:2005
4.2 Marking
4.2.1 The material shall be supplied in accordancewith the marking and delivery instructions given bythe purchaser.
4.2.2 Each container shall be marked with thefollowing information:
a)b)
~)d)e)
S1 No.
(1)i)
ii)iii)iv)v)
vi)vii)
viii)ix)~)
xi)xii)
xiii)xiv)xv)
xvi)xvii)
xviii)
xix)xx)
xxi)
Name and grade of the material;Indication of the source .of manufacture,initials or trade-mark, if any;Volume of the contents, in Iitres;Year of manufacture or packing; andThe caution label {FLAMMABLE togetherwith the corresponding symbol forIabellirtg dangerous goods as givenin Fig. 5 of IS 1260( Part 1 ).
4.3 BIS Certification Marking
The container may also be marked with the StandardMark.
4.3.1 The use of the Standard Mark is governed-bythe provisions of the Bureau of Indian Standards Act,1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder.The details of conditions under which the licence forthe use of the Standard Mark may be granted tomanufacturers or producers may be obtained fromthe Bureau of Indian Standards.
5 SAMPLING
Representative samples of the material shall bedrawn as prescribed in IS 1447( Part 1 ).
Table 1 Requirement for Bio-Diesd
( Clause 3.2)
Characteristic
(2)Density at 15C, kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity at 40C, cSt
Flash point ( PMCC ) C, MinSulphur, mg/kg, Max
Carbon residue ( Ramsbottom )), percent by mass, MaxSulfated ash, percent by mass, MaxWater content, nlg/kg, Max
Total contamination, mg/kg, Max
Copper corrosion. 3 h at 50C, MaxCetane No., MinAcid value, mg KOH/g, MaxMethanolz), percent by mass, MaxEthano13J, percent by mass, Max
Ester content, percent by mass, MinFree Glycerol, percent by mass, MaxfOld Glycerol, percent by mass, MaxPhosphorous, mg/kg, Max
Sodium and Potassium, mg/kg, Max
Calcium and Magnesium, mg/kg, MaxIodine value
Oxidation stability. at 110C, h, Min
Requirement
(3)860-900
2.5-6.0120
50.00.05
0.02
500
24
1
510.500.20
0.20
96.50.02
0.2510,0
To report
To report
To report
6
Method of Teat, Ref tolSO/ASIM D/EN [ P : ] of IS 1448
(4) (5)ISO 3675 [P:16/P: 32]
1S0 12185D 4052
1s0 3104
D 5453D 4530 ISO 10370
ISO 6245
D 27091s0 37331S0 6296EN 126621S0 21601S05156
EN 14110
EN 14103
D 6584D 6584
D 4951EN 14108 and
EN 14109~, \
( See))EN 14104
EN 14112
[P: 25][P: 21][P: 83]
[P:4][P: 40]
[P: 15][P:9]
[P:l/Secl].
1)Carbon residue shall be run on 100 percent sample.) Applicable for fatty acid methyl ester,) Applicable for fatty acid ethyl ester.4, European method is under development.
2
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IS 15607:2005
ANNEX A( Clause 3.1 )
LONG-TERM STORAGE OF BIO-DIESEL
A-1 SCOPE
This Annex provides guidance for consumers ofbio-diesel ( B 100 ) who may wish to store quantitiesof fuels for extended periods. Consistentlysuccessful long-term fuel storage requires attentionto fuel selection, storage conditions, and monitoringof properties.prior to and during storage. This Annexis directed towards bio-diesel ( B 100 ) and may bemore or less applicable to blends of bio-diesel withpetrodiesel.
Normally produced.bio-diesel has adequate stabilityproperties to withstand normal storage without theformation of troublesome amounts of insolubledegradation products, although data suggestssome bio-diesel may degrade faster than petrodiesel.Bio-diesel that is to be stored for prolonged periodsshould be selected to avoid formation of sediment,high acid numbers, and high viscosities that can clogfilters, affect fuel pump operation or plug combustorsnozzles or injectors. The selection of bio-dieselshould result from supplier-user discussions.
