I lecture zaur ismailov\\\\ In adipose tissue energy is stored in the form of:

\\\ Glycogen

\\ Triacylglycerols

\\\ Proteins

\\\ ATP

\\\\ Which of the following are the major regulatory hormones of carbohydrate metabolism?

\\\ glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

\\ Insulin and glucagon

\\\ Thyroid and parathyroid hormones

\\\ Growth hormone and prolactin

\\\\ Triacylglycerols contain:

\\\ amino acids

\\ glycerol and fatty acid residues

\\\ glucose

\\\ fructose

\\\\ If the BMI of adult person is 32,5, his weight is:\\\ ideal

\\\ less then ideal

\\\ excessive

\\\ this is obesity

\\\\ Which of the following is correct concerning the processes in the liver?

\\\ Triacylglycerols are stored

\\\ The process of glucose uptake is activated under the influence of glucagon

\\ glucose is stored like glycogen

\\\ glucose is converted into fatty acids

\\\\ Vitamins in the body act as:

\\\ transporters

\\\ energy source

\\\ enzymes

\\ coenzymes

\\\\ Which of the following processes occur during starvation?

\\\ Glucose level doesnt change

\\ activates liver glycogen degradation

\\\ activates glycogen biosynthesis

\\\ storage of fats increases

\\\\ Glucose is only source of energy for:

\\ erythrocytes

\\\ nervous cells

\\\ adipocytes

\\\ muscle cells

\\\\ Liver regulates glucose level in the body by:

\\ glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis

\\\ oxidation of fatty acids

\\\ oxidation of glycerol

\\\ oxidation of ketone bodies

\\\\ For the functioning of the body we need the sufficient amount of the energetical sources. If we cant receive the sufficient energy with the food, the energy will be released from endogenic stores of the body, what provides:

\\\ weight gaining

\\ weight loss

\\\ there is no change in weight

\\\ neither answer is correct

\\\\ Which of the following is monosaccharide?

\\\ starch

\\\ sacrose

\\\ lactose

\\ glucose

\\\\ Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated

\\\ Kg2|m2\\\ Kg2|mK

\\ Kg|m2\\\ Kg|m

\\\\ Increased concentration of hydrogen ions provides:

\\\ increase affinity of O2 to deoxiHb

\\\ conversion of T form of Hb into R form of Hb in tissues

\\ disociaiton of O2 from Hb

\\\ conversion of HbOw ( not(deoxiHb) into Mb.

\\\\ Which of the following contains the highest calories?

\\ Lipids

\\\ Proteins

\\\ Carbohydrates

\\\ Alcohol

\\\\ Which is correct about starch?

\\\ is disaccharide\\ is plant polysaccharide\\\ is animal polysaccharide\\\ is monosaccaride\\\\ Catabolic pathways are:

\\ oxidation of energetical sources

\\\ mobilisation of energetical sources

\\\ biosynthetic processes

\\\ detoxification

\\\\ Which is the correct relation between the digestive enzymes and their substrates?

\\\ pepsin triacylglicerol

\\ amilase starch

\\\ lipase sacrose

\\\ tripsin lactose

\\\\ The main energetical source for the body during overnight starvation is:

\\\ Glycogen

\\\ Glucose

\\\ aminoacids

\\ fatty acids

\\\\ How many energy is released after oxidation of ethanol?

\\\ 4 kcal/g

\\\ 5kcal/g

\\\ 10 kcal/g

\\ 7 kcal/g

\\\\ The height is 170 sm and weight is 60 kg, what is BMI?\\\ 25,42

\\\ 20,76

\\\ 19,28

\\\ 23,64

\\\\ Which compounds are not essential?

\\\ Fatty acids

\\\ vitamins

\\ glucose

\\\ minerals

\\\\ What are triacylglycerls?

\\\ proteins

\\ lipids

\\\ carbohydrates

\\\ vitamins

\\\\ Why the protons dissociate from the hemoglobin?\\\ because pKa of the acid groups decrease

\\\ because pKa of the acid groups increase

\\\ because partial pressure of O2 decresases

\\\ because concentration of CO increases.

\\\\ How the fats are stored in the body?

\\ as triacylglycerol

\\\ fatty acids

\\\ diacylglicerol

\\\ cholesterol

\\\\ which process is stimulated after carbohydrate rich diet?

\\\ glucagon secretion

\\\ glyconeogenesis

\\\ oxidation of fatty acids

\\ insulin secretion

\\\\ Which cell forms ATP only with anaerboc pathway?

\\ Erythrocutes

\\\ Myocytes

\\\ hepatocytes

\\\ adipocytes

\\\\ for calculation of BMI important parameters are:

\\\ Body weight and age

\\\ age, sex and physical activity

\\\ height and physical activity

\\ Body weight and height

\\\\ Body weight loosing from the bigining is caused by:

\\\ degradation of muscle proteins

\\\ degradation of triqcylglycerols of adipose tissue

\\ degradation of muscle and liver glycogen

\\\ decreaseing physical activity

\\\\ Which is the correct relation between the digestive enzymes and their substrates?

\\ pepsin protein

\\\ amilase triacylglicerol

\\\ lipase starch

\\\ tripsin lactose

\\\\ Which of the following does not belong to sources of energy?

\\ vitamins

\\\ proteins

\\\ carbohydrates

\\\ fats

\\\\ Which of the following does not belong to sources of energy?

\\\ proteins

\\\ carbohydrates

\\\ fats \\ minerals

\\\\ Which of the following is the monomer of proteins?

\\\ glucose

\\\ glycerol

\\ amino acid

\\\ fatty acid

\\\\ Which of the following is monosaccharide?

\\\ starch

\\\ sacrose

\\\ lactose

\\ glucose

\\\\ Which of the following is monosaccharide?

\\\ isomaltose

\\\ sacrose

\\\ lactose

\\ fructose

\\\\ Which of the following is monosaccharide?

\\\ isomaltose

\\\ sacrose

\\\ lactose

\\ galactose

\\\\ Which compouns can serve as energy source for brain in fasting state?

\\\ glycogen

\\\ triacylglycerols

\\\ proteins

\\ ketone bodies

\\\\ What statement is correct concerning anabolism?

\\\ It is oxidation of energetical sources

\\\ It is mobilization of energetical sources

\\ It is biosynthetic pathway

\\\ It is detoxication pathway

\\\\ What statement is correct concerning catabolism?

\\ It is oxidation of energetical sources

\\\ It is storage of energetical sources

\\\ It is biosynthetic pathway

\\\ It is detoxication pathway

\\\\ How the organism store carbohydrates?

\\ as glycogen

\\\ as starch

\\\ as sacrose

\\\ as lactose

\\\\ What is the substrate of amylase?

\\\ isomaltose

\\\ lactose

\\ starch

\\\ sacrose

\\\\ Which of the following is not correct concerning glucose metabolism?

\\\ it is oxidized in most of the cells

\\\ it is stored in the liver and muscles as a glycogen

\\\ it is the biosynthetic precursor of many other compounds

\\ in the body it is produced from palmitate

\\\\ Which is not correct concerning amino acids absorbed in the blood?

\\\ in the cells they are converted into proteins

\\\ they are used for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds

\\\ they are oxidized with reliese of energy

\\ in the body they are stored as a glycogen

\\\\ Which process is stimulated after high-carbohydrate containing meal?

\\\ glucagon secretion

\\\ gluconeogenesis

\\\ oxidation of fats

\\ insulin secretion

\\\\ In which lipoprotein the liver packs triacylglycerols?

\\ VLDL

\\\ chylomicrons

\\\ LDL

\\\ HDL

\\\\ In which organ the ketone bodies are synthesized?

\\\ in muscles

\\ in liver

\\\ in kidneys

\\\ in the brain

\\\\ Which one of the following processes go in the liver?

\\\ storage of triacylglyceros

\\\ glycogen synthesis enhances under glucagon

\\ glucose storage in form of glycogen

\\\ ketone bodies oxidation

\\\\ Which scheme is correct concerning digestive process?

\\\ monosacharides-disacharides-polysacharides

\\\ amino acids - di- and tripeptides - proteins

\\ triacylglycerols- diacylglycerols - monoacylglycerols

\\\ chylomicrons - proteins - triacylglycerols

\\\\ Which scheme is correct concerning digestive process?

\\ polysacharides -disacharides- monosacharides

\\\ amino acids - di- and tripeptides - proteins

\\\ diacylglycerols- triacylglycerols - monoacylglycerols

\\\ chylomicrons - proteins - triacylglycerols

\\\\ Where does the resynthesis of triacylglycerols for chilomicrons go?

\\\ in the adipose tissue

\\\ in the blood

\\ in the enterocytes' epithelium

\\\ in the liver\\\\ How many energy is released after oxidation of 1g. of proteins?

\\\ 2 kcal/g

\\ 5kcal/g

\\\ 9 kcal/g

\\\ 7 kcal/g

\\\\ How many energy is released after oxidation of 1g. of fats?

\\\ 2 kcal/g

\\\ 5kcal/g

\\ 9 kcal/g

\\\ 7 kcal/g

\\\\ Which fatty acid is essential?

\\\ palmitic acid

\\ linoleic acid

\\\ stearic acid

\\\ oleic acid\\\\ Which fatty acid is essential?

\\\ palmitic acid

\\ arachidone acid

\\\ stearic acid

\\\ oleic acidBuffers, water\\\\ The pH of a sample of blood is 7.4, while gastric juice is pH 1.4. The blood sample has:

\\\ 5.29 times lower [H+] than the gastric juice.

\\\ 6 times lower [H+] than the gastric juice.

\\\ 6,000 times lower [H+] than the gastric juice.

\\ a million times lower [H+] than the gastric juice.

\\\\ Which of the following describes a universal property of buffers?

\\\ Buffers work best at the pH at which they are completely dissociated.

\\ Buffers work best at the pH at which they are 50% dissociated.

\\\ Buffers work best at one pH unit lower than the pKa.

\\\ Buffers work equally well at all concentrations.

\\\\ Which of the following physiologic/pathologic conditions is most likely to result in an alkalosis, provided that the body could not fully compensate?

