Biochemistry Lecture 11. Common Biochemical Reaction Types.
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Transcript of Biochemistry Lecture 11. Common Biochemical Reaction Types.
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Biochemistry
Lecture 11
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Common Biochemical Reaction Types
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Electrophiles
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Nucleophiles
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Nucleophilic Substitution
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Nucleophilic Substitution
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Nucleophilic Acyl Substiution
(Group Transfer Reaction)
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Nucleophilic Addition
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Carbonyl Condensation
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Carbonyl Condensation
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Elimination
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Oxidation and Reduction
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Overview of Energy Metabolism
FATS POLYSACCHARIDES PROTEINS
Fatty Acids, Glucose and Amino Acids
Glycerol other sugars
Stage I Digestion
Acetyl CoA
Stage II Anaerobic
TCA cycle CO2
CoA
e-
ADPATP
O2Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Stage III Aerobic
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Principles of Regulation• The flow of metabolites through the
pathways is regulated to maintain homeostasis
• Sometimes, the levels of required metabolites must be altered very rapidly– Need to increase the capacity of glycolysis
during the action– Need to reduce the capacity of glycolysis after
the action– Need to increases the capacity of
gluconeogenesis after successful action
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Rates of a Biochemical Reaction
• Rates of a biochemical reaction depend on many factors• Concentration of reactants• Activity of the catalyst
– Concentration of the enzyme– Intrinsic activity of the enzyme
• Concentrations of effectors– Allosteric regulators– Competing substrates– pH, ionic environment
• Temperature
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Reactions Far From Equilibrium are Common Points of Regulation
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