Biodiesel Production: Technology
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Transcript of Biodiesel Production: Technology
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Biodiesel Production: Technology
Barry Latham, M.A.Ed.Biodiesel Production & Curriculum
Chemistry & Physics InstructorChicago Heights, Illinois
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ASTM 6751-08 (BQ-9000)Flash Point 93°C min.Water/Sediment 0.05% (vol.) max.Sulfur 0.0015% (mass) max.Cloud Point report onlyAcid Number 0.50mg KOH/gFree Glycerin 0.020% (mass) max.Total Glycerin 0.240% (mass) max.Oxidation Stability 3 hours min.Cold Soak Filtration360 seconds max.
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Flash Point (ASTM D93-08)Flash Point by Pensky-
Martens Closed Cup Tester
Flash point- tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions
~$2,000
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Water & Sediment (ASTM D2709)
Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
An indication of water and sediment in middle distillate fuels such as Grade Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel
~$12,000
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Sulfur (ASTM D5453-09)Determination of Total
Sulfur in Diesel Engine Fuel by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Determines sulfur in process feeds, sulfur in finished products and can also be used for purposes of regulatory control.
~$3,000
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Cloud Point (ASTM D2500-09)Cloud Point of
Petroleum Products
Cloud Point- temperature at which paraffin wax or other solid substance begins to separate from biodiesel; a cloudy appearance is seen in the oil at this point
~$12,000
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Acid Number (ASTM D664)Acid Number of
Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
Biodiesel and blends of biodiesel may contain acidic constituents that are present as additives or as degradation products formed during service, such as oxidation products.
~$900
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Free & Total Glycerin (D6584-08)
Determination of Free and Total Glycerin in B-100 Biodiesel Methyl Esters By Gas Chromatography
A high content of free glycerin may cause problems during storage or in the fuel system, due to separation of the glycerin. A high total glycerin content can lead to injector fouling and may also contribute to the formation of deposits at injection nozzles, pistons, and valves.
~$10k-$50k
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Oxidation Stability (EN 14112)Oxidation Stability of
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters for Biodiesel
Oxidative degradation is harmful and can deteriorate many physical properties of the biodiesel including viscosity, and acid and peroxide values.
~$8,000
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Cold Soak Filtration (D6751-08-A1)
Cold Soak Filtration Analysis
Detects filter plugging tendencies at low temperatures.
~$1,000
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Oil Titration (Small Scale)Correlated to Acid ValueUsed to measure the amount of Free Fatty Acids
in used or virgin oil◦ Higher titration is less desired, but still usable◦ More FFA’s mean more catalyst needed means more
expense
Performed to check quality of oil◦ Can be performed at oil collection site◦ Use disposable syringes and small plastic, re-sealable
containers
Indicator Choices◦ Phenolphthalein, Phenol Red, pH Meter, Tumeric spice◦ Looking for color change (near pH 7.0)
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Crackle Test (Small Scale)Correlated to Water/Sediment Test
When heated over a hotplate, water will “crackle” in the pan, indicating its presence
Heat a cup of oil to ~100°C
If the oil sputters, then water is present◦ More sputtering = more
water
Water will have to be removed by heating or settling over time and tested again
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Centrifuge Test (Small Scale)Correlated to Water/Sediment Test
Oil and water will separate over time
Centrifuging will speed up this process
Fill two appropriate sized test tubes ¾ of the way with your used oil
Spin for 5 minutesThe oil will rise to the top and water
will settle to the bottomThe presence of water indicates
that your oil will need to be treated further◦ Heating◦ Settling
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DewateringWater in your used
oil will complicate the formation of biodiesel and must be removed
HeatingSettling
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Heating to Dewater (Small Scale)
A band heater on a 55-gallon drum will heat your oil sufficiently◦Shorter time period (hours-
days?)◦Consumes electricity
Use gentle agitation◦Emersion mixer set on low
setting◦Stir once or twice a day
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Settling to Dewater (Small Scale)
Allowing a 55-gallon drum filled with used oil will settle your water to the bottom and can be drained off◦Much longer time
period (weeks?)◦Consumes no
electricity
Avoid any agitation
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Appleseed Processor (Small Scale)Plumbing w/ Pump
~$550120V Water Heater
~$400Lumber ~$25
No plumbing experience needed
All new parts usedCosts can be reduced by
salvaging/recycling
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Reactor Specifics (Small Scale)Water heater preferred over steel drum◦Pre-insulated◦Pre-plumbed◦Pre-wired for heating elements
Electrical water heater has less risk of explosion hazard◦ Internal immersion heaters◦Upper heater disabled; it is rarely submerged
Needs to be connected to 120VAC source◦Electrical box & switch needs to be installed
Do not compromise temperature regulators◦Explosion risk
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Quality Testing3/27 Test Correlates to Free Glycerin Test
Tests for triglycerides (unreacted oil)
◦ Does not for monoglycerides and diglycerides
Tells you if you must reprocess
Add 1 part biodiesel to 9 parts methanol in a sealable vial (3mL & 27mL, etc.)
◦ Be very precise with measurements if using these small amounts
Look for particles in the vial and/or cloudiness
◦ If present, your sample failed- reprocess
Sample should be clear to pass
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Biodiesel Size Exclusion ChromatographyOnly B100 remains after final glycerin drain
◦ Longer wait-time allows more glycerin to settle outResidual MeOH may remain
◦ Costly/complicated to distill MeOH out of glycerinB100 pumped through molecular sieve into
storage drum◦ 4A sieve traps small molecules (MeOH, H2O) and allows
larger molecules (biodiesel, glycerin) to pass◦ Sized-based trap◦ Based on gas trap designs and drying agents
Because MeOH exists at ppm or ppb levels, sieve may take a very long time to exhaust◦ No current research available◦ Can be recharged by heating in an exhaust hood or
outside To vaporize MeOH and “bake-off” biodiesel adhered to
surface
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Biodiesel StorageCorrelates to Oxidation Stability Test
Biodegradable in months to years◦ Less time than table sugar◦ No research to support this
claimOnly make as much as is
neededHydroscopic (attracts
atmospheric water)More glycerin falls out over
time, regardless of draining or filtering
Fire code regulations
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Turn-Key OperationsMore and more companies have plans
for plants ready to purchase to produce ASTM certified biodiesel in a range of scales.
Costs are related to plant size◦$1.95M per 5Mgallons/year (Xenerga quote)
Biodiesel SystemsSRS Engineering CorporationXenerga
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Biodiesel Systems
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SRS Engineering Systems
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Xenerga
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Custom SECDry-washing System