These suggested practices are general in natureand should not be considered substitutes far anyrequirement imposed by the warranty of thedistillate fuel equipment manufacturers or byfederal, state, or local government regulations.Although they cannot replace knowledge of localconditions or good engineering and scientificjudgement, these suggested practices do provideguidance in developing an individual fuelmanagement system for the bio-diesel fiel user. Theyinclude suggestions in the operation andmaintenance of existing fuel storage and handlingfacilities and for identifying where, when, and howfuel quality should be monitored.
A-2 TERMINOLOGY
A-2.1 Bulk Fuel Fuel in the storage facility inquantities over 50 gallons.
A-2.2 Combustor Fuel Fuel enteringthe combustionzone of the burner or engine after filtration or other-treatment of bulk fuel.
A-2.3 Fuel Contaminants Foreign materials thatmake fuel less suitable or unsuitable for the intendeduse. Fuel contaminants include materials introducedsubsequent to th_e manufacture of fuel and fueldegradation products.
A-2.4 Fuel-Degradation Products Those materials3
formed in fuel after it is produced. Insolubledegradation products may combine with other fuelcontaminants to reinforce deleterious effects. Solubledegradation products ( acids and gums) maybe moreor less volatile than the fuel and may cause an increasein injector and nozzle deposits. The formation ofdegradation products may be catalyzed by contactwith metals, especially those containing copper and,to a less extent, iron.
A-2.5 Long-Term Storage Storage of fuel forlonger than 6 months after it is received by the user.
A-3 FUEL SELECTION
The stability properties of bio-diesel are not fullyunderstood and appear to depend on the vegetableoil and animal fat sources, severity of processing, andwhether additional production plant- treatment hasbeen carried out or stability additives are present.
The composition and stability properties ofbio-diesel produced at specific production plantsmay be different. Any special requirements of theuser, such as long-term storage, should be discussedwith the supplier. .
A-4 FUEL ADDITIVES
Available fuel additives appear to improve the long-term storage of bio-diesel. Most additives should beused as -close to the production site as possible toobtain maximum benefits.
Biocides or biostats destroy .or inhibit the growth offungi and bacteria, which can grow at fuel waterinterfaces to give high particulate concentrationsin the fuel. Available biocides are soluble inthe fuel phase or the water phase, or both.See ASTM D 6469 Standard guide for microbialcontamination in fuels and fuel systems foradditional information.
A-5 TESTS FOR FUEL QUALITY
Test methods for estimating Ihe storage stability ofbio-diesel ( B100 ) are being developed. Modificationsof ASTM D 2274s Standard test method for oxidationstability of distillate fuel oil ( accelerated method)to use glass fiber filters, varying times and temperatures,and the measurement of pre-test and post-test acidnumber and viscosity appear promising. However,correlation of this test with actual storage stability isunknown and, may depend upon field conditionsand fuel composition.
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1S 15607:2005
Performance criteria for accelerated stability teststhat ensure satisfactory long-term storage ofbio-diesel ( B 100 ) have not been established.A-6 -FUEL MONITORING
A plan for monitoring the quality of bulk fuel duringprolonged storage is an integral part.ofa successfulmonitoring program. A plan to replace aged fuel withfresh product at established intervals is also desirable.
Stored fuel should be periodically sampled and itsquality assessed. ASTM D 4057 Standard practicefor manual sampling of petroleum and petroleumproducts provides guidance for sampling. Fuelcontaminants and degradation products may settleto the bottom of a quiescent tank althoughdetrimental changes to bio-diesel can now occur( rising acid value ) without -causing sedimentformation. A Bottom or Clearance sample, as definedin ASTM D 4057, should be included in the evaluationalong with an all level sample.
The quantity of insoluble fuel contaminants presentin bio-diesel can be determined using ASTMD6217Standard test method for particulate contaminantionin lmiddle distillate fuels by laboratory filtrationwith glass fibre filters and abundant washing
,. although no precision or bias testing has beenperformed with bio-diesel using ASTMD6217.
The acid value of bio-diesel appears to exceed itsspecified maximum before other deleterious fuel
propertychanges occur. A conscientious programof measuring the acid value of bio-diesel may besufficient for monitoring bio-diesel stability.