\\\ Production of lactic acid by muscles during exercise

\\ Repeated vomiting of stomach contents, including HCl

\\\ Diarrhea with loss of the bicarbonate anions secreted in to the intestine

\\\ An infection resulting in a fever and hypercatabolism

\\\\ In a polypeptide at physiologic pH, hydrogen bonding may occur between:\\\ the side chains of a leucine residue and a lysine residue.

\\\ the terminal alpha-amino group and the terminal a-carboxyl group.

\\ the amide group in the peptide bond and an aspartyl side chain.

\\\ the SH groups of two cysteine residues.

\\\\ The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is measured by the pH, that numerically is equivalent to:

\\\ log10[H+]\\ -log10[H+]

\\\ loge[H+]

\\\ - loge[H+]

\\\\ The pKa for ammonium ion is about 9.4 and the pH of blood is about 7.4. The ratio of ammonia to ammonium ion (ammonia/ammonium ion) in blood is about: \\ 1/100 \\\ 1/10

\\\ 10/1

\\\ 100/1

\\\\ Which of the following is least likely to be soluble in water?

\\ nonpolar compound\\\ strongly polar compound

\\\ weak electrolyte

\\\ strong electrolyte

\\\\ Which of the following is not characteristic for water?

\\\ It is a polar molecule

\\\ It is an excellent solvent

\\\ It has a high surface tension

\\ It interacts well with nonpolar molecules

\\\\ Hydrogen bonds can be expected to form with hydrogen atom bonded to:\\\ carbon

\\ electronegative atom\\\ hydrogen\\\ iodine

\\\\ Which of the following processes does not describe the action of NAD+?

\\\ It is an oxidizing agent.

\\ It is a reducing agent.\\\ It is an electron acceptor.

\\\ It's reducing form is NADH+H+.

\\\\ All of the following are considered "weak" interactions in proteins except:

\\\ van der Waals forces.

\\\ hydrogen bonds.

\\ peptide bonds.\\\ hydrophobic interactions.

\\\\ Water (H2O) has a bent shape, resulting in an unequal distribution of the electrons. Oxygen, which is more electronegative than the hydrogens, has a greater pull on the electrons, giving the oxygen a partial negative charge and the hydrogens a partial positive charge. This unequal distribution is called a:

\\\ Covalent bond

\\\ Tail

\\\ Bent geometry

\\ Dipole\\\\ The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm of the concentration of H+ ions. With this in mind, which solution has the greatest concentration of H+ ions?

\\ A solution with pH=1\\\ A solution with pH=7

\\\ A solution with pH=2

\\\ A solution with pH=10

\\\\ A sequence of amino acids in a certain protein is found to be SerGlyProGly. The

sequence is most probably part of a(n):

\\ beta-turn.\\\ parallel beta sheet.

\\\ alphasheet.

\\\ antiparallel beta sheet.

\\\\ Which of the following is not correct concerning the water:

\\\ Water is donor, as well as acceptor of hydrogen ions

\\ Each molecule of water can form 5 hydrogen bonds

\\\ high boiling temperature is characteristic for water

\\\ Boiling temperature of water is 0 C

\\\\ Henderson-Haselbach equation presents relation between:

\\\ pH of the solution and Ka of the acid

\\ pH of the solution, Ka of the acid and dissociations level

\\\ pKa of the acid and Kh of hydratation

\\\ pH of the solution and Kh of hydratation

\\\\ Blood pH is:

\\\ 1,5-2,5

\\\ 5,5-6,0

\\ 7.36-7.44

\\\ 8.36-9.15

\\\\ Which is correct about acidic environment?

\\ Concentration of H+ is more than concentration of OH-\\\ Concentration of H+ is less than concentration of OH-\\\ Concentration of H+ and OH- are equal

\\\ pH = 8\\\\ Which of the following is not correct about blood pH:

\\\ in case of frequent breath blood pH increases\\ increased concentration of CO2 rises blood pH\\\ increased concentration of CO2 increases breath frequency

\\\ increased concentration of CO2 decreases blood pH

\\\\ Buffers consist of:

\\\ strong acid and strong base

\\ weak acid and conjugated base

\\\ weak acid and weak base

\\\ weak acids

\\\\ Protein kinase phosphorylates hydroxy-groups. Which amino acids contain hydroxy group?

\\\ Aspartate, glutamate, serine

\\ Serine, treonine, tyrosine

\\\ treonine, phenylalanine, arginine

\\\ lysine, arginine, proline

\\\\ Which is not correct about dissociation capacity of weak acids?\\\ pKa is negative logarithm of Ka

\\\ as high is Ka, as strong is organic acid

\\\ as low is pKa, as weak is acid

\\ as high is pKa, as weak is acid.

\\\\ Carboanhydrase catalyses:

\\\ dissociation of carbonic acid into H+ and HCO3-\\ degradation of carbonic acid into CO2 and H2O

\\\ Protonation of Hb

\\\ formation of carbaminohemoglobin

\\\\ Which buffer system is not occure in the blood?

\\\ Hemoglobin

\\\ bicarbonate

\\\ protein

\\ amonium\\\\ Which of the following are the main electrolytes of the extracellular matrix?

\\\ K+ and SO42-\\ Na+ and Cl-\\\ Mg2+ and HPO42-;\\\ Ca2+ and F2-\\\\ pH is:

\\\ log [H+]\\\ ln [H+]\\ - log [H+]\\\ - log[OH-]\\\\ Which of the following is not correct concerning the distribution of the water in the body?

\\\ distribution of the water in the compartments is regulated by the osmolarity

\\\ Water is moved from the low concentration to high concentration.

\\ Water is moved from the high concentration to low concentration.

\\\ Hyperglycemia increase the osmotic pressure of the blood and this is cause of wter movement from the tissues into the blood

\\\\ Which of the following is not correct concerning carboanhydrase?

\\\ it catalyses formation of carbonic acid by connecting H+ and HCO3-.

\\\ It fulfils the important role in the process of elimination of CO2.

\\ It converts the main part of CO2 to carbonic acid.

\\\ it catalyses dehydratation of carbonic acid and CO2 is produced.

\\\\ What is buffer?

\\ complex of nondissociated acid and conjugated base

\\\ complex of dissociated acid and conjugated base

\\\ complex of nondissociated acid and nonconjugated base

\\\ complex of dissociated acid and nonconjugated base

\\\\ Which is wrong about acids?

\\ Strong acids dont dissociate completely

\\\ Strong acids dissociate completely and give rise to H+ and anion compound

\\\ Weak acids dissociate partly (noncompletely)

\\\ As more is proton dissociation capacity, as high is its Ka

\\\\ What is characteristic for water?

\\\ linear structure

\\ nonlinear bended structure

\\\ helix structure

\\\ hexsaedral structure

\\\\ Which of the following is not correct about buffers?

\\ As low is buffer concentration, as high is its buffer capacity

\\\ they contain weak acids and conjugated base

\\\ each buffer has its pH

\\\ buffer system is effective, when the systems pH=pKa

\\\\ What is the pH of water?

\\\ 8

\\\ 9

\\\ 10

\\ 7

\\\\ Which of the following is characteristic for water, as for the best solvent?\\\ High boiling temperature

\\\ low boiling temperature

\\ hydratation capacity

\\\ high evaporation capacity

\\\\ What is the pH of gastric juice?

\\ 1,5 - 2,5\\\ 5,5 6,0

\\\ 7,36 7,44

\\\ 8,36 9,15

\\\\ Which are the main electrolytes of intracellular fluid?

\\ K+ and HPO42-;\\\ Na+ and Cl-;

\\\ Mg2+ and SO42-;

\\\ Ca2+ and F2-;

\\\\ Water content in the body is:\\\ 40%

\\ 60%

\\\ 80%

\\\ 100%

\\\\ Extracellular fluid is contributed in the following compartments:\\\ Only in the lymph

\\\ Only in the blood

\\\ Only in the interstitial fluid

\\ In the blood, lymph and interstitial fluid\\\\ Which is correct about extracellular fluid?\\\ 40 % of body's whole water is extracellular fluid

\\\ serum belongs to intracellular fluid

\\\ urine belongs to interstitial fluid

\\\ 60 % of body's whole water is extracellular fluid\\\\ How many hydrogen bonds can be formed by each molecule of water?\\\ 2

\\\ 3

\\ 4\\\ 5

\\\\ according to the acid-base theory, what is the acid?

\\ H+ donor\\\ H+ acceptor

\\\ OH- donor

\\\ OH- acceptor

Signal transduction \\\\ The effects of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic ion channel are mainly due to:

\\\ protein cleavage (proteolysis).

\\ protein conformational changes.

\\\ protein phosphorylation.

\\\ protein synthesis.

\\\\ Protein kinase A (PKA) is:

\\\ activated by covalent binding of cyclic AMP.

\\ allosterically activated by cyclic AMP.

\\\ competitively inhibited by cyclic AMP.

\\\ noncompetitively inhibited by cyclic AMP.

\\\\ Which of the following is not involved in signal transduction by the beta-adrenergic receptor pathway?

\\\ ATP

\\\ Cyclic AMP

\\ Cyclic GMP

\\\ GTP

\\\\ Which of the following does not involve cyclic AMP?

\\\ Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown

\\\ Regulation of glycolysis

\\ Signaling by acetylcholine

\\\ Signaling by glucagon

\\\\ Hormone-activated phospholipase C can convert phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to:

\\ diacylglycerol + inositol triphosphate.

\\\ glycerol + inositol + phosphate.

\\\ glycerol + phosphoserine.

\\\ phosphatidyl glycerol + inositol + phosphate.

\\\\ What is Calmodulin?

\\\ allosteric activator of calcium-dependent enzymes.

\\\ allosteric inhibitor of calcium-dependent enzymes.

\\\ cell surface calcium receptor.

\\ regulatory subunit of calcium-dependent enzymes.

\\\\ Which of the following is a general characteristic of all chemical messengers?

\\\ They are secreted by one cell, enter the blood, and act on a distant target cell.

\\\ To achieve a coordinated response, each messenger is secreted by several types of cells.

\\ Each messenger binds to a specific protein receptor in a target cell.

\\\ Chemical messengers must enter cells to transmit their message.

\\\\ Which of the following is a characteristic of chemical messengers that bind to intracellular transcription factor receptors?

\\\ They are usually cytokines or polypeptide hormones.

\\\ They exert rapid actions in cells.

\\ They are transported through the blood bound to proteins.

