BIO DIESELVASAGIRI SAI DEEXIT M.TECH AUTOMOBILE

A7626215004

INTRODUCTIONFossil fuels will soon be exhausted.

If we had replenish fuel sources, what direction should we go in?

Electric cars

Solar power

Wind power

OR

BIO FUELS

WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?

Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from organic matter (living or once living material) in a short period of time (days, weeks, or even months) is considered a biofuel.

WHY BIO FUELS?BIO FUELS VERSUS FOSSIL FUELSFossil fuels are not renewable, which means they will run out at some

point. As our ability to pump fossil fuels from the ground diminishes, the available supply will decrease, which will inevitably lead to an increase in price.

Biofuels can be looked upon as a way of energy security which stands as an alternative of fossil fuels that are limited in availability. Today, the use of biofuels has expanded throughout the globe.

TYPES OF BIOFUELSbiofuels are often broken into two generations.

1st generation biofuels are also called conventional biofuels. they are made from things like sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. note that these are all food products. any biofuel made from a feedstock that can also be consumed as a human food is considered a first generation biofuel.

2nd generation biofuels are produced from sustainable feedstock. no second generation biofuel is also a food crop, though certain food products can become second generation fuels when they are no longer useful for consumption. second generation biofuels are often called “advanced biofuels.”

BIO FUEL There are 4 chief biofuels categories:

the 1st generation of biofuels comes from sugar, starch & vegetable fats that are solely dependent on food-crops. It also can be sourced through animal fats.

E.G; biofuels are bio-diesel, bioethanol

WHAT IS BIODIESEL?

BIODIESEL: An low-emissions, high lubricating alternative diesel fuel produced from

veg.Oil / animal fatsNon-toxic, biodegradableCan be combined at any level with petroleum diesel to fuel diesel engines.

WHY BIODIESEL?Biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide exhaust emissions up to 80%.Biodiesel produces 100% less sox than petroleum.Biodiesel reduces exhaust smoke (particulates) emissions by up to 75% so

the usual black cloud associated with a diesel engine can be eliminated. The smell of the biodiesel exhaust is far more pleasant.

Biodiesel is much easier to handle and does not cause cracking or redness.Biodiesel is much less dangerous to put in vehicle fuel tank as its flash

point is ± 150°c (300°f) as opposed to petroleum diesel ± 70°c (150°f).

Biodiesel provides significant lubricity improvement over petroleum diesel fuel so engines last longer, with the right additives engine performance can also be enhanced

HISTORY OF BIODIESELTransesterification of vegetable oil before first engine, in 1853 by E. Duffy and

J. Patrick

Rudolf diesel

1900 world’s exhibition in paris

Engine ran on peanut oil, the world’s first biodiesel

Used until the 1920’s when petroleum diesel more common due to superior pricing

BIO DIESEL PRODUCTIONFour main production methods

Direct use and blendingMicro emulsionsThermal crackingTransesterificationMost common production methodUses vegetable oils and animal fats as feed stocksThe reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters (biodiesel)

and glycerol

TRANSESTERIFICATIONTransesterification is a chemical reaction where triglyceride is

reacted with alcohol in the presence of catalyst to produce alkyl esters. Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification process.

Every 100 gallons of oil produces about 100 gallons of biodiesel and 10 gallons of glycerol

TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS

BIODIESEL ATTRIBUTESHigh cetane no. (Avg. Over 50)

High lubricity, even in blends as low at 1-2%

High energy balance (3.2 to 1)

Low agriculture inputs: soybeans

78% life cycle co2 reduction

Renewable, sustainable

Domestically produced

Reduces hc, pm, co in existing diesel engines

Reduces nox in boilers and home heating

BIO DIESEL IN I.C ENGINES

BIODIESEL BLENDS

B2

B5

B10

B20

B100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100

Biodiesel Petroleum diesel

B100 = 100% biodieselB20 = 20% biodiesel + 80% petroleum dieselB10 = 10% biodiesel + 90% petroleum dieselB5 = 5% biodiesel + 95% petroleum dieselB2 = 2% biodiesel + 98% petroleum diesel

REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS

TESTING AND PERFORMANCEEffect of biodiesel on engine performance

Power performance:-

Contents of biodiesel

Fuel P.P. B-100 (due to lower heating value) B-20 B-0 100%

properties of biodiesel

P.P. Heating value Viscosity Lubricity

Durability performance:- Fuel durabilityB-100 (it is reactive in nature) B-20B-0 100%

Economy performance:-In order to compensate loss of heating value more amount of biodiesel fuel

consumption takes place.The difference in fuel consumption of diesel & pure bd was 18.5% in mass & was

reduced to 13.5% by volume because of higher density of BD.

B100B100 refers 100% biodiesel and 0% diesel fuel.

Biodiesel is a very good solvent.

B100 freezes at much higher temperature than conventional diesel.

Biodiesel is not compatible with certain hoses and gaskets.

Biodiesel is not compatible with certain metals and plastics.

SELECTED PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL AND DIESEL

ECONOMIC BENEFITSBiodiesel is least-cost-strategy to comply with state and federal regulations.

Use of biodiesel does not require major engine modifications. The only thing that changes is air quality.

Biodiesel has positive attributes such as increased cetane, high fuel lubricity & high oxygen content.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSBiodiesel contains fewer aromatic hydrocarbon: benzofluoranthene: 56 %

reduction; benzopyrenes: 71 % reduction .Biodiesel reduces emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) by approximately 50 %

and carbon dioxide by 78 % on a net lifecycle basis. Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic posing no threat to human health. Biodiesel reduces by as much as 65 % the emission of small particles of solid

combustion products. Biodiesel has higher cetane rating than petro diesel .

EMISSIONSThe use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine results in substantial

reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter compared to emissions from diesel fuel.

The ozone (smog) forming potentials of hydrocarbons is less than diesel fuel.

Sulfur emissions are essentially eliminated with pure biodiesel .

BIODIESEL : FIRST TRIAL RUN ON TRAINFirst successful trial run of a superfast passenger train was conducted

on Dec 31, 2009Delhi - Amritsar shatabdi express used 5% of biodiesel fuel.Railway annual fuel bill = Rs 3400 crores (for diesel)10% mixture with diesel = reduced

(rs.300-400 crores / annum)5% substitution is accepted.

INDIAN INITIATIVES

National mission on biodiesel has been launched by GOIState governments designated special authorities/bodies to manageMinistry of petroleum and natural gas notified biodiesel purchase policyGovernment institutes are working on technology and promotionPublic and private sectors are working on processing and end use

SOME MORE PRACTICALITIESThe former president of India, Dr. Abdul Kalam, is one of the strong

advocators of jatropha cultivation for production of bio-diesel.

The state bank of India provided a boost to the cultivation of jatropha in India by signing a MOU with d1 Mohan, a joint venture of d1 oils plc, to give loans to the tune of 1.3 billion rupees to local farmers in India.

OLDER DIESEL MERCEDES ARE POPULAR FOR RUNNING ON BIODIESEL

ADVANTAGESBio diesel is environmental friendly.

It can help reduce dependency on foreign oil.

It helps to lubricate the engine itself, decreasing engine wear.

It offers similar power to diesel fuel.

It is safer than conventional diesel.

It can be made from waste products.

It can be made at home easily.

DISADVANTAGESIts storage for long period is not suitable for engine operation.

It becomes gel in cold weather.

It has water content. (Hygroscopic)

It degrades rubber.

It has higher (10%) nox emissions.

It decreases horsepower. (25%)

CONCLUSIONBiodiesel is eco-friendly.

Biodiesel is clean burning alternative fuel.

Biodiesel contain no petroleum, but can be blended with conventional diesel fuel.

These fuel can be used in any diesel engine without any modification.

Biodiesel is degradable , non toxic and free from sulphur and lead.