Bio 105: Cardiovascular System - Napa Valley College · The Cardiovascular System - Arteries Figure...

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Bio 105: Cardiovascular System

Lecture Packet 14

Reading: Chapter 12

Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education Inc. 1

Outline

• Functions of the cardiovascular system • Components of the cardiovascular system • Blood vessels • Heart • Regulation of the heartbeat • ECG/EKG • Blood Pressure • Circulatory Circuits • Cardiovascular diseases • Lymphatic System



Cardiovascular System

• Function of the cardiovascular system is to transport blood containing:

–Nutrients

–Waste

–Hormones

– Immune cells

–Oxygen


Cardiovascular System

• Consists of 3 components:

–Blood

–Heart

–Blood Vessels


The Heart and Lungs

Figure 12.7b


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The Cardiovascular System - Arteries

Figure 12.1 (2 of 2)

Arteries

• Carry blood away from heart

Carotid arteries

• Deliver blood to the head and the brain

Aorta

• Delivers blood to the body tissues

Pulmonary arteries

• Deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Coronary arteries

• Deliver blood to the heart muscle cells

Renal artery

• Delivers blood to the kidney

Iliac artery

• Delivers blood to pelvic organs and abdominal wall

Radial artery

• Delivers blood to the hand

Femoral artery

• Delivers blood to thigh and inner knee


The Cardiovascular System - Veins

Figure 12.1 (1 of 2)

Veins

• Carry blood back to the heart

Jugular veins

• Carry blood from head to the heart

Renal vein

• Carries blood from the kidney to the heart

Pulmonary veins

• Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Inferior vena cava

• Carries blood from the lower body back to the heart

Superior vena cava

• Carries blood from the upper body back to the heart

Iliac vein

• Carries blood from the pelvic organs and abdominal wall back to the heart

Radial vein

• Carries blood from the hand back to the heart

Femoral vein

• Carries blood from the thigh and inner knee back to the heart


Blood Vessels

• Lined with epithelial cells

• Layer of smooth muscle

–Vasoconstriction

–Vasodilation

• Covered with a layer of connective tissue

• Lumen = inside of the vessel

Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education Inc. 9 Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education Inc. 10

Blood Vessels

• Arteries

• Arterioles

• Capillaries

• Venules

• Veins


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Blood Vessels

• Arteries

–Always carry blood away from the heart and usually carry oxygen-rich blood

• Veins

–Always return blood to the heart and usually carry oxygen-poor blood


Blood Vessels

• Arterioles – Sphincter muscles

• Contract to reduce blood flow to the capillaries

• Dilate to increase blood flow to the capillaries

• Capillaries – Smallest vessels

– Components go from blood vessels to other tissues

– Do not have a smooth muscle layer


Review Question

• Can gas pass freely through the plasma membrane?


Blood Vessels - Capillaries

• RBCs stay in blood vessels

• Oxygen leaves RBCs and the capillaries into tissues –How does the O2 leave?

• Due to concentration gradient

• There is more oxygen in the capillaries than in the tissues

• Blood flow = slow


The Blood Vessels

Figure 12.2


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Blood Vessels

Figure 12.4b


Blood Vessels

Figure 12.4a


Capillaries

Figure 12.3c


Capillaries

Figure 12.3a

Capillary cell

To tissue cells

Slit between cells

Nucleus

Red blood cell

(a) Substances are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid across the plasma membrane of the capillary or through slits between capillary cells.


Capillaries

Figure 12.3b


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Review Question

• Do RBCs leave the capillaries?


Blood Vessels - Capillaries

• Pressures and Their Effects

–At arterial end of the capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue

–At venous end, osmotic pressure draws fluid back into the vessel from the tissue

–Diffusion is the pressure that draws gases across the capillary


Blood Vessels

• Arteries

–Aorta

–Arterioles

• Capillaries

• Veins

–Vena Cava

–Venules


The Heart

Figure 12.10a

Inferior vena cava

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary trunk

Aorta

Right coronary

vein

Right coronary

artery

Left coronary artery

Left coronary vein

(a)

Pulmonary veins


The Heart

Figure 12.7d

Superior vena cava Aorta

Right pulmonary

arteries

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Right atrium

Right pulmonary

veins

Right atrioventricular

valve (tricuspid valve)

Chordae tendineae

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Left pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary trunk

Left pulmonary veins

Left atrium

Aortic semilunar valve (hidden from view)

Left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve)

Left ventricle

Myocardium

Endocardium

Pericardium

Septum (d) Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education Inc. 29

The Heart

• Composed of 4 chambers –2 Atria

• Thin-walled upper chambers that serve as reservoirs for blood

–2 Ventricles • Thick-walled lower chambers powering the

pulmonary and systemic circuits

– Septum • Separates right and left sides of the heart


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The Heart

• Valves – keep blood moving forward

–2 Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

• Between atria and ventricles

• Make a “LUB” sound when closing

–2 Semilunar (SL) Valves

• Base of major arteries

• Make a “DUB” sound when closing


The Heart Valves

Figure 12.8


The Heart

• Pericardium – Thick membranous sac – Surrounding the heart – Secretes serous fluid

