Bio project!!!

THE MECHANISM OF DIALYSIS IN THE CASE OF KIDNEY FAILURE

DONE BY : CINDY AND ATIQAH =D

1. KIDNEY FAILURE

Why are kidneys important?•They are excretory organs,

removing mainly nitrogenous waste products, excess water and mineral salts in the form of urine

•Kidneys are osmoregulators. They regulate the salt and water balance of the body fluid.

What happens when the kidneys What happens when the kidneys fail?fail?

High blood pressure and diabetes are causes of kidney failure

Constant heavy drinking of alcohol may cause kidneys to lose their function

May also occur suddenly or after major surgery

One kidney failed to function, a person still can lead a normal life with the other kidney. If both kidneys fail to work, the person will die unless prompt medical treatment is given.

2. KIDNEY 2. KIDNEY DIALYSISDIALYSIS

Patient with kidney failure can be treated with a dialysis or kidney machine.

Blood drawn from patient’s artery flow through tubing (bathed in a dialysis fluid) in the machine) walls of tubing partially permeable big molecules like protein and blood cells remain in tubing

3. How Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine?1

1. Blood is drawn from an artery in the patient’s arm

artery



2. Blood is pumped through a tubing to the dialysis machine2

artery




3

3. The tubing is bathed in a special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi-permeable

artery




3


4. Small molecules (e.g. urea) and metabolic waste products diffuse out of the tubing

4

artery




3



4

5

5. Larger molecules (e.g. plates and blood cells) remain in the tubing

6

6. The filtered blood is returned to a vein in the patient’s arm

artery

3. How Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine?

2. Blood is pumped through a tubing to the dialysis machine



5. Larger molecules (e.g. plates and blood cells) remain in the tubing

6. The filtered blood is returned to a vein in the patient’s arm


1

dialysis tubing

2

3fresh dialysisfluid

filteredblood

Pump dialysisfluid

6

4

5

artery

vein

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♥ Exchange of substances between

the blood and the dialysis fluid ♥Dialysis fluid contains the same concentration

of essential salts as the bloodThese salts can diffuse into the blood in the tubing if the body lacks such saltsDialysis does not contain metabolic waste productsTubing is long, narrow to increase surface area to volume ratio to speed up rate of exchange of substances between the blood and dialysis fluidTreatment is about 2 to 3 times a week, each time lasting several hours

Exchange of Substances between the blood and the dialysis Fluid

partially permeable membrane

dialysis machine dialysis fluid

essential mineral salt

patient’s blood

Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

1. Patient’s blood enters dialysis machine



patient’s blood

dialysis fluid

red blood cellessential mineral salt

protein molecule

2. Blood flows in the opposite direction to flow of dialysis fluid

1

2




patient’s blood

dialysis fluid


protein molecule


1

2


3. Dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of essential substances as blood. No metabolic wastes present

3

4. Concentration gradient set upbetween dialysisfluid and blood



patient’s blood

dialysis fluid


protein molecule


1

2


3. Dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of essential substances as blood. No metabolic wastes present

3

4. Concentration gradient set upbetween dialysisfluid and blood

4

dialysis fluid with waste products

urea molecule

5. Removal of metabolic waste products from the blood

5filtered blood

6. Filtered blood is returned to the patient

ENOUGH OF WORDS, TIME FOR SOME VIDEOS TO FIND OUT ABOUT THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIALYSIS :D

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awIig0Cj__4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQKQ4eoKfTg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awIig0Cj__4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awIig0Cj__4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQKQ4eoKfTg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQKQ4eoKfTg

5.What are the different types of dialysis ?5.What are the different types of dialysis ?

There are two types of dialysis - hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

In hemodialysis, an artificial kidney (hemodialyzer) is used to remove waste and extra chemicals and fluid from your blood. To get your blood into it , the doctor needs to make an access into your blood vessels. This is done by minor surgery to your arm or leg.

An access is made by joining an artery to a vein under your skin to make a bigger blood vessel called a fistula.