\\\ They are always present in high concentrations in the blood.

\\\\ SH2 domains on proteins are specific for which of the following sites?

\\ Certain sequences of amino acids containing a phosphotyrosine residue

\\\ PI-3,4,5 trisphosphate in the membrane

\\\ Ca2+-calmodulin

\\\ Receptor domains containing phosphoserine residues

\\\\ Which of the following is incorrect for acetylcholine receptor?\\\ It is gatedion channel receptor

\\ It is gene-specific transcriptional factor

\\\ binding of acetylcholine to the receptor opens the closed conformation.

\\\ irritation of the receptor in the nerve-muscular synapsis results in muscle contraction

\\\\ Which of the following is the first messenger?\\\ cAMP

\\\ DAG

\\ epinephrine

\\\ IP3

\\\\ Which of the following is the second messenger?

\\ cAMP

\\\ insulin

\\\ epinephrine

\\\ glucagon

\\\\ Which of the following is cytoplasmic receptor?\\\ gated ion channel receptor

\\ gene-specific transcriptional factor

\\\ Heptahelical receptor

\\\ Tyrosine-kinase receptor

\\\\ Which of the following statements is not characteristic for protein phosphatases?\\\ Protein phosphatases remove phosphate groups from proteins that have been phosphorylated

\\\ Insulin activates protein phosphatases and removes phosphate groups added by the cAMP cascade

\\\ The cAMP cascade can inhibit phosphatases

\\ It takes a long time for the phosphatases to reverse the action of the cAMP cascade

\\\\ G.M. has been fasting (500 kcal/day) for several days. Which one from the following statements would be decreased?

\\\ Cyclic-AMP in adipose tissue

\\\ The activity of hormone sensitive lipase in adipose tissue

\\ The concentration of glycerol phosphate in adipose tissue

\\\ The amount of free fatty acid entering the liver mitochondria

\\\\ Which of the following is the first messenger?

\\\ GMP

\\\ DAG

\\ glucagon\\\ IP3

\\\\ Which of the following is the second messenger?

\\ DAG\\\ cortisole

\\\ insulin

\\\ epinephrine

\\\\ Which of the following does not involve cyclic AMP?

\\\ regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown

\\\ regulation of glycolysis

\\\ signaling by epinephrine

\\ signaling by acetylcholine\\\\ In which pathway of signal transduction the signal molecule is carried by the blood?

\\ Endocrine\\\ Paracrine

\\\ Sinaptic

\\\ Autocrine

\\\\ Which signal moleculs target cells receptor has the high affinity to the ligand?

\\\ Local mediators\\\ Neurotransmitters

\\\ Hormones\\\ Large polipeptide growth factors\\\\ Which of the following molecule cant cross the cell plasma membrane?\\\ Steroid hormone

\\ Growth factor\\\ Thyroid hormone

\\\ Retinoic acid

\\\\ Which of the following is lipid second messenger?\\\ cAMP

\\ diacylglycerol (DAG)

\\\ cGMP

\\\ Ca2+

\\\\ Which enzymes catalyze proteins phosphorylation in the intracellylar signal transduction?

\\\ Phosphodiestherases\\\ Protein phosphatases

\\ Protein kinases\\\ Phosphohydrolases\\\\ What is desensitization?\\ Loss of sentitivity of target cells receptors towards agonists\\\ The starting step of signal transduction

\\\ Receptors increased affinity towards agonist

\\\ Signal propogation inside the cell

\\\\ Which description is correct concerning G protein cycle?\\\ In basal state G proteins are homotrimeres\\ Alpha subunit has GTP-ase activity\\\ Alpha- GTP is nonactive conformation towards effector\\\ Alpha- GDP is active conformation towards effector

\\\\ Which of the following is the major messenger in the relaxation process of blood vessels?

\\\ DAG

\\\ PIP3

\\\ cAMP

\\ cGMP

\\\\ What is called the type of intercellular signaling, when it occures between the distant cell?\\\ Autocrine\\ Endocrine\\\ Contact-dependent

\\\ Paracrine

\\\\ Which statement is correct concerning intracellular receptors?\\\ As a rule they connect to hydrophilic ligands

\\\ They are situated in the cytosol in complex with protein

\\ After connecting to ligand, they regulate gene transcription\\\ Have ability to connect DNA specific consequences without connection to ligand

\\\\ What of the following is correct concerning membrane receptors?\\\ It connects only with large molecules

\\ After binding to ligand it activates enzyme cascade\\\ After binding to protein opens the ionic chanells\\\ Produces second messengers without binding with proteins

\\\\ Which statement opposites of the signal transduction pathway based on the protein phosphorylation?\\ Tyrosin kinase is always part of receptor protein\\\ Phosphorylation may go on Serine or Threonine

\\\ protein kinase cascade causes signal amplification

\\\ phosphorylation changes protein structure and function\\\\ How the termination of signal transduction go with help of cell membrane receptors?

\\\ With increasing agonist concentration

\\ With internalization and degradation of receptor-agonist complex

\\\ With increasing the receptor sensitivity towards agonist

\\\ With increasing the amount receptors

\\\\ What is Calmodulin?\\\ Nonspecific kinase\\ Ca2+-binding protein\\\ Second messenger

\\\ Protein channel which is activator of Ca+ influx

\\\\ Which statement is correct about G protein?

\\\ G protein is directly bound to the hormone on the cell surface

\\ Alpha subunits may have stimulatory activity, as well as inhibiting activity\\\ Hydrolysis of GTP is essential for separation of GTP

\\\ in the resting state GTP is bound with G-protein

\\\\ Which amino acids radicals are the subjects of phosphorylaton during protein kinase cascade?

\\\ Glycine and valine \\\ Proline and methionine\\\ Tripthopan and phenylalanine

\\ Serine and threonine\\\\ Which amino acid radical is the subject of phosphorylaton during protein kinase cascade?

\\\ valine

\\\ phenylalanine

\\\ Tripthopan\\ tyrosin\\\\ What is not thought in the termination mechanism of signal transduction?\\\ decreasing the agonist concentration in the environment

\\\ Internalization of agonist-receptor complex

\\\ Receptor inactivation

\\ increasing affinity between agonist and receptor\\\\ What is not characteristic for tyrosin kinase receptors?\\ Existence of several transmembrane domeins\\\ Dimerization after binding with ligand

\\\ Autophosphorylation

\\\ binding to intracellular specific proteins with recognizing site\\\\ High affinity of target cells receptors towards hormones provides:

\\\ Formation of contact dependent transduction of signal \\\ binding of any hormone despite of their concentration in the blood\\ Specific binding of any hormone even in case of their low concentration in the blood\\\ Easy dissociation of hormone from hormone-receptor complex

\\\\ Which is not second messenger?\\ Epinephrine\\\ cAMP

\\\ diacylglycerol

\\\ PIP3

\\\\ Which signal molecules are used for signal transduction in synaptic way?\\\ Citokines

\\ Neurotransmitters\\\ Steroid hormones

\\\ Prostaglandines

\\\\ From the following which one has no intracellular receptors?

\\\ Derivatives of Vit.D3

\\ Epinephrine\\\ Thyroid hormones

\\\ Steroid hormones\\\\ Which statement is correct concerning second messengers?\\ They are small sized molecules, which are generating after binding agonist with receptor and provide signal intracellular transduction\\\ They are large sized molecules, which transmit signals to target cells

\\\ All of them are water soluble

\\\ All of them are organic molecules\\\\ Which signal molecule is responsible for inflamatory and immune response?\\\ Neurotransmitter

\\\ Protein hormones

\\ Cytokines\\\ Steroid hormones

\\\\ Which statement is not true concerning heterotrimeric G protein?\\\ It is coupled with 7 transmembrane containing receptor\\\ Contains with alpha, beta, gama subunits

\\\ Alpha subunit has guanin nucleotide-binding and GTP-ase acitvity

\\ s subunits of Gs proteins inhibit adenylatcyclase

\\\\ Which enzyme increases intracellular concentration of cAMP?

\\\ Phosphoprotein phosphatases

\\ Adenylate cyclase\\\ Guanylate cyclase

\\\ Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

\\\\ To which enzymes activity is connected NO?

\\ Soluble guanylate cyclase\\\ cGMP-dependent proteinkinase\\\ cAMP-dependent proteinkinase

\\\ adenylate cyclase

\\\\ Which neurotransmitter regulates anion-selective receptors?

\\ Acetylcholine\\\ Gama- aminobutirate

\\\ Glutamate

\\\ serotonine

\\\\ Which does not belong to plasma membrane receptors?\\\ Ion-channel type receptors\\ Gene-specific transcriptional factor\\\ Heptahelical receptors

\\\ Tyrosin kinase receptors\\\\ Which receptor does not respond to epinephrine with activation of cAMP cascade?

\\\ Beta1-adrenergic receptor

\\\ Beta2-adrenergic receptor

\\ Alpha1-adrenergic receptor\\\ Beta3-adrenergic receptor

\\\\ Which is the second messenger?\\ cAMP\\\ Cortisole

\\\ Insulin

\\\ Epinephrin

\\\\ Functioning of PIP system starts with phospholipase C activation, what initiates the proceeding of concequent events. Which of the following is not relevant for this process?\\ IP3 releases with help of phopholipase A\\\ Increase concentration of intracellular concentration of Ca2+

\\\ Activation of proteinkinase A

\\\ phophorylation of cytoplasmic proteinsProteins, amino acids\\\\ Which is characteristic concerning chymotripsin?

\\ Chymotripsin is a serine-protease\\\ Chymotripsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds containing alanine, glycine and proline

\\\ The covalent intermediates are formed before the formation of enzyme-substrate complex.

\\\ Lysine is providing the reactive group for the active site.

\\\\ Which amino acid from 20 standard amino acids is optically inactive?

\\\ alanine

\\ glycine;\\\ valine\\\ lysine\\\\ What is the reason of optical inactivity of glycine?

\\\ Side chain contains a simple methyl group

\\ Side chain contains a hydrogen atom

\\\ Side chain contains unbranched

\\\ Side chain forms a covalent bond with the amino group

\\\\ Which two amino acids of the standard 20 contain sulfur atoms?

\\\ cysteine and serine.

\\\ cysteine and threonine.

\\ methionine and cysteine

\\\ methionine and serine

\\\\ What group is characteristic for all of the amino acids that are found in proteins, except for proline?

\\ amino group.

\\\ carbonyl group.

\\\ carboxyl group.

\\\ ester group.

\\\\ Which of the following statements about cystine is correct?

\\ Cystine forms when the CH2SH R group is oxidized to form a CH2SSCH2 disulfide bridge between two cysteines.

\\\ Cystine is an example of a nonstandard amino acid, derived by linking two standard amino acids.

\\\ Cystine is formed by the oxidation of the carboxylic acid group on cysteine.

\\\ Two cystines are released when a CH2SSCH2 disulfide bridge is reduced to CH2SH.

\\\\ Why amino acids are called as ampholytes?

\\ they can function as either an acid or a base.

\\\ they can function as either a neutral molecule or an ion.

\\\ they can function as either a polar or a nonpolar molecule.

\\\ they can function as either a transparent or a light-absorbing compound.

\\\\ In an aqueous solution, protein conformation is determined by two major factors. One is the formation of the maximum number of hydrogen bonds. What is the other reason?

\\\ formation of the maximum number of hydrophilic interactions.

\\\ minimization of entropy by the formation of a water solvent shell around the protein.

\\ placement of hydrophobic amino acid residues within the interior of the protein.

\\\ placement of polar amino acid residues around the exterior of the protein.

\\\\ What is the reason of sickle cell anemia?

\\ substitution of Glu with Val in beta-chain of hemoglobin\\\ substitution of Met with Asp in beta-chain of hemoglobin

\\\ substitution of Leu with ILe in beta-chain of hemoglobin

\\\ substitution of Phe with Gln in beta-chain of hemoglobin

\\\\ How in the alpha helix the hydrogen bonds are arranged?

\\ are roughly parallel to the axis of the helix.

\\\ occur mainly between electronegative atoms of the R groups.

\\\ occur only between some of the amino acids of the helix.

\\\ occur only near the amino and carboxyl termini of the helix.

\\\\ How in an alpha helix, the R groups on the amino acid residues are arranged?

\\\ alternate between the outside and the inside of the helix.

\\ are found on the outside of the helix spiral.

\\\ cause only right-handed helices to form.

\\\ generate the hydrogen bonds that form the helix.

\\\\ A d-amino acid would interrupt an alpha helix made of L-amino acids. What is the naturally occurring hindrance to the formation of an helix? \\\ a negatively charged Arg residue.

\\\ a positively charged Lys residue.

\\ Pro residue.

\\\ two Ala residues side by side.

\\\\ Proteins often have regions that show specific, coherent patterns of folding or function. What these regions are called?

\\ domains.

\\\ oligomers.

\\\ sites.

\\\ subunits.

\\\\ Which of the following is known not involved in the process of folding of proteins?

\\\ Chaperonins

\\\ Disulfide interchange

\\\ Heat shock proteins

\\ Peptide bond hydrolysis

\\\\ Which one describes an allosteric interaction between a ligand and a protein?

\\\ binding of a molecule to a binding site affects binding of additional molecules to the same site.

\\ binding of a molecule to a binding site affects binding properties of another site on the protein.

\\\ binding of the ligand to the protein is covalent.

\\\ two different ligands can bind to the same binding site.

\\\\ Which of the following secondary structures is most likely to be found in a membrane-embedded portion of a protein?

\\ An alpha helix composed entirely of hydrophobic residues

\\\ An amphipathic alpha helix

\\\ An open beta sheet composed of antiparallel beta strands

\\\ An open beta sheet composed of parallel beta strands

\\\\ Which of the following shows the linear sequence of atoms joined by covalent bonds in a peptide backbone?

\\ -N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-

\\\ -N-C-O-N-C-O-N-C-O-

\\\ -N-H-C-C-N-H-C-C-N-H-C-C

\\\ -N-H-C-O-H-N-H-C-O-H-N-C-C-

\\\\ Different preparations of insulin contain some insulin complexed with protamine that is absorbed slowly after injection. Protamine is a protein preparation from rainbow trout sperm containing arginine-rich peptides that bind insulin. Which of the following provides the best explanation for complex formation between protamine and insulin?

\\ Arginine is a basic amino acid that binds to negatively charged amino acid side chains in insulin.

\\\ Arginine is a basic amino acid that binds to the alpha-carboxylic acid groups at the N-terminals of insulin chains.

\\\ Arginine is a large bulky hydrophobic amino acid that complexes with leucine and phenylalanine in insulin.

\\\ Arginine forms disulfide bonds with the cysteine residues that hold the A and B chains together.

\\\\ Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins only at certain hydroxyl groups on amino acid side chains. Which of the following groups of amino acids all contain side chain hydroxyl groups?

\\\ aspartate, glutamate,and serine

\\ serine, threonine, and tyrosine

\\\ threonine, phenylalanine, and arginine

\\\ lysine, arginine, and proline

\\\\ Which of the following is a characteristic of globular proteins?

\\\ Hydrophilic amino acids tend to be on the inside.

\\\ Hydrophobic amino acids tend to be on the outside.

\\ Tertiary structure is formed by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between amino acids, and by hydrogen bonds between amino acids and between amino acids and water.

\\\ secondary structures are formed principally by hydrophobic interactions between amino acids.

\\\\ Autopsies of patients with Alzheimer's disease show protein aggregates called neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in various regions of the brain. These plaques exhibit the characteristic staining of amyloid. Which of the following structural features is the most likely characteristic of at least one protein in these plaques?

\\ A high content of beta-pleated sheet structure

\\\ A high content of alpha-helical structure

\\\ A high content of random coils

\\\ Disulfide bond crosslinks between polypepride chains

\\\\ Which of the following amino acid interrupts helical conformation?

\\\ Valine

\\\ Alanine

\\ Proline

\\\ Cysteine

\\\\ Which is incorrect for alphahelix?\\\ The side chains are on the outside of the spiral structure.

\\ The side chains are directed toward the center of the helix.

\\\ alphahelix is the right-handed structure with hydrogen bonds between the first and every fourth amino acid.

\\\ consists of only one polypeptide chain.

\\\\ Which of the following is incorrect for betastructure?\\\ The structure has a pleated-sheet-like form and the chains may have parallel, as well as antiparallel direction;

\\\ There are inter-chain hydrogen bonds in the structure;

\\ Interchain disulfide bonds are necessary for stabilization of the structure;

\\\ increasing content of beta-structure causes increse in hydrophobisity of proteins. It explains PrPcs agregates formation during the encephalopathy induced by prion-proteins .

\\\\ Which of the following best describes an alpha-helical region of a polypeptide?

\\\ Left-handed, 5,4 aa/turn;

\\\ Left-handed, 6,5 aa/turn

\\ Right-handed, 3,6 aa/turn

\\\ Right-handed, 7,0 aa/turn

\\\\ Sulphur-containing amino acid is:

\\\ Valine

\\\ Phenylalanine

\\ Methionine

\\\ Leucine

\\\\ Which of the following amino acids is synthesized only after incorporation of a precursor into a polypeptide?

\\\ Lysine

\\ Hydroxyproline

\\\ Glutamate

\\\ Serine

\\\\ Which of the following is the catalytic triad of chymotripsin?

\\\ Phenylalanine-Lysine-Glycine

\\\ Tyrosine-Isoleucine-Leucine

\\ Aspartate-Histidine-Serine

\\\ Arginine-Cysteine-Methionine

\\\\ Glutathione is continuously being reduced and oxidized. Which group on the molecule is actually being reduced and oxidized:

\\\ The hydroxyl group of threonine

\\ The sulfhydryl group of cysteine

\\\ The carboxyl group of aspartate

\\\ The reactive hydrogen of histidine

\\\\ Which of the following has quaternary structure?

\\\ alpha-chymotripsin

\\ hemoglobin\\\ myoglobin

\\\ insulin

\\\\ What is characteristic for chaperones?

\\\ All require ATP to exert their effect.

\\\ cleave incorrect disulfide bonds, allowing correct ones to subsequently form

\\ are involved in the transport of proteins across mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes\\\ act primarily on fully synthesized polypeptide chains, unfolding incorrect structures so they can refold correctly.

\\\\ alphahelix and beta-sheet are the types of which below listed structures?

\\\ primary

\\ secondary\\\ tertiary\\\ quaternary

\\\\ Which interaction is characteristic for primary structure?

\\\ hydrogen bonding

\\\ hydrophobic interaction

\\\ van der Waals forces

\\ peptide bonding\\\\ Which is positively charged amino acid?

\\\ alanine

\\ Arginine\\\ valine

\\\ glutamate

\\\\ Which is negatively charged amino acid?

\\ aspartate\\\ lysine

\\\ serine

\\\ tyrosine

\\\\ Which is positively charged amino acid?

\\\ phenylalanine

\\ histidine\\\ valine

\\\ tyrosine

\\\\ Which is positively charged amino acid?

\\ lysine\\\ aspartate

\\\ glutamic acid

\\\ proline

\\\\ Which is neutral charged amino acid?

\\\ histidine

\\ leucine\\\ glytamate

\\\ cystein

\\\\ Which is neutral charged amino acid?

\\\ lysine

\\ isoleucine\\\ glutamate

\\\ threonine

\\\\ Which is neutral charged amino acid?

\\\ histidine

\\ valine\\\ aspartate

\\\ arginine

\\\\ Which amino acid contains OH group?

\\\ valine

\\\ arginine

\\ tryptophan\\\ phenylalanine

\\\\ Which amino acid contains OH group?

\\\ isoleucine

\\\ arginine

\\ tyrosin

\\\ phenylalanine

\\\\ Which amino acid contains OH group?

\\\ valine

\\\ aspartate

\\ serine

\\\ glutamin

\\\\ Which amino acid is aromatic?

\\\ alanine

\\ phenylalanine\\\ proline

\\\ aspartate

\\\\ Which of the following is imino acid?

\\\ glicine

\\\ isoleucine

\\ proline\\\ asparagine

\\\\ Refer to the following structure for the following question:

Gly Ser Cys Glu Asp Cys Arg

| |

S S

The peptide shown above:\\\ has arginine in position 1 of the sequence;

\\ contains a derived amino acid;

\\\ is basic

\\\ consists entirely of amino acids with charged or nonpolar side chanes.

