Bio Ch 4-Repdoduction New

7/28/2019 Bio Ch 4-Repdoduction New

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CHAPTER 4

REPRODUCTIONAND

GROWTH


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GAMETE FORMATION

Types of reproductiona) Sexual

reproductionb) Asexual

reproduction


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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION


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1. involving sex cells

or gamete

3. Involve twoparents

5. Produce offspring that

are genetically different

from their parents

4. New individuals inheritgenes from both parentsthrough the fusion of egg

and sperm.

2. Gamete are formedby meiotic division

6. Ensure the survival ofthe species if the

environment conditionundergo changes constantly

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION


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1. Theproduction ofnew individuals

withoutinvolving sex

cells.

2. The processrelies entirely onmitotic division

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

3. Involves onlyone individual(single parent)

7. Is anadvantage if theenvironment is

stable.

6. Ensure that theadaptation of the parentfor survival are passed

down unchanged to theoffspring.

5. Producesoffspring that are

geneticallyidentical to the

4. Newindividual get

their genes from

one parentwithout the

fusion of an eggand sperm


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The necessity for organismsto reproduceOrganisms can not live forever. They willeventually die. Therefore need to produce

new individual to replace those that die.

Thecontinuation of

the species

The passingdown of anindividuals

genes to

Reproduction is

necessity to ensure:


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MALE REPRODUCTIVESYSTEM


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MALE REPRODUCTIVESYSTEM

(spermatogenesis)The formationof male gameteor sperm takesplace in the

testes

Each testismade up ofmany small

seminiferous

tubule.Two types of cells, thegerminal epithelial cellsand sertoli cells, line the

seminiferous tubules


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Germinal epithelial cells of a seminiferoustubule divide by mitosis to produce diploidspermatogonia

The spermatogonia grow to becomeprimary spermatocytes which are largediploid sells.

Each primary spermatocytes undergoesmeiosis I to form two haploid secondary

spermatocytes

Each secondary spermatocytes dividesagain during meiosis II to producespermatids. This means a total of four

spermatids are formed for every primaryspermatocytes

The spermatids obtain nourishment fromnearby nutritive cells (sertoli cells), developtails and mature into sperms(spermatozoa) through cell differentiation


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FEMALEREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM


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Begins in thedeveloping ovaries of

a female fetusbefore birth.

Germinal epithelial cellsnear the surface of an

ovary multiply by mitosisto form oogonia

Oogonia grow to formprimary oocytes and

surrounded by a layer of

follicle cells and secretesex hormones to make upprimary follicle.All primary oocytes

undergo meiosis but stopat prophase I of meiosis

I

The diploid primaryoocyte complete meiosisIto form haploid cellswhich are not equal in

size


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The released or the secondary oocyte from theovary is known as ovulation and it is take place in

ovaries every 28 days

Once a Graafian follicle has released a secondaryoocyte, it develops into a yellowish mass of cells

called the corpus luteum.


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THE ROLE OF HORMONES INHUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Only occur in puberty female. Prepare the body for thepossibility of pregnancy

The activities of the menstrual cycle are closely

associate with ovulation and takes place in

endometrium of the uterus within 28 days.


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Hormones involved in menstrualcycle

b) The hormones that controlthe changes in the uterus areoestrogen and progesterone.a) The hormones that controlthe changes in the ovaries areFSH and LH

thickeningof theendometrium

stimulates

the repairand growthof theuterinelining

prepares

theendometriu

FSH LH OESTROGENPROGESTERONE

stimulatesthedevelopment of thefollicle in

the ovary

stimulatesthedevelopment of the

follicles

stimulates thedevelopmentof the folliclein the ovary

stimulates thedevelopmentof the follicles

stimulatesthedevelopment of thefollicles

Maintaintheendometrium inreadinessfor theimplantation of theblastosyst


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No one know forsure what causesPMS or why some

months are worsethan others, butPMS is often linkedto the changes inhormone levels that

happen during awoman's menstrualcycle. PMS is notcaused by stress or

psychologicalproblems, althoughthese may make thesymptoms worse.


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Early development of a zygote in human


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Eight Week Fetus

All the major organs of your baby haveformed now though they are not fullydeveloped yet. Eyes and ears aregrowing now. The heart is beatingstrongly. When you have an ultrasoundduring this time, you can see the fetal

heart pulsating.


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Twelve Week Fetus

Your baby is now about 6.5 cm long andweighs about 18 grams. His head isbecoming more rounded and the face iscompletely formed. Toes and fingers areformed and nails are beginning to grow.The baby is moving it's limps but you

can not feel this movements yet.


