Breaking Bad Fuel: Biodiesel as an alternative energy source.
Biodiesel, a Carbon Overview Neutral Alternative fuel to ...
Transcript of Biodiesel, a Carbon Overview Neutral Alternative fuel to ...
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Biodiesel, a Carbon Neutral Alternative fuel to
Petroleum DieselIhab H. Farag, Sc.D., P.E.
Chemical Engineering DeptUniversity of New Hampshire
GIN2009 Conference Joint Actions on Climate Change, June 8-10, 2009, Aalborg, Denmark
University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824-3591, USA
Phone: 1-603-862-2313, fax: 1-603-862-3747
email:[email protected]
•Biodiesel•Advantages &
Overview
•Advantages & Challenges
•Production
• Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually from triglyceride esters
• Transesterification Process.
What is Biodiesel?
• 100 lb 11.3 lb (1 lb NaOH) 97 lb =13.3 gal 11 lb
0.75 lb/gal bd
0.1 lb/gal bd Fatty acid methyl ester, FAME
1st step, Diglucerid 2nd step, mono, then 3rd step FAME and glycerol
Biodiesel Made inMade in UNH by the UNH Biodiesel Group
• Clean Burning Alternative fuel for diesel engines
• Produced from Domestic Renewable Resources: any fat or oil like vegetable oil used
What is Biodiesel?
or oil, like vegetable oil, used greases, animal fat.
• Oxygenated fuel with 10% O2• Meets health effect testing of the
Clean Air Act (CAA)• Blends will with diesel
Biodiesel: Renewable Alternative “Green” Fuel-- Uses
Anywhere petroleum diesel is used: transportation, home heating, power generation.
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Blending Biodiesel & Diesel BiodieselEnergy
ConsiderationConsideration
Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI)• Measures how efficiently the fuel itself is
produced and delivered, i.e., how much energy available per unit energy input.
Fuel EROI Biodiesel from Soy 3.2Biodiesel from wastes 5Ethanol from Corn Starch 1.34Cellulosic Ethanol 2.2Hydrogen from Natural Gas 0.528
Global Warming and Other
ConsiderationConsideration
Fossil CO2Release to Atmosphere
PetroDiesel CO2 Cycle22.2lbs (10.1 kg) of fossil CO2 released per gal burned
Exploration
Refining
Use in Cars and Trucks
Gasoline carbon content per gallon: 2,421 grams,Diesel carbon content per gallon: 2,778 gramshttp://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/420f05001.htm,
CO2 Emission Biodiesel Renewable Fuel CycleCO2 Neutral System
Biodiesel’s Closed Carbon Cycle
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Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Ethanol 85%
B20
Diesel Hybrid
Electric
B100 B100 = 100% BiodieselB20 = 20% BD + 80% PD
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Gasoline
CNG
LPG
Diesel
Data from “A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative Fuels”, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/2001
http://www.greencampus.harvard.edu/green_projects/afvp/rec/bus.pdf
Petroleum diesel exhaust and children• Diesel particulates are
a probable carcinogen• School buses and other
heavy diesel vehicles expose everyone to particulates
• Biodiesel can reduce particulates by up to 99%*, far more than with Compressed natural gas (CNG).
* Biodiesel alone reduces particulates from 30-90%. Since it contains no sulfur, it also allows the use of better particulate traps in the exhaust systems of vehicles, which can reduce the particulates even further.
Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel B100 & B20
Sulfates
PAHs
n-PAHs
Mutagenicity
CO2B100 **B20Diesel
** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst and a CRT particulate filter on vehicle
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total Unburned HCs
CO
Particulate Matter
**NOx
Sulfates
Percent
Relative Hazards: Diesel and Biodiesel
Spill HazardLower emissions
High flash point (>300F), Safe to store and burnBiodegradableEssentially non-toxic.
Biodegradability
Flash Point
Toxicity
3 tim
es
Relative Hazards: Diesel and Biodiesel
Biodegradability
Flash Point
Toxicity Spill Hazard
Biodiesel: Good enough to drink!