A-7 FUEL STORAGE CONDITIONS
Contamination levels in fuel can be reduced bystoring in tanks kept free of water, and tankage shouldhave provisions for water draining on a scheduledbasis. Water affects the storage life of bio-diesel.Water promotes corrosion, and microbiologicalgrowth may occur at a fuel-water interface.See ASTM D 6469 for additional information.Underground or isothermal storage is preferred toavoid temperature extremes; above ground storagetanks should be sheltered or painted with reflectivepaint. High storage temperatures accelerate fueldegradation. Fixed roof tanks should be kept full tolimit oxygen supply and tank breathing. The use ofairtight sealed containers, such as drums or totes,can enhance the storage life of bio-diesel.
Copper and copper-containing alloys should beavoided with bio-diesel due to increased sediment anddeposit formation. Contact with lead, tin, and zinccan also cause increased sediment levels that canrapidly plug filters and should be avoided.
Appendix X3 of ASTM D 2880 Standard specificationfor gas turbine fuel oils discusses fuel contaminantsas a general topic. The discussion in ASTM D 2880pertains to gas turbine combustion which mayor maynot be applicable to diesel engine combustion.
ANNEX B( Iorewwd )
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Petroleum Lubricants and Their Related Products Sectional Committee, PCD 3
Organization Representative(s)Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd, New Delhi DR C. M. LAMBA( Osairnrszrs )Association of State Road Transport Undertaking ( ASTRU ), SHRI P. S. SHRIMALI
Pune
Ashok Leyland Ltd, Chennai SHRIC. PRAKASH
Automotive Research Association of India, Pune SHRIM. K. CHAUOHARISHRIA. R. ARANKALLE( Alternate )
Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune SHtUT. M. BALARAMANSHRIN. B. JOSHI( Alternate )
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai DRG. VASUOEVSHRIP. PADMANABHAN( Alternate )
Castrol India Ltd. Mumbai SHRIMUKESHGUPTASHRIPRAKASHD. BHAT1( Alfernate )
4
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IS 15607:2005
Organization
Centre for Air Military Worthiness, Bangalore
Centre for Consumer Education, Research Testing,Training and Testing ( CONCERT ), Chennai
Centre for High Technology, New Delhi
Centre for Science and Environment ( CSE ), New Delhi
Representative(s)
DR K. V. MURALI
SHRIR. DESIKANSHRIR. RAMAKRISHNAN( Alternate )
,
SHRIB. D. GHOSH
Ms ANUMITAROYCHOWDHURYSHRIVIVEKCHATTOPAOHYA( Alternate I )SHRICHIRAGSHAH( Allernate 11)
Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Chennai SHRIM. S. SHYAMSUNDERSHRIB. SAIRAM( Alterna[e )
DR A. R. SHENOYSHRiN. G. WAGLE( Alternale )
Consumer Guidance Society of India, Mumbai
Directorate General of Civil Aviation. New Delhi SHRIB. K. JOSHISHRIS. S. MUZUMOAR( Alternate )
Escorts Ltd, Faridabad SHRIH. C. BAHUGUNASHRIALOKNAYAR( Alternate )
SHRIHARJEETSINGHSHRIASHOKKATARIA( Alternate )
Hero Honda Ltd, Gurgaon
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai SHRJA. K. BHANSHRJG. BASKARAN( Alternate 1 )SHRIGANESHG. ( Allernale 11)
SHRiR. A. RAOSHRJG. S. RAMCHANDRAN( Alternate )
Indian Additives Ltd, Chennai
Indian Institute of Petroleum, Debra Dun SHRIA. K. JAINSHRIR. L MENOIRATTA( Alternate )
lndian Institute of Technology. Kanpur PROFD. KUNZRIJPROFB. P. PUNDIR( Alternate )
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (Marketing Division), Mumbai SHRJP. D. BAHUKHANDIDR T. K. DE ( A/ternafe )
