BIO 351 Endocrinology, Medgar Evers CollegeApril 5, 2006

Female Reproductive Endocrinology

Kenneth L. Campbell

Prof. of Biology; Assoc. Dean of Science & Mathematics

University of Massachusetts at Boston

This presentation is made possible by a grant entitled

“Shortcourses in Endocrinology at Minority Undergraduate Institutions”

from the National Institute of General Medical

Sciences (NIGMS) to

The Minority Affairs Committee of the Endocrine Society

Are You Interested In:

• Going away for the summer in 2007 to do research for 8 weeks in a cutting-edge endocrine lab in an area of your choice with a caring mentor?

• Receiving a two-year free membership in The Endocrine Society with many benefits, e.g., information about travel grants, scholarships, online journals, etc.?

http://www.endo-society.org/minorityactivities/summer_research.cfm

SUMMER RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITY STUDENTS

http://www.endo-society.org/minorityactivities/summer_research.cfm

How do I qualify and What should I do?You can apply if you are:

• A full-time minority student beyond your sophomore year or if you are currently enrolled at a minority institution, and

• A U.S. citizen or permanent resident.

For more details on eligibility and requirements, visit The Endocrine Society website at

SUMMER RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITY STUDENTS

What are endocrine systems for?

Endocrine Functions

• Maintain Internal Homeostasis

• Support Cell Growth

• Coordinate Development

• Coordinate Reproduction

• Facilitate Responses to External Stimuli

What are feedback systems?

Feedbacks Generate Control Loops

Negative These maintain hormonal balance & are often linked

to homeostatic processes.

If the multiplicative effect of the several links in a control loop is negative, the entire control loop is negative.

Positive These cause physiologic changes in the system

involved.

If the multiplicative effect of the several links in a control loop is positive, the entire control loop is positive.

--+

++

How dynamic are these systems? Hormone, receptor, transducer & effector levels vary with time. Some change over short terms,

others over long terms.

Levels also vary with developmental stage, gender, & health status.

www.antiaging.com/images/ testosterone_decline.gif

After a248.e.akamai.net/.../pubs/mmanual_home/ illus/i232_1.gif

Outline of Female Reproduction

1. Adult anatomy 2. Embryogenesis 3. Sex determination 4. Hormonal controls 5. Puberty 6. Ovarian anatomy 7. Meiosis 8. Oogenesis 9. Contraception 10. Aging

Adult Female Anatomy

Female Embryogenesis

Female Germ Cell Migration

www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-genital/genital_gifs/genital008-1.gif

www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-genital/genital_gifs/genital008-

2all.gif

Sex Determination: Genetic

Sex Determination: Gonadal

www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-genital/genital_gifs/genital010-

1.gif

Sex Determination:Internal Reproductive Tract

Sex Determination:External Reproductive Tract

Pituitary- Hypothalamic Associations

www.cushings-help.com/ anterior-pituitary.gif

How are the gonads controlled? LH

© Kenneth L. Campbell, 1997. All rights reserved.

How are the gonads controlled? FSH

© Kenneth L. Campbell, 1997. All rights reserved.

Inhibin

europe.obgyn.net/nederland/mp/overgang/images/overgang14x.gif

SteroidSynthesis

arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/

pathphys/endocrine/basics/

steroidogenesis.gif

Maturation: Hormonal

Maturation: Tanner Stages

www.cuhk.edu.hk/proj/growthstd/images/

bpuberty.gif

www.cuhk.edu.hk/proj/growthstd/images/gpuberty.gif

a248.e.akamai.net/7/248/430/20020531071032/www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/illus/i258

www.biomedcentral.com/content/figures/1471-2431-2-5-3-

l.jpg

Testosterone in saliva in children & serum SHBG in adolescents & adults. The pubertal decrease in SHBG is less pronounced in women.