•Less toxic than salt
•More biodegra-dable than sugar http://journeytoforever.org/media/b/bd-drink.jpg
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Biodiesel Challenges• Cold Weather Operation
http://www.biodiesel.org/cold/customers/Brooklyn%20Park.plow2_thumb.jpg
Biodiesel Challenges• Cold Weather Operation (14 F)
http://www.biodiesel.org/cold/customers/Brooklyn%20Park.plow2_thumb.jpg
http://www.trianglebiofuels.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/b100_antigel-1.jpg
Biodiesel Challenges• Cold Weather Operation• Stability/Storage• Producing enough feedstock g g
oil to replace a large portion of petroleum
Oil & Biodiesel yield of Soybeans & Canola
Soybeans CanolaSoybeans Canola
Gallons biodiesel/acre 50 92Acres/million gallons BD ~24,000 ~14,000
http://www.pioneer.com/usa/agronomy/soybeans/biodiesel.htm
Feedstock Vegetable Oil Prices US$/tonne
600
800
1000 Jun‐06Dec‐06Jun‐07
• fromD1 report, June 29,2007
200
400
600
Rapeseed Soy Palm
Dilemma
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The New Frontier What is Algae?• Simple plant-like organism
– Simple: no leaves, no roots, etc
– Plant-like: photosynthesis
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:rclb7UEFr98Z_M:http://www.microimaging.ca/bursaria.jpg
• Fast Growth, e.g., Chlorella quadruples approximately every 24 hours
Oil & Biodiesel yield of Soybeans, Canola & Algae
Soybean Canola Algaey g
Gallons biodiesel/acre 50 90
2000-15000
Acres/million gallons BD ~24,000 ~14,000 ~130
http://www.pioneer.com/usa/agronomy/soybeans/biodiesel.htm, 60 billion gal biodiesel = 8 million acres
The Algae Promise?• Land
Required to replace 50%
f t USof current US Biodiesel use using corn, soybean and algae
“Algal and Terrestrial Second-Generation Biofuels –Chevron and the New Energy Equation,” P. Bryan, S. Miller, Chevron Biofuels, Chevron ETC
Growing Algae• Light Energy• Water• Nutrient: N, P, K
Air
• Aeration: CO2• pH 6-9• Mixing• Temperature
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:rclb7UEFr98Z_M:http://www.microimaging.ca/bursaria.jpg
Day 0 Day 1Day 3
Day 6
Day 7
Day 10 Day 8
Day 11 Day 12 Foaming, evaporation
Growing Algae
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Large Scale Algae Growth: Raceway PondsWaterNutrient
http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp23/interim_report/algae2.jpg
Algae
Waste CO2
Raceway Ponds: Cyanotech, Hawaii
8000 gal/acre-yr
Raceway Ponds Problems Raceway Ponds Problems• Takeover by low oil strains• Vulnerability to Temperature
Fluctuations• High Evaporation Losses• High Evaporation Losses• Sunlight can only penetrate the
pond water to a limited depth.• Hard to control light exposure• Minimum Depth about 15 cm
Algae Growth: 80 L Photobioreactor
UNH Biodiesel Lab
Algae Oil to Biodiesel
Transesterification
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Algal Biodiesel Energy Balance
Transesterification
Biofuel Sustainability: Water
Non-Fresh (Impaired) Water use in Algae
• Municipal Wastewater• Agriculture Wastewater• Brakish Water• Geothermal water & heat
Biodiesel from Algae• Environmental
Benefit: Using Nutrient Richwastewater
Biodiesel from Algae• Environmental
Benefit: Using Sea water
http://www.coping.org/travels/leaf/nhsea/sea21.jpg
Biodiesel from Algaehttp://www.americasheartland.org/episodes/episode_422/really_going_green.htm
http://www.coping.org/travels/leaf/nhsea/sea21.jpg
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•Biodiesel•Advantages &
Overview
•Advantages & Challenges
•Algae
AcknowledgmentMembers of the UNH Biodiesel GGroup
Thank you for your time.
OverviewOverview
BackgroundP2NH P2 InternshipSample Internships
BackgroundBackgroundDeveloping strong partnerships of academia and industry is an important element of achieving a strong educational program.
Partnerships are
UNH, US EPA, and the NH Department of Environmental Services formed the NH Pollution Prevention Partnership in 1993
Partnerships are mutually beneficial, and result in strong alliance between industry and academia
Conventionaleconomical growthend of pipe treatment
New Trends
sustainable growthsource reduction / risk
reduction/ reuse+ recycle
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
y
= Cleaner Technology : CT= Pollution Prevention : P2
Environmental Performanceis Increasingly Affecting Trade Access in the Global Marketplace
Pollution Prevention (P2)/ Pollution Prevention (P2)/ Cleaner Production (CP)Cleaner Production (CP)
P2: it is easier to prevent problems than to fix them. Goal: to reduce the pollution and the waste at the sourceand the waste at the source, before it is generated.Outcome: reduce treatment costs, risks and liabilitiesMultimedia approach
Benefits of P2Benefits of P2Save money...
Meet/Exceed regulationsMeet/Exceed regulations...
Improve image...
Reduce liability...
NH P2 Internship Program (P2I)NH P2 Internship Program (P2I)10-week program in the summerHands-on learning experienceCompetent, trained students On-site industry placementsOn site industry placementsFlexible P2 project designFinding practical solutions and getting paid
P2 Internship Program: Why?P2 Internship Program: Why?