IndianOil CorporationLtd ( R and D Centre ), Faridahad SHRI R. K. MALHOTRASHRIB. S. RAWAT( Alternate )
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd ( R and P Division ), New Delhi SHRJS. P. GOELSHRIC. SHANKAR( Alrernate )
SHRJC. 1. ROYSHRJV. PAILY( Alternate )
KochiRefineriesLtd, AmbalamugalErnakrrlam
Lubrizol India Ltd, Mumbai SHRJS. -J. lNAMOARSHRIV. P. WAGH( A[ternate )
MangaloreRefineryand Petro-ChemicalLtd, Mangalore SHRIS. RAMESHSHRIP. P. UPADHYAY( A/ternate )
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, New Delhi
Motor Industries Co Ltd, Bangalore
SHRJD. P. DHALL
SHRIA. P. GERAIWSHRIA. FREDRK-K( Alternate)
Petroleum Conservation Research Association, New Delhi
Reliance Petroleum Limited. Mumbai
SHRIA. K. GOEL
SHRIN. S. MU~THYSHRIASHOKDHAR( A/ternate )
Society of lndian Automobile Manufacturers, New Delhi SHRIK. K. GANDHIMs DEEPTISINGH( Alternate )
Steel Authority of India Ltd, New Delhi
Tata Motors Ltd, Pune
SHRJG. CHAKRAVARTY
SHRIR. SAMPATH
5
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1S 15607:2005
Organization
TOTAL-FINA-ELF, Mumbai
VRDE, Ahmed Nagar
BIS Directorate General
Representative(s)
SHRI RAMESHHULLURSHRI SUNDIPSHYAM( A1/ernate )
SHRIK. MATHIVANANSHRI K. SENTHILKUMAR ( Alternate )
DR ( SHRIMATI) VIJAY MALIK, Director and Head ( PCD )[ Representing Director General ( Ex-o#icio Member ) ]
Member SecretarySHRIA. K. BHATNAGARDirector ( PCD ), BIS
Automotive, Aviation and Industrial Fuels Sub-committee, PCD 3:1
Gult Oi I Corporation Ltd ( Lubricants Division ), Mumbai
Ashok Leyland Ltd, Chennai
Automotive Research Association of India, Pune
Bajaj Auto Ltd. Pune
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai
Centre for Air Military Worthiness, Bangalore
Centre for Consumer Education, Research Testing,Training and Testing (CONCERT), Chennai
Cen[re for High Technology, New Delhi
Centre for Science and Environment ( CSE ), New Delhi
Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Chennai
Directorate General of Civil Aviation, New Delhi
Fscorts I td. Faridabad
Ford Motors. Mumbai
Harbinsons Biotech Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Mumbai
lndian Institute of Petroleum, Debra Dun
DR Y. P. RAO ( Convener )
SHRI C. PRAKASH
SHRI M. K. CHAUDHARISHRI A. R. ARANKALLE( Alternate )
SHRI T. M. BAI.AIiAMANSHRI R. -RAMAKRISHNA( Al[ernate )
DR G. VASUDEVSHRI P. PADMANAFSHAN( Alternate )
DR K. V. MURALI
SHRIR. DESIKAiNSHRIR. RAMAKRISHNAN( Alternate )
SHRIB. D. GHOSH
Ms ANUMITA ROYCHOWDHURYSHRI VIVEK CHATTOPADHYA( Alternate 1 )SHRI CHIRAGSHAH( Alternate H )
SHJtIM. S. SHYAMSUNDARSHRI B. SAIRAM( Alternate )
SHRIB. K. JOSNISHRI S. S. MLJZUMDAR( A//ernate )
SHRI H. C. ~Allll(jUNASHRI ALO~ NAYAR( Al[ernofe )
SHRIKALHE GANESH
SHRIAJIT B, SEAL
SHRI M. K. DAXNISHRI suKANrA BANERJEE( A1/ernate )
DR S. K. SINGALSHRI A, K. JAIN ( Alternote )
6
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Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewedperiodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes areneeded; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standardsshould ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issueof BIS Catalogue and Standards : Monthly Additions.
This Indian Standard h-asbeen developed from Doc : No. PCD 3 (2242 ).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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