NS/201-Biochemistry Unit IV Topic 14 Bioenergetics Source ...
Biochemistry Bioenergetics: How the body converts food to energy.
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Transcript of Biochemistry Bioenergetics: How the body converts food to energy.
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Biochemistry
Bioenergetics:How the body converts
food to energy
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Bioenergetics
MetabolismMetabolism: The sum of all Chemical Reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of the cell– CatabolismCatabolism - breaking down of molecules to
supply energy– AnabolismAnabolism - synthesis of molecules– Biochemical Pathway Biochemical Pathway - a series of consecutive
chemical reactions
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Common Catabolic Pathway
Conversion of FOOD to ATP:
FOOD produces C4 and C2 fragments
C4 and C2 fragments enter Citric Acid Cycle
CO2, NADH, FADH2, are produced
Electron Transport Electron Transport produces ATP
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O2 O2
Citric AcidCycle
CC22
CC22
CC22
CO2
CO2
CO2
CC44CC44
NADH
FADH2
ATP
ATPATP
ATP
ATPH2O
outermembrane
innermembrane
e- tra
nspo
rt
e- tra
nspo
rt
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Cells and Mitochondria
Components of a typical cell: nucleus - replication of cell begins here
lysosomes - remove damaged cellular components
Golgi bodies - package and transport proteins
organelles - specialized structures with specific function
mitochondria - common catabolic pathway
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Cells and Mitochondria
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Cells and Mitochondria
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Mitochondria
MitochondriaMitochondria
– Two membranes
– Common Catabolic Pathway
– Enzymes located in folds or “CristaCrista”
– Transport thru the inner membrane occurs with
the help of Protein GatesProtein Gates
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Mitochondrion
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Common Catabolic Pathway
2 Parts: Citric Acid Cycle
– or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle– or TCA cycle– or Kreb’s Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation– or Electron Transport– or Respiratory Chain
1
2
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Compounds - ADP
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
adenosine diphosphate
CH2
OHOH
OO
N
N N
N
NH2
P
O
O-
OP
O
O-
O-
diphosphate
adenosine
adenine
ribose
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Compounds - ATP
AMP, ADP, ATPHigh energy phosphate anhydride bonds
CH2
OHOH
OO
N
N N
N
NH2
P
O
O-
OP
O
O-
OP
O
O-
O-
triphosphate
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Compounds - ATP
ATP– We make about 88 lbs. of ATP a day!!!– Used for:
» muscle contraction
» nerve signal conduction
» biosynthesis
CH2
OHOH
OO
N
N N
N
NH2
P
O
O-
OP
O
O-
OP
O
O-
O-
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Fig. 26.6, p.651
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Compounds - Redox
NAD+ and FAD– Oxidizing agents– Actually coenzymes– Contain an ADP core (part of R or R’)
N+
R
C NH2
O
NAD+
N
N
NC
NHC
H3C
H3C
O
R'
O
FAD
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Compounds - Redox
NAD+ is converted to NADH
Oxidized form Reduced form
N+
R
C NH2
O
+ H+ + 2 e-NR
C NH2
OH H
to ET
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Compounds - Redox
FAD is converted to FADH2
Oxidized form
Reduced form
N
N
NC
NHC
H3C
H3C
O
R'
O
+ 2 H+ + 2 e-
N
N
NC
NHC
H3C
H3C
O
R'
O
H
H
to ET
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Compounds
The AcetylAcetyl carrying group - Acetyl coenzyme A Carrying handle is Pantothenic Acid and
Mercaptoethylamine
CCH3 S
O
CoA
acetyl CoA
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Coenzyme A
CCH3 S
O
CoA
acetyl CoA
mercaptoethylamine
CH2
OHO3PO
OO
N
N N
N
NH2
P
O
O-
OP
O
O-
OC CH C CH2NH
O
CH2CH2C
O
OH CH3
CH3
CH2CH2 NHHS
pantothenic acid ADP
-
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Coenzyme A
CCH3 S
O
CoA
acetyl CoA
mercaptoethylamine
CH2
OHO3PO
OO
N
N N
N
NH2
P
O
O-
OP
O
O-
OC CH C CH2NH
O
CH2CH2C
O
OH CH3
CH3
CH2CH2 NHHS
pantothenic acid ADP
-
4C4C3C3C2C2C
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Fig. 26.8, p.652
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXmw3fR8fh0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvoZ21P4JK8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1DjTM1qnPM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgXnH087JIk
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Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA contains a 2 carbon fragment that is carried into the Citric Acid Cycle
Also called the:– Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle– TCA Cycle– Kreb’s Cycle
Acetyl group is split out as CO2
C5
CO2C4
C4 C6
CO2
C2
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Citric Acid Cycle
Step 1– oxaloacetate will show up in last step– acetyl CoA is the THIO ESTER of acetic acid (CoA
is Co Enzyme A)
CCH3 S-CoA
O
COO-
CH2
C
COO-
O
oxaloacetate acetyl CoA
+
citratesynthetase
citryl CoA
C
C
CH2
S-CoA
COO-
CH2
COO-HO
O
CCH3 S-CoA
O
COO-
CH2
C
COO-
O
oxaloacetate acetyl CoA
+
citratesynthetase
citryl CoA
C
C
CH2
S-CoA
COO-
CH2
COO-HO
O
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Citric Acid Cycle
Step 1B– citrate or citric acid produced– citrate has 6 C (How many acid groups?)
citryl CoA
C
CCH2
S-CoAO
COO-
CH2
COO-HO +H2O
citrate
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH2
COO-HO + HS-CoA
citryl CoA
C
CCH2
S-CoAO
COO-
CH2
COO-HO +H2O
citrate
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH2
COO-HO + HS-CoA
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Fig. 26.8, p.652
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Citric Acid Cycle
Step 2– dehydration to cis-Aconitate– hydration to isocitrate– enzymes required for each Rx
citrate
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH2
COO-HOaconitase
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH
COO-
cis-aconitate
-H2O
aconitase
+ H2OC
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH
COO-H
HO
isocitratecitrate
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH2
COO-HOaconitase
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH
COO-
cis-aconitate
-H2O
aconitase
+ H2OC
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH
COO-H
HO
isocitrate
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Fig. 26.8, p.652
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Citric Acid Cycle
Step 3– oxidation and decarboxylation
– CO2 is from the ???
