BIO 121 – Molecular Cell Biology Lecture Section IV A. Cells in the Context of Tissue, Organ and...
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Transcript of BIO 121 – Molecular Cell Biology Lecture Section IV A. Cells in the Context of Tissue, Organ and...
BIO 121 – Molecular Cell Biology
Lecture Section IV
A. Cells in the Context of Tissue, Organ and Organismal Architecture
B. Wound Healing
1. Architecture of Epithelium• Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified, Transitional
• Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
• Ciliated or not
• Examples:– Small Intestine = Simple Columnar Epithelium– Trachea = Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium– Blood Vessel = Simple Squamous Epithelium– Skin = Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Structure equals Function
– Small Intestine: Simple Columnar Epithelium = absorption
– Trachea: Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium = filtering debris
– Blood Vessel: Simple Squamous Epithelium = gas exchange
– Skin: Stratified Squamous Epithelium = protective physical barrier
Function: 1. absorption of nutrients2. enzymatic digestion at neutral pH3. multiple defensive mechanisms
Simple,ColumnarEpithelium
Tracheal Epithelium
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
with Goblet Cells
1. Mucus traps dust and air-borne microorganisms
2. Ciliar waving gets rid of unwanted material
Differentiation and Direction of Movement in Epidermis
Cornification is the over-
production of cytokeratins, ECM and the adhesions to a degree that stops cellular metabolism.
Start out as cartilage models built by chondrocytes
Chondrocytes hypertrophy, calcify and die
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts finish up
Arteries, veinsLymphatic vesselsGastrointestinal tractRespiratory tractUrinary bladderReproductive tractUrinary tractIris of the eyeErector pili of skin
Clotting factor VII from the
blood contacts tissue factor on
cells in the damaged tissues to
activate clotting
.
Camacho A , Dimsdale J E Psychosom Med 2000;62:326-336©2000 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Platelet activation in the clot makes them sticky and releases their signal storage vesicles
Inflammation is a process mediated primarily by WBC as part of our innate immunity
- Resident mast cells and macrophages
- Recruited monocytes and neutrophils
Figure 1 Development and differentiation of macrophages.
Rickard A J , Young M J J Mol Endocrinol 2009;42:449-459
© 2011 Society for Endocrinology
Proliferation re-establishes tissue function
• Reconnection of the dermal connective tissue
• Integrity of the epidermal layers
• Re-establishment of blood flow
Cell Migration or “Crawling”• The Basic Mechanism
– Triggered by signals from outside the cell– Actin-myosin based movement– Requires attachments to outside to pull against– Gotta’ drag all of the cell contents along for the ride
Chemotaxis
Circumferential receptors
Rho-family GTPases (monomeric)
Rho-dependent kinases
1. Actin monomer nucleotide exchange 2. Actin fiber polymerization and disassembly 3. Myosin motor ATPase activity
Formation of the scar matrix1. glycosaminoglycans2. proteoglycans 3. fibrous proteins 4. elastic proteins
Model depicting α3β1-integrin-mediated functions of epidermis that contribute to wound healing.
Mitchell K et al. J Cell Sci 2009;122:1778-1787
©2009 by The Company of Biologists Ltd
Healing Abnormalities
• Failure to heal: Excessive Inflammation
• Excessive scarring: Wound Fibrosis– Hypertrophic Scarring– Keloid Scarring
Hypertrophic scars result from failed fibroblast contracture
Don’t extend beyond the original wound edge
Keloid scars result from excessive TGF-b receptors on fibroblasts
Extend to fibroblasts outside the wound