\\\ contains more amino acids with side chains that are charged then ones with electrically neutral side chains at pH 7,0.

Fig. titraional curve

\\\\ The figure above shows the titration curve of one of the common amino acids. From this curve we can conclude:\\\ the amino acid contains two carboxyl groups;

\\ at point B amino acid is zwitterionic;

\\\ the amino acid contains an aromatic hydroxyl group;

\\\ point D corresponds to the pKa of an ionizable group;

\\\ at point E the amino acis has a net negative charge.\\\\ NH3+- CH CO NH CH CO NH- CH-COO-

| | |

CH2 CH2 CH-CH3

| | |

COO- SH CH2

|

CH3

The peptide consists of the following amino acids:

\\ Asp-Cys- Ile

\\\ Met-Cys-Val

\\\ Phe-Gly-Glu

\\\ Asp-Met-Leu

\\\\ The peptide consists of the following amino acids:

NH3+-CH CO NH CH CO NH- CH-CO NH CH2- COO-

| | |

CH2OH CH2 CH2

| |

|

OH

\\ Ser-Phe-Tyr-Gly

\\\ Thr-Tyr-Phe-ala

\\\ Val- His- Arg- Cys

\\\ Ser-Leu-Ile-gly

\\\\ 42-amino acids peptide related to the extracellular Alzheimer amyloid deposits has the last few residues immersed in the membrane bilayer. Based on your knowledge about membrane proteins, which of the following sequences most probably identifies the last five amino acids in this 42 residue peptide?

\\\ Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg

\\ Val-Val-Ile-Ala\\\ Asp-Ser-Gly-Tyr

\\\ Lys-Val-His-His-Gln

\\\\ Under physiological conditions, which of the following processes is not an important method for regulating the activity of enzymes?\\\ Phosphorylation.\\ Temperature changes.\\\ Adenyl addition.

\\\ Disulfide reduction.

\\\\ protein has one transmembrane domain, which is alpha-helix. which amino acid is feasible in this transmembrane domain?

\\\ arginine

\\\ glutamate

\\\ lysine

\\ leucine

\\\\ In the process of proteins folding the critical role has:\\\ net charge of protein

\\ noncovalent strength\\\ molecular weight

\\\ polypeptide lenght

\\\\ The net charge of Aspartate on pH 7,4 is:

\\ -1

\\\ -2

\\\ 0

\\\ +1

\\\\ Which is characteristic for alphaspiral regions?

\\\ Each has the same primary structure

\\ alphaspiral forms with hydrogen bonds formed between the peptide bonds oxygen atom of carbonyl group and peptide bonds hydrogen atom of amide group

\\\ they form with hydrogen bonds between the peptide bonds carbonyl atom and hydrogen atom of side chain.

\\\ they form with hydrogen bonds between the neighbor amino acids in primary structure.

\\\\ Which is the correct concerning ionized groups?

\\ pKa of acid group is not depend on the environment

\\\ pKa of basic amino acids are high.

\\\ pKa of acidic amino acids are high.

\\\ acidic amino acids in physiological conditions are positively charged.

\\\\ Which amino acids deficiency involving in collagen may be caused by deficiency of vitamin C?

\\ Hydrxyproline\\\ allysine

\\\ Cystein

\\\ Methionine

\\\\ Which answer is correct concerning globular proteins?

\\\ Hemoglobin has 2-binding site of oxygen

\\\ mioglobin is fibrous protein

\\ hemoglobin is tetramer with quaternary structure

\\\ mioglobin is quaternary structure protein.

\\\\ Which amino acids are characteristic for elastin?

\\\ Leucine and isoleucin

\\\ alanine and phenylalanine

\\ Desmosin and Isodesmosin

\\\ asparagin and asparagine acid\\\\ Which derived amino acid is unique for collagen?

\\\ Cystein

\\\ Desmosin

\\\ Isodesmosin

\\ hydroxyprolin

\\\\ Which is correct for collagen?

\\\ Collagen spiral n=2

\\ Glycine is every third position

\\\ spiral is stabilizes with intrachain hydrogen bonds

\\\ transverse covalent bonds are formed with alanine modification

\\\\ What is the function of fibrous proteins?

\\\ transport

\\ structural

\\\ catalytic

\\\ defense

\\\\ Which amino acid content achieves to 33% in collagen molecule?

\\ glycine

\\\ valine

\\\ asparagines

\\\ glytamine

\\\\ How many polypeptide chains contains alpha-keratin?

\\\ 1

\\\ 5

\\\ 7

\\ 3

\\\\ Which is incorrect concerning elastin?

\\\ There are derived amino acids in elastin, among them desmosin and isodesmosin have high importance

\\\ Elastin provides elasticity of tissues

\\ It has regular secondary structure

\\\ Elastin is in a high amount in the skin, gut, tendoms, lungs, etc.

\\\\ Tertiary structure of the protein mean:

\\\ sequence of amino acids

\\ conformation of protein

\\\ association of subunits

\\\ type of regular structure

\\\\ If the amino acid is frequently occur in the same positions of similar proteins of different species, the amino acid is:

\\\ varable amino acid

\\\ positively charged amino aci

\\\ negatively charged amino acid

\\ invariant amino acid\\\\ Which of the following does not belong to fibrous proteins?

\\\ Collagen

\\\ Tropomyosin

\\ Hemoglobin

\\\ Elastin

\\\\ Which amino acid occur in a high amount in collagen?

\\\ methionine

\\ Prolin

\\\ Triptophan

\\\ Valine

\\\ Asparagine

\\\\ Which amino acid is feasible on the surface of globular proteins?

\\ Serine

\\\ Leucine

\\\ Alanine

\\\ Isoleucine

\\\\ What is characteristic for quaternary structure of proteins?

\\\ sequence of amino acids

\\\ structural motives

\\ asossiation of subunits

\\\ contains disulfide bridges

\\\\ Which is the wrong statement about heme?

\\\ contains protoporphirin IX ring

\\ heme molecule exist only in hemoglobin

\\\ is nonprotein part

\\\ Fe2+ in the centre of the moleculen make 6 coordinative bonds

\\\\ Repetitive tandem sequences are characteristic for the following structure of proteins:

\\\ Primary

\\ Secondary

\\\ Tertiary

\\\ Quaternary

\\\\ Which feature is not characteristic for fibrous proteins?

\\\ high amount of secondary structures

\\ good solvation in water

\\\ long thread-like form

\\\ structural function

\\\\ Which feature is characteristic for collagen?

\\\ contains high amount of arginine

\\ molecule is alpha-helix

\\\ contains high amount of proline and glycine

\\\ it is lipoprotein

\\\\ How many polipeptide chains contain collagen (tropocollagen) molecule?

\\\ 1

\\\ 2

\\\ 4

\\ 3

\\\\ Which particular amino acid is characteristic for elastin?

\\\ Histidine

\\\ Asparagine

\\ Desmosin

\\\ Valine

\\\\ Which is characteristic for fibrous proteins?

\\ bad solvation in water

\\\ spherial form

\\\ dinamic function

\\\ globular form

Enzymes

\\\\ What is characteristic for competitive inhibitor?

\\ increases Km without changes of Vmax

\\\ decreases Km without changes of Vmax

\\\ increases Vmax without changes of Km

\\\ decreases both Vmax and Km

\\\\ Which of the following is the oxidative-reduction coenzyme?\\ NAD+

\\\ pyridoxalphosphatre

\\\ coenzyme A

\\\ biotin

\\\\ Which one of the following is not among the six internationally accepted classes of enzymes?

\\\ Hydrolases

\\\ Ligases

\\ Polymerases

\\\ Transferases

\\\\ Why are enzymes potent catalysts?

\\\ They are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

\\\ They are very specific and can prevent the conversion of products back to substrates.

\\\ They increase the equilibrium constants for the reactions they catalyze.

\\ They lower the activation energy for the reactions they catalyze.

\\\\ Which of the following statements is true of enzymes as catalysts?

\\\ Their catalytic activity is independent of pH.

\\\ They can increase the equilibrium constant for a given reaction by a thousand fold or more.

\\ They can increase the reaction rate for a given reaction by a thousand fold or more.

\\\ To be effective, they must be present at the same concentration as their substrate.

\\\ What feature differs enzymes from other catalysts?\\\ are not consumed in the reaction.

\\ display specificity towards a single reactant.

\\\ form an activated complex with the reactants.

\\\ lower the activation energy of the reaction catalyzed.

\\\\ To what fact refers the concept of induced fit ?

\\\ enzyme specificity is induced by enzyme-substrate binding.

\\\ enzyme-substrate binding induces movement along the reaction coordinate to the transition state.

\\ substrate binding may induce a conformational change in the enzyme, which then brings catalytic groups into proper orientation.

\\\ when a substrate binds to an enzyme, the enzyme induces a loss of water (desolvation) from the substrate.

\\\\ How does competitive inhibitor act?

\\\ binds at several different sites on an enzyme.

\\\ binds only to the ES complex.

\\ binds reversibly at the active site.

\\\ lowers the characteristic Vmax of the enzyme.

\\\\ What is characteristic for allosteric enzymes?

\\\ are regulated primarily by covalent modification.

\\\ usually catalyze several different reactions within a metabolic pathway.

\\ usually have more than one polypeptide chain.

\\\ usually have only one active site.

\\\\ What type(s) of inhibition can be reversed?

\\\ competitive

\\\ noncompetitive

\\\ mixed

\\ All of the above

\\\\ Which of the following describes a characteristic of most allosteric enzymes?

\\\ They are composed of single subunits.

\\\ In the absence of effectors, they generally follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

\\ They show cooperativity in substrate binding.

\\\ They have allosteric activators that bind in the catalytic site.

\\\\ What is Km ?

\\\ equal to the product concentration at initial reaction conditions.

\\ equal to the substrate concentration when the reaction rate is half its maximal value.

\\\ proportional to the standard free energy.

\\\ All of the above.

\\\\ Which of the following statements about buffers is true?

\\\ A buffer composed of a weak acid of pKa = 5 is stronger at pH 4 than at pH 6.

\\\ The pH of a buffered solution remains constant no matter how much acid or base is added to the solution.

\\\ The strongest buffers are those composed of strong acids and strong bases.

\\ When pH = pKa, the weak acid and salt concentrations in a buffer are equal.