Students:Hands-on trainingEvaluate future careerSolve real-life problems
Facilities: Cost-savingsImproved operationsP2/waste reduction/
ffi iSolve real-life problemsExperience real-world issuesImprove the environment, conserve energy
energy efficiency Facility/Corporate imageCompliance assistanceCompetent students do the legworkEvaluate potential employees
Intern Qualifications/ Intern Qualifications/ ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities
Be a continuing undergraduate or graduate student.Complete the P2 training workshop.Apply for P2 Internshippp y pPrepare a proposal at start of P2IMid-summer Oral Progress PresentationAt the end of the internship, interns provide.– Oral presentation– Written project report/case study.
Internships by Industry TypeInternships by Industry Type
Auto-parts
packaging
govt
chemicalsother power
education
health
ElectronicMetal Finsh
paper
textile
packaging
Sample Sample InternshipsInternshipspp
Water Consumption Water Consumption Climate Climate Wise ProjectWise Project
Goal: To capture all the energy savings and associatedenergy savings and associated
reductions in greenhouse gases, along with legitimate proof of these reductions for
several years
Energy Sources that give Energy Sources that give off greenhouse gases.off greenhouse gases.ElectricityNatural GasNatural Gas# 6 Fuel OilEnergy usage for all three
sources were tabulated yearly for several years
68
10
of lb
s.
Greenhouse Gas reductions Greenhouse Gas reductions from Energy from Energy SSaving aving PProjectsrojects
0246
Mil
lio
ns o
Year
US EPA New England Community
Energy Challenge• You can not manage
what you do not measure
Do You Know How Well Your Facilities Perform?
measure.• Until recently, a
standardized, comparable metric of whole building energy performance did not exist!
• EPA’s Energy PerformanceRating System
Do You Know How Well Your Facilities Perform?
Rating Systemwas developed to meet this need.
• A web-based tool for measuring and tracking energy performance of a building or portfolio of buildings.
• All types of commercial and
What is Portfolio Manager?
institutional buildings can use Portfolio Manager to track and benchmark energy use over time.
US EPA New England Community
Energy ChallengeEPA is challenging communities to save money and reduce air pollution by
A i ( i P f li M )- Assessing energy use (using Portfolio Manager) (Town Offices, K-12 schools, Wastewater treatment facilities)
- Taking action to improve energy efficiency, and- Seeking out renewable energy sources- 10% reduction commitment
CO2 Reductions due 10% savings
• 434,277 kWh/yr• = 338 tons CO2/yr: • 38,324 gal gasoline• 61.8 passenger cars
not driven for 1 year
•$24,882/yr in energy savingshttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html
UNH P2 Internship Program:UNH P2 Internship Program:partnership of government, academia, and industrypartnership of government, academia, and industry
NHSBTPNHSBTPNH National GuardNH National GuardNewburyport CityNewburyport CityPAK 2000PAK 2000PortexPortexPSNHPSNHQuinQuin--TTRohm& HaasRohm& Haas
ConceptronicsConceptronicsDigital EqptDigital EqptDupuy OrthopaedicDupuy OrthopaedicElliot HospElliot HospEnthone ChemEnthone ChemUS EPA Region 1US EPA Region 1Ferrofluidics Ferrofluidics Franklin Franklin ElectroplatingElectroplating
Freudenberg Freudenberg -- NOKNOKGeneral ElectricGeneral ElectricHADCO HADCO Janco, P.C.Janco, P.C.L.W. PackardL.W. PackardMarkemMarkemNashua CorpNashua CorpNHPPPNHPPP
SanminaSanminaSermatechSermatechSMI, MESMI, METeledyneTeledyneTeradyneTeradyneTextronTextronTrelleborg SolutionsTrelleborg SolutionsTyco electronicsTyco electronicsUS Coast GuardUS Coast GuardVelcro USA IncVelcro USA IncXL/SpraytechXL/Spraytech
UNH P2 UNH P2 Internship Internship Program: Program: Savings,Savings,$MM/year$MM/year
Win-Win-Win ResultsC t iC t i
NH P2I Savings, NH P2I Savings, $MM/year$MM/year
Cost savingsCost savingsReduced job related Reduced job related injuriesinjuriesEquipment savingsEquipment savingsHealthier workforceHealthier workforceCleaner environmentCleaner environment
partnership of government, academia, and industryhttp://www.unh.edu/p2/nhppp/p2intprgm.html
NH P2I Program TransferabilityNH P2I Program Transferability
The P2I Program has been widely acknowledged for its approach, education value and accomplishments. We had requests from many States as well as international inquiry to help in establishing a similar P2I program. Awards
NH P2I receives 2004 EPA Environmental NH P2I receives 2004 EPA Environmental Merit AwardMerit Award
NH P2I receives 2004 Most Valuable NH P2I receives 2004 Most Valuable Pollution Prevention National AwardPollution Prevention National Award
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