Biodiesel

Group membersSoh xiao fenMarhamahYeo ming

Table of contents

Introduction to biodiesel

Applications of biodiesel

Advantages & disadvantages of biodiesel

Sources of biodiesel

Future of biodiesel

Case study on Iran

Conclusions

Introduction to biodiesel

History Rudolf diesel was the inverter of biodiesel, estimated 100

years ago. It was developed in the year 1890s.

What is biodiesel?Biodiesel is made up of monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids that come from vegetable oil or animal fats.

After which, the feedstock is converted by trans-esterification, into biodiesel.

Biodiesel is replacement for petroleum diesel fuel. It can be blended with petroleum diesel fuel in any proportion.

Biodiesel can be used 100% (B100) or in blends with petroleum diesel fuel.

Blends are indicated by B##, which correspond to the percentage of biodiesel in the blended fuel.

Applications of biodiesel

Biodiesel has a wide variety of application in all the fields where fuel is used. To add on, it

added advantages of efficiency improvement.

Motorbikes, Airplanes, Mass transit (trains, buses)Trucks & heavy equipment , Electrical generatorsFarm equipments, Marine uses ,Biodiesel as lubricant & solvent

Examples includes:

Biodiesel as lubricant and solvent

• Potential markets for biodiesel extend beyond the transportation and electrical-generation sectors.

Biodiesel can be used straight as a machinery lubricant.

Biodiesel’s solvent properties may be used to clean dirty or

greasy engine or other machine parts.

Marine uses

Biodiesel is an ideal choice for the use in marine applications.

Biodiesel have more environmental benefits.

Biodiesel is “user-friendly”

Biodiesel can work in several marine factions.

Advantages of Biodiesel

Renewable energy source

Less polluting

Extends life of catalytic converters & engines

Utilizes excess production of soybeans for manufacture

Can distribute through existing diesel fuel pumps

Can use in existing oil heating systems and

diesel engines

Can be mixed with petroleum diesel at any concentration and time

Disadvantages of Biodiesel

More expensive

Could harm rubber hoses in engines

Requires energy to:

Produce biodiesel from soy crops & sow, fertilize and harvest

Requires frequent filter changing

Requires improvement in distribution infrastructure

Sources of biodiesel

•Algal Biodiesel• Fungus•Used coffee grounds• Exotic resources

Algal Biodiesel

Utilizing algae that contains natural oil content>50%

Can be grown on algae ponds at wastewater

treatment plants

Extracted from the system and processed into biodiesel

Does not entail a decrease in food production

Fungus

Utilizing single-cell fungi that contains lipids .E.g.Cunninghamella japonica

Extracted from the cell and turned into Biodiesel

Recent discovery of a variant of fungus Gliocladium roseum

production of ‘myco-diesel’ (medium length hydrocarbons) from

cellulose

Discovered in the rainforests of northern Patagonia

Used coffee grounds

Utilising used coffee grounds that contains oil content 10-15%

Extracted and underwent conventional processing into

Biodiesel

Exotic resources

Utilizing alligator fat which is a primary waste product• cheaper to refine

Biodiesel produced is similar in composition to biodiesel

created from soybeans

Future of Biodiesel

Genetically Engineered Microalgae

Microalgae

Its species are rich in oil

Abundant; almost in every ecosystem

CO2+ sunlight -> oxygen + biomass• Produce almost half of the

atmospheric oxygen

Microalgae Biodiesel

Under optimized condition, can produce up to 90% oil of dry weight

Potential production of oil higher than oil crops• Use little land resource w/o causing potential

biomass deficit

Can grow in extreme environment

Cultivated only by using seawater, CO2 and sunlight

Microalgae Biodiesel

Microalgae Biodiesel

Microalgae Biodiesel

Microalgae Genetic Engineering

• Optimization for enhanced biofuel production

• Improve accumulation of targeted bioenergy carriers

• Quantity & quality of biodiesel linked as to how lipid metabolism is controlled

Solution

Manipulate the biology of microalgae cells to allow for secretion of lipids

Why?

Case Study: Future of Bioenergy in Iran

Salt lake “Urmia” which have given rise to new species of algae for biofuel

Extensive use & export of Iran’s crude oil and natural gas will be limited in the future. Thus renewable liquid

fuels will be heavily needed to eventually totally replace petroleum-

derived transport fuels which in addition, contributes to the emission

of greenhouse gases

Case Study: Solution for Biodiesel Production

Overcoming the challenge, two options• Managing the agriculture

residues & energy production like bioethanol and biogas

• Investing on non-food crops e.g. microalgae

Due to climate & geographical problems• Only 12% of total land

area can be use for crop growing thus depending on energy crops not feasible

• Looking at this table, microalgae come views itself as the only source that has the potential to completely replace petroleum-derived diesel

• Therefore, microalgae genetic engineering would help to visualize more the economic production of biodiesel in Iran

Case Study: Project on microalgae

Researches at Teheran’s Shiraz University carried a biofuel project

Microalgae were isolated during a screening program from soil & water• samples are collected from the paddy fields of Fars

province and the Maharlu Salt Lake

Has succeeded in producing green fuel from the algae Chlamydomonas

The researchers registered their findings at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)which is based

in the USA

Case Study: Having potential of using microalgae genetic engineering

Presence of saline lakes in Iran, containing various species of microalgae

Establishing microalgae culture ponds in different areas of Iran• Unlimited access to saline

waters and sunlight

Presence of highly efficient genetic engineering

technologies in the world

Iran has a good potential and possibilities due to:

Good capacity building

Gained experiences in plant genetic engineering within the last decade

Strong government support• Based on the law, production and

release of transgenic organisms are free in Iran provided that they pass all the biosafety requirements imposed by Iran’s National Biosafety Law (INBL)

Conclusions

Microalgae genetic engineering have a very promising role in the future as it has great potentials for biofuel production.

References Introduction & applications of biodiesel

• http://www.biodiesel.org/markets/mar/• http://alphabiofuels.sg/pages/bioOSR/osr_index.html• Title: Biodiesel- growing a new energy economy (second edition)

Author: Greg Pahl foreword by Bill McKibben Advantages and disadvantages of Biodiesel

• http://www.cpast.org/Articles/fetch.adp?topicnum=61• http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Biofuels• http://www.berkeleybiodiesel.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biodiesel.html

Current Research• http://web.archive.org/web/20060324084858/http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alg

e.html• http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/154/11/3319• http://www.springerlink.com/content/c8l814q6064m0u75/• http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/16/science/16objava.html

Case study• http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/01/algae-biofuel-iran/• An article titled Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews from www.elsevier.com

The end & thank you!