\\\\ Which of the following is characteristic for a competitive inhibitor of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

\\\ The inhibitor binds covalently to the enzyme.

\\\ The inhibitor binds noncovalently to the substrate.

\\ In the presence of the inhibitor, the reaction exhibits an apparent increase in KM.

\\\ In the presence of the inhibitor, the reaction exhibits an apparent decrease in Vmax.

\\\\ Which of the following best describes the type of reaction catalyzed by a kinase?

\\\ Adenylylation

\\\ Hydrolysis

\\\ Phosphorolysis

\\ Phosphorylation

\\\\ Which statement from the following is true for the primary structures of enzymes catalyzing the same reaction in a single individual?

\\\ are exactly the same from cell type to cell type, although the amount of enzyme may differ.

\\\ stay the same throughout the lifetime of that individual.

\\\ are identical if the enzymes are paralogs.

\\ may differ between different cellular compartments of the same cell.

\\\\ While studying a novel pathway in a remote species of bacteria, you discover a new globular protein that phosphorylates a substrate, using ATP as the phosphate donor. This protein most likely contains which of the following structures?

\\ An actin fold

\\\ An immunoglobulin fold

\\\ A nucleotide binding fold

\\\ A globin fold

\\\\ Which of the following describes a characteristic feature of an enzyme obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics?

\\\ The enzyme velocity is at 1/2 the maximal rate when 100% of the enzyme molecules contain bound substrate.

\\ The enzyme velocity is at 1/2 the maximal rate when 50% of the enzyme molecules contain bound substrate.

\\\ The enzyme velocity is at its maximal rate when 50% of the enzyme molecules contain bound substrate.

\\\ The velocity of the reaction is independent of the concentration of enzyme.

\\\\ Methanol (CH3OH) is converted by alcohol dehydrogenases to formaldehyde (CH2O), a compound that is highly toxic in the human. Patients who have ingested toxic levels of methanol are sometimes treated with ethanol (CH3CH2OH) to inhibit methanol oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase. Which of the following statements provides the best rationale for this treatment?

\\\ Ethanol is a structural analog of methanol, and might therefore be an effective noncompetitive inhibitor.

\\ Ethanol is a structural analog of methanol that would be expected to compete with methanol for its binding site on the enzyme.

\\\ Ethanol would be expected to alter the Vmax of alcohol dehydrogenase for the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde.

\\\ Ethanol would be an effective inhibitor of methanol oxidation regardless of the concentration of methanol.

\\\\ Which of the following would NOT require NADPH?

\\\ The reduction of antioxidant vitamins

\\\ The reductive biosynthesis of cholesterol

\\\ The biosynthesis of palmitate

\\ The beta-oxidation of fatty acids

\\\\ What is characteristic for active site of enzymes?

\\\ contains the substrate-binding site

\\\ is contiguous with the substrate-binding site in the primary sequence.

\\\ contains a metal ion as a prostethic group

\\ contains the amino acid side chains involved in catalyzing reaction.\\\\ Which of the following cofactors contains thiamin group?

\\\ NAD

\\\ FAD

\\ TPP\\\ Pyridoxal phosphate

\\\\ Drugs, that act as enzyme inhibitors:

\\ may function as competitive inhibitors\\\ Unlike antibiotics, are free of the danger of drug resistance.

\\\ Must be harmless to the patient

\\\ Generally mimic the three dimensional structure of the enzymes active site.

\\\\ Which of the following necessarily results in formation of an enzyme-substrate intermediate?

\\\ substrate strain

\\\ acid-base catalysis

\\\ allosteric regulation

\\ covalent catalysis\\\\ In which conditions enzymatic reaction becomes irreversible?

\\ if the products are thermodynamically far more stable than the reactants.

\\\ under equilibrium conditions

\\\ at high enzyme concentrations

\\\ at high temperature.

\\\\ An holoenzyme is

\\\ a coenzyme

\\ an enzyme with its cofactor\\\ an enzyme lacking its cofactor

\\\ a cofactor

\\\\ Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymes, as catalysts?

\\\ To be effective, they must be present at the same concentration as their substrate.

\\\ They can increase the equilibrium constant for a given reaction by a thousand-fold or

more.

\\ They lower the activation energy for conversion of substrate to product.\\\ Their catalytic activity is independent of pH.

\\\\ The role of an enzyme in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is to:

\\\ ensure that the product is more stable than the substrate.

\\\ make the free-energy change for the reaction more favorable.

\\ increase the rate at which substrate is converted into product.\\\ ensure that all the substrate is converted to product.

\\\\ A small molecule that decreases the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site other than

the catalytic site is termed a(n):

\\\ alternative inhibitor.

\\ allosteric inhibitor.\\\ stereospecific agent.

\\\ competitive inhibitor.

\\\\ Enzymes are classified by the:

\\\ Size of the enzyme

\\\ Size of the substrate

\\ Type of reaction they catalyze\\\ Rate of reaction

\\\\ What is true regarding competitivive inhibition?

\\\ Competitive inhibitor is is structural analog of substrate.

\\\ Competitive inhibition is irreversible

\\\ Increased substrate concentration doesnt reflect on this type of inhibition

\\ Increased substrate concentration reverses this type of inhibition.\\\\ To which class of enzymes dehydrogenases belong?

\\\ Transferases

\\ Oxidoreductases\\\ lyases

\\\ isomerases

\\\\ Isozymes are not different with:

\\\ Primary structure

\\\ Physical-chemical features

\\ Substrate specificity\\\ Tissue localization

\\\\ Which class of enzymes requires energy for catalysis which releases from ATP or NTP hydrolysis?

\\\ Transferases

\\\ Oxidoreductases\\ ligases

\\\ isomerases

\\\\ Which coenzyme is involved in trasferase reactions?

\\\ NAD+

\\\ Ubiquinone

\\ Pyridoxalphosphate\\\ FAD

\\\\ Which of the following statements is not true about enzymes, as catalysts?

\\\ They increase the rate of chemical reaction million and milliard times

\\\ They have high specificity

\\ As a rule, they act during high temperature (100 degree of Celciuse)

\\\ The rate of enzymatic reaction is directly proportional with enzyme concentration

\\\\ To which class of enzymes oxidases belong?

\\\ Transferases

\\ Oxidoreductases\\\ lyases

\\\ isomerases

\\\\ To which class of enzymes does lactatedehydrogenase belong?

\\\ Transferases

\\ Oxidoreductases\\\ lyases

\\\ isomerases

\\\\ Which class of enzymes catalyze biosynthetic reactions?

\\\ Oxidoreductases\\\ Transferases

\\ Synthetases\\\ Lyases

\\\\ Which class of enzymes catalyze cleavage of intramolecular bindings with help of water?

\\ Hydrolases\\\ Transferases

\\\ Synthetases\\\ Lyases

\\\\ Which class of enzymes catalyze transfer of any group between compounds?

\\\ Lyases

\\\ Ligases

\\\ isomerases

\\ Transferases\\\\ Which class of enzymes catalyze oxidative-reductive reactions?

\\\ Transferases

\\ Oxidoreductases\\\ lyases

\\\ hydrolases

\\\\ What feature is characteristic for active site of enzyme?

\\ It has three-dimentional structure\\\ Maintains conformation during enzyme-substrate complex formation

\\\ Only one amino acid is involved in the formation of active site

\\\ Active site forms hydrophilic pocket in the enzyme molecule

\\\\ What is characteristic for allosteric regulation?

\\\ Allosteric inhibition is irreversible

\\ Allosteric centre is the regulatory site of enzyme\\\ Allosteric modulator irreversibly binds with enzyme

\\\ Allosteric modulator does not change conformation of active site

\\\\ Which of the following does not belong to multienzymatic systems?

\\\ Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

\\\ Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

\\ Glycolytic enzymatic system\\\ Enzymatic system of respiratory chain

\\\\ Which coenzyme contains vitamin B6?

\\ Piridoxalphosphate\\\ NAD+

\\\ CoA

\\\ TPP

\\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is NAD+?

\\\ Aminotransferases

\\ Dehydrogenases\\\ Dehydratases

\\\ Carboxylases

\\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is FAD?

\\\ Proteases

\\ Dehydrogenases\\\ Carboxylases

\\\ Peptidases

\\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is FMN?

\\\ Proteases

\\\ Peptidases

\\ Dehydrogenases\\\ Carboxylases

\\\\ Substrate-H2 + NAD+ ------- substrate + NADH+ + H+ What is the enzyme of this reaction?

\\\ FAD-dependent dehydrogenase

\\\ Pyruvate dehydrogenase

\\\ NADH-dehydrogenase \\ NAD-dependent dehydrogenase\\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is NAD?

\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase

\\\ NADH dehydrogenase

\\ Lactate dehydrogenase\\\ Pyruvate carboxilase

\\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is pyridoxal phosphate?

\\\ Oxidoreductases

\\ Transferases\\\ Hydrolases

\\\ Isomerases

Which enzymes coenzyme is ascorbate?

\\\ Transferases\\\ Ligases

\\\ Isomerases

\\ Oxidoreductases\\\\ Which vitamin is part if pyridoxal phosphate?\\\ B1

\\\ B2

\\\ B3

\\ B6\\\\ Which of the following belongs to oxidoreductases?

\\\ Aldolase

\\\ Glucokinase

\\\ Citrate syntase

\\ Succinate dehydrogenase\\\\ Which of the following does not belong to oxidoreductases?

\\\ isocitrate dehydrogenase

\\\ malatedehydrogenase

\\ lipoprotein lipase\\\ lactate dehydrogenase

\\\\ What is oxidative-reductive coenzyme?

\\ NAD+\\\ Pyridoxal phosphate

\\\ Coenzyme A

\\\ Tiamin pyrophosphate

\\\\ How the noncompetitive inhibitor influences on the kinetic indicators?

\\\ Decreases Km without changes of Vmax

\\\ Increases Km without changes of Vmax

\\ Decreases Vmax without changes of Km\\\ Decreases both Vmax and Km

\\\\ Which coenzyme is the donor of hydrogen ions in the process of pyruvate reduction?

\\\ FADH2\\\ FMNH2\\ NADH\\\ NADPH

\\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is lipoic acid?

\\\ Isocytreate dehydrogenase

\\\ Malate dehydrogenase

\\\ Citrate synthase

\\ Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase\\\\ Which does not belong to activation-transfer coenzymes?