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH
COO-H
HO
isocitrate
isocitratedehydrogenase
-ketoglutarate
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
C
H H
O
+ CO2
NAD+ NADH
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
CH
COO-H
HO
isocitrate
isocitratedehydrogenase
-ketoglutarate
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
C
H H
O
+ CO2
NAD+ NADH
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Fig. 26.8, p.652
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Citric Acid Cycle
Step 4 – Where did the CO2 come from???
-ketoglutarate
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
C
H H
O
enzymesystem
complex
C
CCH2
SCoA
C
H H
OO-
O
+ CO2
succinyl CoA
+ SCoA
NAD+ NADH
-ketoglutarate
C
CCH2
OO-
COO-
C
H H
O
enzymesystem
complex
C
CCH2
SCoA
C
H H
OO-
O
+ CO2
succinyl CoA
+ SCoA
NAD+ NADH
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Fig. 26.8, p.652
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Citric Acid Cycle
Step 5– GTP is Guanosine triphosphate (as good as ATP!)
C
CCH2
SCoA
C
H H
OO-
O
succinyl CoA
+ GDP
enzymesystem
complex
C
CCH2
OO-
C
H H
OO-
succinate
+ GTP+ SCoA
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Fig. 26.8, p.652
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Citric Acid Cycle
Step 6– Oxidation with FAD– Fumaric Acid is trans-Fumaric Acid – Barbiturate is an inhibitor of Succinate dehydrogenase
C
CCH2
OO-
C
H H
OO-
succinate
succinatedehydrogenase
C
CCH
OO-
C
H
OO-
fumarateFAD FADH2
C
CCH2
OO-
C
H H
OO-
succinate
succinatedehydrogenase
C
CCH
OO-
C
H
OO-
fumarateFAD FADH2
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Fig. 26.8, p.652
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Citric Acid Cycle
Step 7– hydration reaction– fumarase is enzyme
C
CCH
OO-
C
H
OO-
fumarate
+ H2Ofumarase
CH2
CCH
OO-
C OO-
OH
malate
C
CCH
OO-
C
H
OO-
fumarate
+ H2Ofumarase
CH2
CCH
OO-
C OO-
OH
malate
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Citric Acid Cycle
Step 8– oxidation using NAD+
– product is oxaloacetate!
CH2
CCH
OO-
C OO-
OH
malate
malatedehydrogenase
CH2
CC
OO-
C OO-
O
oxaloacetateNADH NAD+
CH2
CCH
OO-
C OO-
OH
malate
malatedehydrogenase
CH2
CC
OO-
C OO-
O
oxaloacetateNADH NAD+
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Fig. 26.8, p.652
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Electron (and H+) Transport
End products of the Citric Acid Cycle Reduced (or spent) Coenzymes
– NADH
– FADH2
Carry H+ and e- and yield energy when combining with oxygen:
4 H+ + 4 e- + O2 2 H2O4 H+ + 4 e- + O2 2 H2O
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Electron (and H+) Transport
Many Enzymes are involved in ET Enzymes are imbedded in inner membrane of
the mitochondria Enzymes are in a particular sequence
– each accepts electrons– increasing affinity for electrons
Final acceptor of electrons is molecular O2 to make water O2
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Fig. 26.10, p.656
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Idy2XAlZIVA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A32CvcfA_K0&feature=PlayList&p=F09BC040A0B953F8&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=10
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1engJR_XWVU
Electron Transport chain - youtube
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Electron (and H+) Transport
Many Enzymes are involved in Oxidative Phosphorylation
2 H+ + 2 e- + 1/2 O2 H2O2 H+ + 2 e- + 1/2 O2 H2O
Flavo-protein
Lipid bilayerLipid bilayer
FeSprotein
Qenzyme
b
bc1 c a a3
ATPase
cytochromes
OO22
NADH NAD+ FADH2 FAD
ATPATP
2 H+ 2 H+ 2 H+
overall 2 ATP2 ATPproduced
overall 3 ATP3 ATPproduced
O2-
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The Energy Yield from a C2
Each NADH produces 3 ATP Each FADH2 produces 2 ATP
(Each pair of H+ produces 1 ATP)
For each C2 unit (acetyl CoA) we produce...– 1 GTP directly (same as 1 ATP) from step 5 TCA
– 3 NADH in ET (3 x 3 = 9 ATP) Indirect
– 1 FADH2 in ET (1 x 2 = 2 ATP) Indirect
For a total of ..................... 12 ATP(and some waste CO2)
$
Indirect(from ET)
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Conversion of ATP
How does the body utilize this Chemical Energy? Conversion to Other Forms
– biosynthesis Electrical Energy
– ion gradients (K+, Na+) Mechanical Energy
– muscle contraction Heat Energy
– maintain 37 oC or 98.6 oF
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Muscle Contraction
Chemical Energy converted to Mechanical Energy:
Thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments Hydrolysis of ATP causes the interaction of the
filaments (muscle contraction)
contraction