Biochem Nutrition
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Transcript of Biochem Nutrition
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NUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTIONGeromil J. Lara, RMT, MSMT
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FOOD
• Provide energy and new molecules to replace those that the body uses
NUTRIENTS• Component of food and drink that
provide growth, replacement, and energy– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Vitamins– Minerals– Water
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CALORIES
• Measurement of amount of energy derived from food
1000 Cal = 1 kCal
Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day
Carbohydrates 45 – 65%
Proteins 10 – 35%
Lipids 20 – 35%
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CALORIES
• Measurement of amount of energy derived from food
1000 Cal = 1 kCal
Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day
Carbohydrates 45 – 65%
Proteins 10 – 35%
Lipids 20 – 35%
CHO 4 cal/gram
CHON 4 cal/gram
Lipids 9 cal/gram
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CALORIES
Example: using 2000 calories diet
CHO = 2,000 x 0.5 = 1,000 calories
= 1,000 calories / 4 = 250 grams
CHON = 2,000 x 0.2 = 400 calories
= 400 calories / 4 = 100 grams
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CALORIES
Example: using 2000 calories diet
Fats = 2,000 x 0.3 = 600 calories
= 600 calories / 4 = 150 grams
CHO 250 grams
CHON 100 grams
Lipids 150 grams
============
500 grams/day
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VITAMIN
• is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism
• Derived from “Vitamine”
• 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins
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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
Other Name: Retinol
Function:– Vision– To heal eye and skin injuries
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Nightblindness/Blindness– Keratinization of epithelium and cornea
Best Food Source:– Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach,
sweet potatoes
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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN D
Other Name: Calciferol
Function:– Promotes calcium and phosphate
absorption and mobilization
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Rickets (children): pliable bones– Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones
Best Food Source:– Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese,
eggs, milk
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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN E
Other Name: Tocopherol
Function:– Antioxidant
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– In cases of malabsorption such as
cystic fibrosis: anemia– In premature infants: anemia
Best Food Source:– Vegetable oils, nuts, potato chips,
spinach
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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN K
Other Name: Phylloquinone
Function:– Blood clotting
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in
newborns)
Best Food Source:– Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beef
liver
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B1
Other Name: Thiamine
Function:– Coenzyme in oxidative carboxylation
and in the pentose phosphate shunt
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Beriberi– In alcoholics: heart failure– Pulmonary congestion
Best Food Source:– Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B2
Other Name: Riboflavin
Function:– Coenzyme of oxidative processes
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– invasion of cornea by capillaries– Cheilosis– Dermatitis
Best Food Source:– Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds,
mushrooms, beans
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACID
Other Name: Niacin
Function:– Coenzyme of oxidative processes
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Pellagra
Best Food Source:– Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat,
mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice, beans, berries
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B6
Other Name: Pyridoxine
Function:– Coenzyme in transamination– Heme synthesis
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Convulsions– Chronic anemia– Peripheral neuropathy
Best Food Source:– Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B9
Other Name: Folic Acid; Pteroylglutamic Acid
Function:– Coenzyme in methylation and in DNA
synthesis
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Anemia
Best Food Source:– Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange
juice
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B12
Other Name: Cyanocobalamin
Function:– Part of methyl-removing enzyme in
folate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Pathcy demyelination– Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and
brain
Best Food Source:– Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B5
Other Name: Pantothenic Acid
Function:– Part of CoA– Fat and carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Gastrointestinal disturbances– Depression
Best Food Source:– Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain,
heart
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B7
Other Name: Biotin
Function:– Synthesis of fatty acids
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Dermatitis, nausea, depression
Best Food Source:– Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN C
Other Name: Ascorbic Acid
Function:– Antioxidant– Hydroxylation of collagen– Wound healing– Bond formation
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Scurvy
Best Food Source:– Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage,
tomatoes
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MINERALS
• Potassium• Sodium• Calcium• Chloride• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Iron• Zinc
• Copper• Manganese • Chromium• Molybdenum• Cobalt• Selenium• Iodine• Fluorine
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MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
PotassiumProvides membrane potential
Muscle Weakness
Sodium Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances
CalciumBone formation; Hormonal function; Blood coagulation;Muscle contraction
Muscle cramps; osteoporosis, fragile bones, coagulopathy
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MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Chloride Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances
Phosphorus Balancing calcium in the diet
Structural weakness in bones
Magnesium Cofactor in enzymes
Hypocalcemia
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MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
IronOxidative phosphorylation; hemoglobin synthesis
Anemia
Zinc Cofactor in enzymes; insulin
Retarded growth; enlarged liver
Copper Oxidative enzymes cofactor
Loss of hair pigmentation; anemia
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MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Manganese Bone formation Retarded growth of hair and nails
Chromium Glucose metabolism
Glucose not available to cells
Molybdenum Protein synthesis Retarded growth
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MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Cobalt Component of Vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia
Selenium Fat Metabolism Muscular disorders
Iodine Thyroid gland function
Goiter and thyroiditis
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MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Fluorine Enamel Formation Tooth decay
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH