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Bio-Economics Supply and Demand According to Chance

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1) Oxygen and Mitochondria 2) In Vitro to In Vivo Measurements 3) MRI to Optical Imaging Grand Unified Theory of Britt Supply Demand

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Balance and Feedback

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand Increased Demand: higher cost Unless Supply reacts to meet demand Demand Quantity Price Economics: Supply and Demand Balance and Feedback

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Supply: G(BC)P 70 50 30 10 Pubs/year Results: 1478 Times cited: 68,155 Ave. citations per: 46.11 h-index: 122 pulse ~60 yrs Impact: ~3 ~200 yrs

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Demand 1500 Citations/year 1000 Results: 1478 Times cited: 68,155 Ave. citations per: 46.11 h-index: 122 pulse ~60 yrs Impact: ~3 ~200 yrs

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand Increased Demand: higher Metabolic cost Unless Supply reacts to meet demand Supply Demand Quantity Price Bio-Economics: Supply and Demand

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Cell-Vascular Coupling Diseases Coronary Artery Disease, Peripheral Vascular Disease, Cancer, Neurological Disease, Diabetes Consequences (causes) Restricted blood flow to tissue Cellular O 2 demand cannot be met Ischemia, hypoxia, necrosis ROS generation Impaired cellular function, mitochondrial disease Causes (consequences) Decreased vessel compliance, remodeling endothelial/eNOS damage, impaired reactivity,

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Cell-Vascular Coupling Diseases Quantify tissue oxygen consumption, perfusion Perturbations: Occlusion, breathing, exercise... Individual Physiology: detection, diagnosis, therapy response BC Pioneered Optical Measurements

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Intrinsic Signal Optical Imaging Remove skin/muscle, thin skull. Mechanical Movement of C2 Whisker. 5 deflections at 5 Hz. Illuminate with 630 nm light. Measure change in remitted light. Grinvald, Lieke, Frostig, Gilbert, and Wiesel, Nature, 1986. Whisker Stimulator Lens Ron Frostig, UCI

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Hemodynamic Response stimulation Initial Dip Overshoot (BOLD)Undershoot 1 mm 630 nm light (deoxy Hb) t ~ 1 st ~ 4 st ~ 7 s

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Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) Rd (fx)Rd (fx) Spatial Frequency, f x (mm -1 ) a, s ' Cuccia et. al., Opt Lett, (2005) Cuccia et. al., JBO (2009) 1 0 photon density depth Tissue Structured light SFDI Implications: 1)Optical Property Mapping 1)Depth-Resolved Imaging Tissue: a low-pass spatial filter

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Hyperspectral SFDI L. Gao, R. T. Kester, and T. S. Tkaczyk, Opt. Express 17, 12293-12308 (2009). Full images (350 x 350 pixels) of 46 Wavelengths at 5 Hz. Close up Photo of Mapper Soren Konecky Tomasz Tkaczyk

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Intrinsic Signal Tomograpy depth Black & White: Baseline Color: Functional Change increase decrease 10.5 -0.5

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Biomedical Optics Before Chance (B.C.) Light Source Detector cuvette pre-1987

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Biomedical Optics Chance Era (C.E.) No Cuvette (too expensive) Abundant supply of body parts Time-shared laser sources (off time saves $$) RF electronics = Radio Shack

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Grand Unified Theory of Britt Supply Demand

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New Unit of Measure: 1 BCU = 100 mW/cm 2 ~Max exposure intensity for biotissue damage BCU: Max intensity At the limit

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Photons are Cheaper $10 6 /Tesla $10 -14 /photon