However, if your blood vessels are not adequate for a fistula, the doctor may use a soft plastic tube to join an artery and a vein under your skin. This is called a graft.

In peritoneal dialysis, your blood is cleaned inside your body. The doctor will do surgery to place a plastic tube called a catheter into your abdomen to make an access. Extra fluid and waste products are drawn out of your blood and into the dialysate.

There are two major kinds of peritoneal dialysis :_ Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is the

only type of peritoneal dialysis that is done without machines.

_ Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) usually is done at home using a special machine called a cycler.

HemodialysiHemodialysiss

PeritonePeritoneal al dialysisdialysis

6. WHY MUST THE DIRECTION OF BLOOD 6. WHY MUST THE DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW BE OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION OF FLOW BE OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION OF

FLOW OF THE DIALYSIS FLUID ?FLOW OF THE DIALYSIS FLUID ? • The direction of blood flow must be opposite

to the direction of flow of the dialysis fluid to ensure a diffusion gradient remains to allow urea to flow out.

• This also ensures all the urea in the blood will be removed. Imagine if they flow in the same direction, when blood reaches the end, the dialysis solution is high in urea and so is the blood and urea will not be removed.

6. After a transplant, will a patient be able to live a normal life again ?

♥ If the grafted kidney is well-looked after, the

patient can go back to a near normal life that is productive and of better quality with fewer restrictions compared to when placed on dialysis and restrained from eating a normal diet.

BECAUSE OF TIME BECAUSE OF TIME CONSUMING, LET’S START CONSUMING, LET’S START WITH $1,000 QUESTION !WITH $1,000 QUESTION !

QUESTION 1 : WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT THE REASON WHY THE

KIDNEYS IS IMPORTANT ?

A. Remove waste products

D. Absorb water andmineral salts

C. Regulate water potential of the blood

B. Regulate the salt And water balance

♥ ♥ ♥♥ ♥ ♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE D, YOU’RE CORRECT! D, YOU’RE CORRECT!

♥♥ LET’S RECAP -> Kidneys are LET’S RECAP -> Kidneys are excretory organsexcretory organs, removing mainly , removing mainly nitrogenous wastenitrogenous waste products, excess products, excess water and mineral salts in the form of water and mineral salts in the form of urineurine

♥♥ Kidneys are Kidneys are osmoregulatorsosmoregulators. They . They regulate the salt and water balance regulate the salt and water balance of the body fluid.of the body fluid.

♥ ♥ UH OH! IT’S INCORRECT, UH OH! IT’S INCORRECT, LET’S TRY AGAIN LET’S TRY AGAIN

LET’S CONTINUE WITH LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $2,000 QUESTION !THE $2,000 QUESTION !

QUESTION 2 : WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT THE CAUSE OF KIDNEY FAILURE?

A. Exercise vigorously

D. After a major surgery C. Constant heavy

drinking

B. High blood pressure

♥ ♥ ♥♥ ♥ ♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE A, FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE A, YOU’RE CORRECT! YOU’RE CORRECT!

♥♥ LET’S RECAP :LET’S RECAP :

High blood pressure and High blood pressure and diabetes are causes of kidney diabetes are causes of kidney failurefailure

Constant heavy drinking of Constant heavy drinking of alcohol may cause kidneys to alcohol may cause kidneys to lose their functionlose their function

May also occur suddenly or May also occur suddenly or after major surgeryafter major surgery


QUESTION 3 : WHAT CAN A PATIENT WITH KIDNEYFAILURE BE TREATED WITH ?

A. Kidney machine

D. Excretion care machine

C. Blood circulationmachine

B. Blood pressure machine

♥ ♥ ♥♥ ♥ ♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE B, YOU’RE CORRECT! B, YOU’RE CORRECT!

♥♥ LET’S SEE :LET’S SEE :

When kidney function gets to When kidney function gets to about 15% or less, a person must about 15% or less, a person must start dialysis. start dialysis.

LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $8,000 LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $8,000 QUESTION !QUESTION !