Meiosis: Males & FemalesMale Female

Oocyte Populations

www.vet.ksu.edu/media/images/therio/ov-structures/02.jpg

Regressing Corpus Luteum

Preovulatory Follicle

www.aksonogram.com/images/ovary.jpg

sufw.com.au/assets/images/gallery/normal

%20ovary%20with%20follicle.jpg

anatomy.med.unsw.edu.au/cbl/embryo/Notes/images/week1/ovary/ovary.gif

Ovarian Anatomy

Developing Follicles

Corpus Luteum

Rat antral follicle, courtesy P. Bagavandoss.

Hormonal Cycles: LH, FSH, Estradiol, Progesterone

europe.obgyn.net/nederland/mp/overgang/images/overgang14x.gif

After a248.e.akamai.net/.../pubs/mmanual_home/ illus/i232_1.gif

Folliculogenesis

www.ohiorepromed.com/images/

normal_ovulation_detail.jpg

Ovulation

medweb.uni-muenster.de/ institute/gyn/forschung/projekte/ovulation.jpg

www.womenhealth.dsmu.edu.ua/infoline/ovulation.gif

www.nfpsoftware.com/ovul.gif

Granulosa Cell Metamorphosis & Corpus Luteum Formation

Coordinated Changes in Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, & Cervix

Vaginal Lining

Uterine Endometrium:Follicular/Proliferative Phase

Uterine Endometrium:Luteal/Secretory Phase

Fertilization

Female Contraceptive UseTubal ligation: 27.7% US, 39% Developing

Surgery, injected occlusives Hormones: 31.2% US, 15% Developing

Steroids (OCs, injectables, implants) LHRH antagonistsBarriers: 3.6% US, 0.3% Developing

Diaphragms, cervical capsFoams, gels, creams, sponges

IUDs: 0.8% US, 26% DevelopingMedicated, unmedicated

Withdrawal/Traditional: 3.0% US, 9% DevelopingPeriodic Abstinence 2.3% US, -- DevelopingVasectomy/Condoms 31.3% US, 12% Developing

1995 US data: L Piccino, W Mosher, Fam Plann Perspect 30:4-10,46 (1998); 1993 Developing world data: J Bongaarts, E Johnson, Stud Fam Plan 32:24 (2002).

Female Aging, Menopause, HRT

www.familydoctor.co.uk/htdocs/MENOPAUSE/MENOPAUSE03.jpg

press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/

estrogen/images/estrogen22.gif

FSH (IU/L) [Ranges may vary among labs.]<1-3 prepubertal 1-8 males 1-11 females; follicular and luteal phase 6-26 at ovulation 30-118 post-menopausal

www.md.ucl.ac.be/entites/mint/intr/hainaut/dossierprojet/dossierdocsem/menopause/i15.gif [Belgian Menopause Society]

Raloxifene, Tamoxifen (SERMs)

Low Fertility in Gainj vs Other Groups

How is prolactin controlled?

Courtesy of J Wood & D Holman.

GainjFemale Fertility

Constraints

Early pregnancy loss is common

Support from: NSF, Umass/Boston, Sandia National Labs, Hybritech, Quidel, Monoclonal Antibodies Inc.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Gainj ProjectThe Gainj PeopleRees MidgleyAl HermalinLora MyersJim WoodPat JohnsonIla Maslar Diana LaiSam Refetoff Peter SmousePeter HeywoodMichael AlpersBrian DavisonYan Ren Lynne ShintoDiane DrinkwaterDarryl HolmanBettina Shell

Related StudiesKathy O’ConnorCoralie MunroSusannah Barsom Ellie Brindle Cheryl StroudKai OrtonJodiann ThompsonYefim ProshchitskiyYelena FilipovaMatt LoprestiOliver SchultheissCheryl FrederickSteve MonfortMalcolm PottsDavid McClelland (dec)

Turkana ProjectAll Turkana SubjectsMike LittlePaul LeslieBen CampbellDhanesh DookhranKathy WhitemanAlexandra EvindarWilliam LukasSandra GrayJeanine QuigleyChristine Sekadde -KigonduLeah Kirumbi

(*in the lab at UMB)