Biochem Metabolism I
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Transcript of Biochem Metabolism I
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BIOENERGETICSHOW THE BODY CONVERTS FOOD TO ENERGY
Geromil J. Lara, RMT, MSMT
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METABOLISM• Is the sum total of all the chemical
reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of the cell– Metabolic Reactions
• Those in which molecules are broken down to provide the energy needed by cells – catabolism
• Those that synthesize the compounds needed by cells – anabolism
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METABOLISM• Biochemical Pathway
– Is a series of consecutive biochemical reactions• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins
• Common Catabolic Pathway– To convert the chemical energy in food
to molecules of ATP
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METABOLISM• Principal Compounds of the
Common Catabolic Pathway– Common Catabolic Pathway
• Citric Acid Cycle
• Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathway– Electron Transport Chain– Phosphorylation
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METABOLISM• Principal Compounds of the
Common Catabolic Pathway– Agents for Storage of Energy and
Transfer of Phosphate Groups
• Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)• Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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METABOLISM• Principal Compounds of the
Common Catabolic Pathway– Agents for Transfer of Electrons in
Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions• Coenzymes
– NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
– FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)» Contain and ADP core
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METABOLISM• Principal Compounds of the
Common Catabolic Pathway– Agent for Transfer of Acetyl Groups
• Coenzyme A– Final principal compound – Acetyl (CCH3CO–)-transporting
molecule– Contains ADP
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CATABOLISM• Stage I: Hydrolysis of Dietary
Macromolecules into Small Subunits
– To degrade large food molecules into their component subunits• Simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids,
and glycerol
• Digestive processes
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CATABOLISM• Stage II: Conversion of Monomers
into a Form that can be Completely Oxidized– Monosaccharides, amino acids, and
glycerol are assimilated into the pathways of energy metabolism
• Glycolysis• Citric Acid Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
or Kreb’s Cycle)
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CATABOLISM• Stage II: Conversion of Monomers
into a Form that can be Completely Oxidized– Sugars – usually enter the glycolysis
pathway in the form of glucose or fructose
– Eventually converted to acetyl-CoA, which can be completely oxidized in the citric acid cycle
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CATABOLISM• Stage II: Conversion of Monomers
into a Form that can be Completely Oxidized– Amino groups – are removed from
amino acids– Remaining carbon skeletons enter the
catabolic processes at many steps of the citric acid cycle
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CATABOLISM• Stage II: Conversion of Monomers
into a Form that can be Completely Oxidized
– Fatty acids – are converted to acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid cycle in that form
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CATABOLISM• Stage II: Conversion of Monomers
into a Form that can be Completely Oxidized– Glycerol – produced by the hydrolysis
of fats– Converted to glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (one of the intermediates of glycolysis)
– Enters energy metabolism
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CATABOLISM• Stage III: The Complete Oxidation of
Nutrients and the Production of ATP– Acetyl CoA – carries 2-carbon remnants
of the nutrients, acetyl groups, to the citric acid cycle
– Electrons and hydrogen atoms are harvested during the complete oxidation of the acetyl group to CO2• Used in the process of oxidative
phosphorylation to produce ATP
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(1) GLYCOLYSIS• Also known as the Embden-Meyerhof
Pathway• A pathway for carbohydrate catabolism
that begins with the substrate D-glucose– Anaerobic process– 10 steps
– 3 Major Products• ATP – chemical energy• NADH – chemical energy• 2 three-carbon pyruvate
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Goodness Gracious, Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies
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ENZYME MNEMONICS
High Profile People Act Too Glamorous, Picture Posing Every Place
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PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
• An alternative pathway for glucose oxidation
• It provides the cell with energy in the form of reducing power for biosynthesis– NADPH is produced in the oxidative stage
• Reducing agent required for many biosynthetic pathways
• Provides sugar phosphates that are required for biosynthesis
• Most active in tissues involved in cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis
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