WOW, IT’S A KILLER ONE! AFTER THIS WE WOW, IT’S A KILLER ONE! AFTER THIS WE WILL PROCESS TO THE $32,000 QUESTION!WILL PROCESS TO THE $32,000 QUESTION!

QUESTION 4 : A PERSON USUALLY BEGIN DIALYSIS WHEN THEIR KIDNEY FUNCTION GOES

DOWN TO ABOUT HOW MANY PERCENT ?

A. 50%

D. 25% C. 20%

B. 15%

♥ ♥ ♥♥ ♥ ♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C, FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C, YOU’RE CORRECT! YOU’RE CORRECT!

♥♥ LET’S RECAP LET’S RECAP

-- There are two types of dialysis : hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $32,000 QUESTION !$32,000 QUESTION !

QUESTION 5 : WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OFDIALYSIS ?

A. Graft dialysis and Peritoneal dialysis

D. Hemodialysis and Fistula dialysis

C. Hemodialysis andPeritoneal dialysis

B. Catherer dialysis and Graft dialysis

♥ ♥ ♥♥ ♥ ♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE D, YOU’RE CORRECT! D, YOU’RE CORRECT!


The catherer that is used for peritoneal dialysis is place at the abdominal area in the body


QUESTION 6 : WHERE IN THE BODY IS THE CATHETER THAT IS USED

FOR PERITONEAL DIALYSIS ?

A. Arm

D. Abdominal area C. Neck

B. Leg

♥ ♥ ♥♥ ♥ ♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C, YOU’RE CORRECT! C, YOU’RE CORRECT!


An access is made by joining an artery to a vein under your skin to make a bigger blood vessel called a fistula


QUESTION 7 : WHAT IS USED IN HEMOLDIALYSISCREATED BY SURGICALLY CONNECTING AN

ARTERY AND VEIN TOGETHER ?

A. Catherer

D. Artificial kidney C. Fistula

B. Dialysate

♥ ♥ ♥♥ ♥ ♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE B, YOU’RE CORRECT! B, YOU’RE CORRECT!


Excess wastes and water pass from the blood into a the dialysis fluid for removal from the body by diffusion.


QUESTION 8 : WHICH TWO SUBSTANCES WILL PASS FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE DIALYSIS

FLUID ?

A. Plasma and mineral salts

D. Metabolic wastes and mineral salts

C. Membrane and water

B. Water and mineral salts

♥ ♥ ♥♥ ♥ ♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE A, YOU’RE CORRECT! A, YOU’RE CORRECT!


The dialysis tubing is bathed in The dialysis tubing is bathed in a special dialysis fluid and the a special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi-permeabletubing is semi-permeable


QUESTION 9 : WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ONE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTY OF THE

DIALYSIS TUBING ?

A. Partially permeable

D. Lignified cell wall C. Fully permeable

B. Thin cell wall

♥ ♥ ♥♥ ♥ ♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C, FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C, YOU’RE CORRECT! YOU’RE CORRECT!


The direction of blood flow must be The direction of blood flow must be opposite to the direction of flow of opposite to the direction of flow of the dialysis fluid to ensure a diffusion the dialysis fluid to ensure a diffusion gradient remains to allow wastes to gradient remains to allow wastes to flow out. flow out.

WOW! WE’RE ALREADY AT WOW! WE’RE ALREADY AT THE $1,000,000 QUESTION !THE $1,000,000 QUESTION !

QUESTION 10 : WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW TO THE FLOW OF THE DIALYSIS

FLUID ?

A. Toward

D. To the right C. Opposite

B. To the left

CONGRATULATION TO THE WINNER !!!

THANK YOU ! HOPE YOU ENJOYED IT ;)

CREDITS : http://medicalpicturesinfo.com/dialysis/http://sciencephoto.comhttp://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/dialysisinfo.cfmhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_does_the_fluid_in_dialysis_have_to_flow_in_opposite_directions#ixzz22fDjfLc8http://www.fmc-ag.com/files/Diffusion.gifCopyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

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