\\\ Biotin\\\ CoA

\\\ Pyridoxal phosphate

\\ FMN\\\\ Which does not belong to oxidation-reduction coenzymes?

\\ Biotin\\\ NAD+

\\\ Vitamin C

\\\ FMN\\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is FAD?

\\\ NADH dehydrogenase

\\\ Malate dehydrogenase

\\ Succinate dehydrogenase\\\ Pyruvate carboxilase

\\\\ Which class of enzymes hexokinase belongs to?

\\\ Lyases

\\\ Hydrolases

\\ Trasnferases\\\ Oxidoreductases

\\\\ Which factor increases enzymes activity?

\\\ Decrease in substrate concentration

\\\ Increase in product concentration

\\ Covalent modification\\\ Gene repression

\\\\ Which enzyme coenzyme is tiamin pyrophosphate?

\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase

\\ Pyruvate dehydrogenase\\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase

\\\ Fumarase

\\\\ Which coenzyme participate in carboxylation reaction?

\\\ FAD

\\\ CoA

\\ Biotin\\\ Vitamin C

\\\\ Which of the following is not participating in oxidation-reduction processes?

\\\ FAD

\\ TPP\\\ NAD+

\\\ Vitamin E

\\\\ Which class of enzymes glukokinase belongs to?

\\\ Lyases

\\\ Hydrolases

\\ Transferases\\\ Oxidoreductases

\\\\ Which enzymes activity increases in the blood during hepatitis?

\\ Alanin aminotransferase\\\ Glytamate decarboxylase

\\\ Creatine phosphokinase

\\\ Aldolase

\\\\ Which enzymes activity increases in the blood during myocardial infarction?

\\ Aspartate aminotransferase\\\ Arginase

\\\ Glutamate dehydrogenase

\\\ Amylase

\\\\ Which vitamins form oxidative-reductive coenzymes?

\\ PP and B2\\\ B6 and H

\\\ K and A

\\\ D and B1\\\\ The enzymes are inhibited irreversibly by:

\\ proteolytic cleavage\\\ Modulator protein

\\\ Reaction product

\\\ Allosteric modification

\\\\ Which class of enzymes belong chymotripsin?

\\\ Oxydoreductases

\\ Hydrolases\\\ Transferases

\\\ Lyases

TCA cycle

\\\\ Which of the following is not true of the citric acid cycle?

\\ All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.

\\\ Oxaloacetate is used as a substrate but is not consumed in the cycle.

\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase channels electrons directly into the electron transfer chain.

\\\ The Isocitrate dehydrogenase is subject of allosteric regulation by ATP and NADH.

\\\\ Which of the following is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle? \\\ malonate

\\\ alanine

\\\ acyl-CoA

\\ alpha-Ketoglutarate

\\\\ In mammals, which one is not occur during the citric acid cycle?

\\\ formation of alpha-ketoglutarate.

\\\ generation of NADH and FADH2.

\\\ metabolism of acetate to carbon dioxide and water.

\\ net synthesis of oxaloacetate from acetyl-CoA.

\\\\ What is the net production of conversion of 1 mol of acetyl-CoA to 2 mol of CO2 and CoA via the citric acid cycle?

\\\ 1 mol of citrate.

\\ 1 mol of FADH2.

\\\ 1 mol of NADH.

\\\ 7 mol of ATP.

\\\\ Which one of the following is not associated with the oxidation of substrates by the citric acid cycle?

\\\ CO2 production

\\\ Flavin reduction

\\\ Lipoic acid present in some of the enzyme systems

\\ Pyridine nucleotide oxidation

\\\\ The oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate proceeds by means of multistep reactions in which all but one of the following cofactors is required. Which one is not required?

\\ ATP \\\ Lipoic acid

\\\ FAD

\\\ Thiamine pyrophosphate

\\\\ What reaction of the citric acid cycle is most similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-catalyzed conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

\\\ citrate to isocitrate.

\\\ fumarate to malate.

\\\ succinyl-CoA to succinate.

\\ alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.

\\\\ Which one of the following enzymatic activities would be decreased by thiamine deficiency?

\\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase

\\\ Malate dehydrogenase

\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase

\\ alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

\\\\ Which reaction of the citric acid cycle is linked to the reduction of FADH2?

\\\ isocitrate dehydrogenase.

\\\ malate dehydrogenase.

\\\ pyruvate dehydrogenase

\\ succinate dehydrogenase.

\\\\ Which of the following cofactors is required for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle?

\\\ Biotin

\\ FAD

\\\ NAD+

\\\ NADP+

\\\\ For what reaction is required flavin coenzyme In the citric acid cycle?:

\\\ condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.

\\\ oxidation of fumarate.

\\\ oxidation of isocitrate.

\\ oxidation of succinate.

\\\\ When decreases entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle ?

\\\ When [AMP] is high.

\\\ When NADH is rapidly oxidized through the respiratory chain.

\\ When the ratio of [ATP]/[ADP] is high.

\\\ When the ratio of [NAD+]/[NADH] is high.

\\\\ NAD+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are two key regulatory enzymes of the citric acid cycle. What are the inhibitors of these enzymes?

\\\ acetyl-CoA and fructose 6-phosphate.

\\\ AMP and NAD+.

\\\ ATP and NAD+.

\\ ATP and NADH.

\\\\ For what of the following the inner mitochondrial membrane contains a transporter?

\\\ NADH

\\\ Acetyl CoA\\\ GTP

\\ ATP\\\\ What is the substrate of isocitrate dehydrogenase?

\\ isocitrate\\\ citrate

\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate

\\\ succinate

\\\\ In what reaction NADH+H+ is produced?

\\\ succinate dehydrogenase reaction

\\ malate dehydrogenase reaction\\\ citrate synthase reaction

\\\ aconitase

\\\\ What is the major anaplerotic reaction of TCA cycle?

\\\ alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

\\\ malate dehydrogenase \\\ enolase

\\ pyruvate carboxylase\\\\ What is the substrate phosphorylation reaction in TCA cycle?

\\\ formation of NADH+H

\\\ formation of FADH2\\ formation of GTP

\\\ oxidation of isocitrate

\\\\ What reactions product is GTP?

\\\ succinate dehydrogenase reaction

\\\ malate dehydrogenase reaction\\\ citrate synthase reaction

\\ succinyl CoA synthetase reaction\\\\ Which of the following is reversible reaction in TCA cycle?

\\\ formation of citrate from acetyl Co A and oxaloacetate

\\\ formation of alpha ketoglutarate from isocitrate

\\ formation of oxaloacetate from malate\\\ formation of succinyl CoA from alpha ketoglutarate.

\\\\ Which of the following is irreversible reaction in TCA cycle?

\\ formation of citrate from acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate\\\ formation of malate from fumarate

\\\ formation of oxaloacetate from malate\\\ formation of fumarate from succinate

\\\\ What enzyme is allosterically inhibited by GTP and succinyl CoA in TCA cycle?

\\\ malate dehydrogenase \\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase\\\ citrate synthase

\\\ pyruvate dehydrogenase

\\\\ What reaction is catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

\\\ conversion of glucose into pyruvate

\\ formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate\\\ formation of oxalocetate from pyruvate

\\\ alanine conversion into pyruvate

\\\\ What is characteristic for regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

\\\ phosphorylated form of the enzyme is active

\\\ pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase dephosphorylates the enzyme

\\ Ca2+ ions activate the enzyme\\\ ATP is activator of the enzyme

\\\\ In which compartment of the cell is TCA cycle going?

\\\ cytoplasm

\\\ rough endoplasmic reticulum

\\ mitochondria\\\ lysosoms

\\\\ How many ATP is formed from NADH+H+ in electron transport chain?

\\\ 2

\\ 2,5\\\ 3

\\\ 1,5

\\\\ How many ATP is formed from FADH2 in electron transport chain?

\\\ 2

\\\ 2,5\\\ 3

\\ 1,5\\\\ How many ATP is formed from TCA cycle with oxidative phosphorylation?

\\\ 10

\\\ 1

\\ 9\\\ 12

\\\\ How many ATP is formed from TCA cycle with substrate phosphorylation?

\\\ 10

\\ 1\\\ 9\\\ 12

\\\\ How many ATP is produced in TCA cycle totally?

\\ 10\\\ 1\\\ 9\\\ 12

\\\\ Which of the following statements about the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in aerobic conditions in animal cells is correct?

\\ One of the products of the reactions of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a thioester of acetate.\\\ The methyl (CH3) group is eliminated as CO2.

\\\ The process occurs in the cytosolic compartment of the cell.

\\\ The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex uses all of the following as cofactors: NAD+, lipoic acid, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and FAD.

\\\\ The reaction of the citric acid cycle that produces an ATP equivalent (in the form of GTP) by substrate level phosphorylation is the conversion of:

\\\ citrate to isocitrate.

\\ fumarate to malate.\\\ malate to oxaloacetate.

\\\ succinyl-CoA to succinate.

\\\\ Which of the following reactions is anaplerotic (replenishes intermediate pools) for the citric acid cycle?

\\\ Oxaloacetate + GTP ---- phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2 + GDP

\\\ Malate + NAD+ ---- oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

\\\ Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA ----citrate + CoA

\\ Pyruvate + HCO3+ ATP ----oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + H+\\\\ Which of the following intermediates is a substrate for the only membrane-associated enzymatic activity in the TCA cycle?

\\\ citrate

\\\ fumarate

\\\ oxaloacetate

\\ succinate\\\\ The ultimate acceptor of the electrons removed by oxidative decarboxylation in the TCA cycle is:\\\ NAD+ \\\ FAD

\\\ ATP

\\ O2\\\\ Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle:

\\ Most intermediates are activated by phosphorylation.\\\ It takes place in the mitochondria.

\\\ Many of the reactions are oxidation-reduction reactions.

\\\ It generates GTP by substrate -level phosphorylation

\\\\ The citric acid cycle is amphibolic, that is it functions in both catabolism and anabolism. Certain intermediates are used to make other biomolecules including amino acids, nucleotide bases, fatty acids, and glucose. Several reactions replenish these intermediates for use in the citric acid cycle. These reactions are called:

\\\ Parasynthetic

\\\ Amphipathic

\\ Anaplerotic\\\ Amphibolic

\\\\ How many NAD is generated in the TCA cycle?