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Sixteen Week Fetus

Your baby is now about 16 cm long and weighs 35grams. During a scan, you can see the baby'shead and body and you may see the baby moving.It is exercising all his limbs, kicking and moving

about. This is the earliest stage at which youmay feel the baby moving. It feels like there is abutterfly in your belly. However, do not worry ifyou don't feel anything yet. If this is your firstbaby, you are likely to feel the first movementsa bit later.


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Twenty Week Fetus

The baby is still swimming around in a largeamount of amniotic fluid. He is growing rapidly,both in length and weight and is now 25 cm long,half as long as it will be at delivery and weighs

about 340 grams. It makes some very activemovements that can be felt by you. You willprobably notice that there are times when yourbaby seems to be asleep and other times whenhe's moving about a lot.


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Twenty Four Week Fetus

Your baby is about 32 cm long now andweighs 500 grams. You can feeldifferent parts of the baby's body

through your abdominal wall. Youruterine muscle is stretching and you mayfeel a pain sometimes at the side of

your tummy. The top of your uterusreaches to just above your navel.


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Thirty Week Fetus

Your baby's head is now in proportionwith the rest of his body. You may feelpressure on your diaphragm, stomach

and intestines. Your baby's weight isnow about 1700 grams or three poundseleven ounces and measures about 40

cm or 15.8 inches in length.


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Thirty Six Week Fetus

Your baby is almost fully mature. Any time nowhe may descend into your pelvis. Once the babyhas engaged you may find that your breathingbecomes easier and the pressure on yourdiaphragm is less. Your baby's skin is smoothnow and his body has plumped out. When thebaby is awake his eyes are open and he can

differentiate between light and dark. Your babyis now about 50 cm long and weighs anywherefrom 2500 to 4500 grams.


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C t ib ti f i d t h l


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Contribution of science and technologyto human reproduction

Reproduction technology
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Artificial insemination (AI) is a meansof helping couples to have children ifthey are unable to conceive throughsexual intercourse. Artificialinsemination refers to a range oftechniques in which the man's sperm isput into the woman's genital tract

artificially.


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In IVF, eggs aregathered from thewoman's ovaries and

mixed with the man'ssperm in a dish in thelaboratory. "In vitro"is a Latin term literallymeaning "in glass". Itrefers to the glasscontainer in thelaboratory wherefertilisation takes

place - hence the term"test tube baby",although in reality it isusually a culture dish.


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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)

SYPHILIS GONORRHEA
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Concept of sexual reproductionin flowering plants

Sexual reproduction inflowering plants(angiosperms) takesplace in the distinctivereproduction structurecalled the flower.

There are 4 flowerparts, namely sepals,petals, stamens andcarpel.

structure of flower

carpel


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Th d Th F l


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The Structure andFunctions of Flowers

The FemaleReproductive Organ:The Carpel

D l f ll


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Development of pollen

Pollen is produce in the anther which

consist of four pollen sacs. In each pollen sacs, are hundred of

pollen mother cells or microsporocyte


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Male Gametes


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Development of the Embryo Sac


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The green structure at the top of the diagram

is the ovule. The integuments are the 2 wallsof the ovule. There is a small opening in thewalls called a micropyle.

The embryo sac, also known as the megaspore,

divides by meiosis to form 4 haploid cells. Three of these cells degenerate and one

remains.

Eight haploid nuclei are now present. Withinthe swollen megaspore cell six haploid cellsand two polar nuclei are formed


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The Carpel With a Mature Embryo Sac will


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The Carpel With a Mature Embryo Sac willappear as shown below:


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When the pollen tube reaches the

ovule, there is a double fertilisation bythe sperm nuclei

a) Fertilisation of the egg cell by a sperm

cell yields the zygote.b) Fertilisation of the (n+n) cell producesthe triploid endosperm, which becomethe seeds nutritive tissue


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Double fertilisation in flowering plants


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Double fertilisation in flowering plants

a) The sepals, petals, style and stigmadegenerate and usually fall offb) The whole ovary changes into fruit; the

ovary wall ripens and forms thepericarp of the fruit

c) Ovule develops into seed; contains thezygote which develops into a matured

embryo with cotyledons or seedleaves. The integuments of the ovuleharden into seed coat


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Growth in multicellular organism


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Growth in multicellular organism The apical meristem produces the three

primary meristems, protoderm,procambium, and ground meristem, whichdevelop into dermal tissues, vasculartissues, and ground tissues respectively.


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The growth curve

Growth may be evaluated by

measurements of mass, length or height,

surface area or volume


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SIGMOID GROWTH CURVE IN PINTO BEAN LEAVES


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S G O G O CU O S

Note that, as in bacterial growth, growth goes through an initial lag

phase, followed by a phase of logarithmic growth, followed by a

stationary phase


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The first derivative of the curve above simply indicating that the growth rate

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