\\\ 1

\\\ 2

\\ 3\\\ 4

\\\\ How many FADH2 is generated in the TCA cycle?

\\ 1\\\ 2

\\\ 3

\\\ 4

\\\\ How many ATP are produced after pyruvate oxidation (through the TCA cycle)?

\\\ 10 ATP

\\\ 30-32 ATP

\\ 12,5 ATP\\\ 7,5 ATP

\\\\ What is the functional group of NAD?

\\\ Izoalloxazine ring

\\ Nicotinamide\\\ Adenine

\\\ Ribitole

\\\\ How the regulations of metabolic ways generally go?

\\\ By the alterations of intracellular metabolites concentration

\\\ By the using of second messengers with peptide hormones

\\\ By repression-induction of the genes

\\ By all of the followings\\\\ What is the functional group of FAD?

\\ Izoalloxazine ring\\\ Nicotinamide\\\ Adenosine residue

\\\ Ribitole residue

\\\\ What is characteristic for TCA cycle?

\\\ Energetical effect of TCA cycle is 8 ATP

\\ TCA cycle goes in aerobic conditions\\\ The final products are ammonia and water

\\\ 3 ATP are produced in TCA cycle

\\\\ What type of enzyme is Isocitrate dehydrogenase?

\\\ It is regulatory enzyme of glycolysis

\\\ It is FAD-dependent enzyme

\\\ Belongs to transferases

\\ It is decarboxylating dehydrogenase\\\\ How many macroergic bonds contain ATP?

\\\ 1\\ 2\\\ 3

\\\ 4

\\\\ How many macroergic bonds contain ADP?

\\ 1\\\ 2

\\\ 3

\\\ 4

\\\\ How many macroergic bonds contain AMP?

\\ 0\\\ 1

\\\ 2

\\\ 3

\\\\ Which of the following is the marcroergic compound?

\\\ AMP

\\ 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate\\\ Malate

\\\ Glucose-1-phosphate

\\\\ Which of the following belongs to macroergic compounds?

\\\ AMP

\\ ADP\\\ GMP

\\\ Glucose-1-phosphate

\\\\ What is the delta-G of hydrolytic degradation of ATP?

\\\ -5 kkal/mol

\\ -7,3 kkal/mol\\\ -14,6 kkal/mol

\\\ -20 kkal/mol

\\\\ Which type of macroergic bond exists in acetyl-CoA?

\\ Tyoesther\\\ Phospho anhydride

\\\ Phospho enolic

\\\ Phospho amide

\\\\ What is the product of isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction?

\\\ Malate

\\\ Cytrate

\\ Alpha-ketoglutarate\\\ Succinyl-CoA

\\\\ What is the coenzyme of isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction?

\\\ FAD

\\\ TPP\\\ CoA

\\ NAD+\\\\ Which of the following is not necessary for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction?

\\\ FAD

\\\ CoA

\\\ NAD

\\ ATP\\\\ What is energetical effect of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction?

\\\ 2 mole ATP

\\ 2,5 mole ATP\\\ 3 mole ATP

\\\ 6 mole ATP

\\\\ How many ATP is synthesized in the electron transport chain after isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction?

\\\ 1

\\ 2,5\\\ 3

\\\ 6,5

\\\\ How many ATP is synthesized in the electron transport chain after succinate dehydrogenase reaction?

\\ 1,5\\\ 2\\\ 3,5

\\\ 6

\\\\ How many ATP is synthesized in the electron transport chain after malate dehydrogenase reaction?

\\\ 1

\\ 2,5\\\ 3

\\\ 6,5

\\\\ Which dehydrogenase is decarboxylating?

\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase\\\ malate dehydrogenase

\\\ succinate dehydrogenase

\\\ lactate dehydrogenase

\\\\ Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of TCA cycle?

\\\ Citrate synthatase

\\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase

\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

\\ aconitase\\\\ Which of the following is not regulatory enzyme of TCA cycle?

\\\ Citrate synthatase

\\ Malate dehydrogenase\\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase

\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

\\\\ What are regulatory factors of TCA cycle?

\\\ FADH2/FAD

\\\ GTP/GDP

\\ NADH/NAD\\\ ATP/GTP

\\\\ Which compound is the substrate of TCA cycle?

\\\ NADH

\\\ NADPH

\\ CH3CO-SCoA\\\ CH3COCOO-

\\\\ Succinyl-CoA+ GDP+H3PO4 -- Succinate+GTP+HS-CoA Which enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

\\\ Fumarase

\\ Succinate thyokinase\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase

\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

\\\\ Oxaloacetate+acetyl-CoA + H20 ---- citrate+HS-CoA Which enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

\\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase

\\\ Fumarase

\\ Citrate synthase\\\ Succinate thyo kinase

\\\\ Which compounds excess amount causes inhibition of oxidation of isocitrate?

\\\ ADP

\\\ NAD

\\ NADH\\\ FAD

\\\\ Which of the following activates the regulatory enzyme- isocitrate dehydrogenase?

\\\ ATP

\\\ NADH

\\\ CoA

\\ ADP\\\\ Isocitrate + NAD+ ---------- alpha-ketoglutarate+CO2+NADH+H+

Which enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase\\\ malate dehydrogenase

\\\ pyruvate dehydrogenase\\\ succinate thyokinase

\\\\ Fumarate+H20 ------ malate Which enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

\\\ malate dehydrogenase

\\ fumarase\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase\\\ succinate dehydrogenase\\\\ Which vitamins deficiency influences on TCA cycle?

\\\ Vitamin C

\\ Thiamin\\\ Biotin

\\\ Vitamin E

\\\\ What is received in TCA cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation?

\\\ UTP

\\\ CTP

\\\ NADH

\\ GTP\\\\ Which compound inhibits the oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate?

\\\ ADP

\\\ FAD\\ Succinyl-CoA\\\ TPP

\\\\ In the TCA cycle the substrate of succinyl-CoA synthetase is:

\\\ Alpha-ketoglutarate

\\\ Fumarate

\\\ Succinate

\\ Succinyl-CoA\\\\ In which compartment of the cell the TCA cycle is localized?

\\\ Cytosole

\\\ Outer membrane if mitochondria

\\ In the matrix of mitochondria\\\ In the nucleus

\\\\ Which conversion is impossible?

\\\ Lactate ---- pyruvate

\\\ Pyruvate ---- lactate

\\ Acetyl-CoA ---- pyruvate\\\ Alanine ---- pyruvate

\\\\ How many NADH is generated in the process of pyruvate decarboxylation?

\\\ 3

\\\ 4

\\ 1\\\ 5\\\\ How many carboxylic groups exist in citrate?

\\\ 1

\\\ 2

\\\ 4

\\ 3\\\\ What is the irreversible reaction of TCA cycle?

\\\ Malate dehydrogenase

\\\ Fumarase

\\ Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase\\\ aconitase\\\\ What compound is necessary for receiving the citrate from acetyl-CoA in the first reaction of TCA cycle?

\\\ Isocitrate

\\\ Malate

\\ Oxaloacetate\\\ Succinate

\\\\ What is the source of acetyl-CoA in the body?

\\\ Glycogenesis

\\\ Gluconeogenesis

\\ Beta-oxidation of fatty acids\\\ Pentose phosphate pathway

CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM

\\\\ What is the net gain of anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate ?

\\\ 1 mol of ATP.

\\\ 1 mol of NADH.

\\ 2 mol of ATP.

\\\ 2 mol of NADH.

\\\\ During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. What is the most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH ?

\\\ glucose 6-phosphate ---- fructose 6-phosphate

\\\ isocitrate ---- alpha-ketoglutarate

\\\ oxaloacetate ----- malate

\\ pyruvate ----- lactate

\\\\ pyruvate (producing during glycolysis) in the erythrocyte further metabolizes into:

\\\ CO2.

\\\ glucose.

\\\ hemoglobin.

\\ lactate.

\\\\ Which of these cofactors participates directly in most of the oxidation-reduction reactions in the fermentation of glucose to lactate?

\\\ ADP

\\\ ATP

\\\ FAD/FADH2

\\ NAD+/NADH

\\\\ Which of the following is not involved in steps of glycolysis between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate?

\\\ catalysis by phosphoglycerate kinase.

\\ oxidation of NADH to NAD+.

\\\ the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

\\\ utilization of Pi.

\\\\ By what enzyme is catalyzed the first reaction in glycolysis that results in formation of an energy-rich compound (i.e., a compound whose hydrolysis has a highly negative delta G')?

\\ glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

\\\ hexokinase.

\\\ phosphofructokinase-1.

\\\ triose phosphate isomerase.

\\\\ What enzyme catalyzes glycogen conversion to monosaccharide units?

\\\ glucokinase.

\\\ glucose-6-phosphatase

\\ glycogen phosphorylase.

\\\ glycogen synthase.

\\\\ Which of the following compounds cannot serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis?

\\ acetate

\\\ glycerol

\\\ lactate

\\\ oxaloacetate

\\\\ What enzyme uses in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

\\ 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.

\\\ glucose 6-phosphatase.

\\\ hexokinase.

\\\ phosphofructokinase-1.

\\\\ Which one of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is false?

\\\ For starting materials, it can use carbon skeletons derived from certain amino acids.

\\\ It employs the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase.

\\\ It is one of the ways that mammals maintain normal blood glucose levels between meals.

\\ It produces metabolic energy (ATP or GTP).

\\\\ Which of the following enzymes is involved only in the flow of carbon from glucose to lactate (glycolysis) and not in the reversal of this flow (gluconeogenesis)?

\\\ 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.

\\\ aldolase.

\\ phosphofructokinase-1.

\\\ phosphoglucoisomerase.

\\\\ What is characteristic feature of gluconeogenesis in humans?

\\ can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose.

\\\ helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal.

\\\ is activated by the hormone insulin

\\\ requires the enzyme hexokinase.

\\\\ Which of the following substrates cannot contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver?

\\\ alanine

\\\ glutamate

\\ palmitate

\\\ pyruvate

\\\\ What is the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway?

\\\ provide a mechanism for the utilization of the carbon skeletons of excess amino acids.