• Myocardium – Cardiac muscle tissue – Contracts to pump blood

• Endocardium – Lines the interior of the heart


The Heart

Figure 12.7a


The Heart

Figure 12.7c

Oxygen-rich blood

(to body)

Oxygen-poor blood (to lungs)

Oxygen-rich blood (from lungs)

Oxygen-poor blood

(from body cells) (c) Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education Inc. 35

The Heart – Blood Flow • Superior & Inferior Vena Cava (O2-poor) • Right Atrium • Tricuspid (AV) Valve • Right Ventricle • Pulmonary (SL) Valve • Pulmonary Arteries • LUNGS • Pulmonary Veins (O2-rich) • Left Atrium • Mitral (AV) Valve • Left Ventricle • Aortic (SL) Valve • Aorta • Rest of body tissues


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Cardiac Cycle

• One complete heart beat

–Both atria contract simultaneously

– Followed by both ventricles contracting simultaneously

• Systole: when ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart

• Diastole: when ventricles relax and receive blood from atria


Heartbeat Regulation - Intrinsic

• Intrinsic Control

– Sinoatrial (SA) node

• Pacemaker

• Initiates the heartbeat

• Causes atria to contract

–Atrioventricular (AV) node

• Causes the ventricles to contract


Heartbeat Regulation - Intrinsic

• AV node

–Relays the message to the ventricles

–Uses specialized bundles of muscle cells

–Atrioventricular bundle

• Bundle divides into smaller bundles

• Purkinje fibers


Regulation of the Heartbeat

Figure 12.12 (1 of 5)



Figure 12.12 (2 of 5)



Figure 12.12 (3 of 5)


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Figure 12.12 (4 of 5)



Figure 12.12 (5 of 5)


Review Question

• When the ventricles contract, which valves are closed?

a) AV valves

b) SL valves


Heartbeat Regulation - Extrinsic

• Autonomic Nervous System

– Sympathetic VS Parasympathetic

• Endocrine System

–Hormones can modify the rate of the heartbeat

– Ex. Epinephrine


Review Question

• Which part of the autonomic nervous system controls the heart most of the time?

a) Sympathetic

b) Parasympathetic


Recording the Heartbeat

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

–Recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle


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ECG/EKG

• Typical ECG has 3 distinguishable waves

–P wave: Atrial depolarization

–QRS wave: Ventricular depolarization

– T wave: Ventricular repolarization


The ECG/EKG

Figure 12.13b


Pulse

• As heart pumps blood into the arteries they expand

–Palpable as the “pulse”

–Pulse rate = Heart rate


Pulse

5-15 Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education Inc. 52

Blood Pressure

• 2 types of BP

– Systolic

• When the ventricles contract, sending blood into the arteries

–Diastolic

• When the heart relaxes between beats


Review Question

• When would blood pressure (BP) be the highest?

a) Systolic

b) Diastolic


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Blood Pressure

• Measured with a Sphygmomanometer

• Can provide early identification of hypertension (high blood pressure)

– aka the silent killer


Blood pressure

Figure 12.14 (1 of 2)


Cardiovascular Disease Is a Major Killer in the United States

Figure 12.14 (2 of 2)


Values of blood pressure in adults


Blood Flow

• In arteries – From the blood pressure due to the heart

pumping

• In veins – Very low

– Dependent on • Skeletal muscle contraction

• One-way valves

• Respiratory movements


One way valves in veins

Figure 12.6a


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One way valves in veins

Figure 12.6b

Valve closed

Valve open

Relaxed calf

muscles

Skeletal muscles relax, and blood fills the valves and closes them.

Muscle contraction squeezes the vein, pushing blood through the open valve toward the heart.

Valve closed

Contracted calf

muscles

(b)


Cardiovascular System Circuits

• 2 Circuits

–Pulmonary

• Flow of blood from the heart lungs heart

• Powered by right ventricle

– Systemic

• Flow of blood from the heart body heart

• Powered by left ventricle


Pulmonary Circuit

• Pulmonary Arteries

–Carry O2-poor blood

–Go from heart Lungs

• Pulmonary Veins

–Carry O2-rich blood

–Go from lungs Left atrium (Heart)


Systemic Circuit

• Aorta

–Carry O2-rich blood

–Go from heart Body

• Vena Cava

–Carry O2-poor blood

–Go from body Right atrium (Heart)


Systemic Circuit

• Renal Circuit

– Supplies blood to the kidneys

• Hepatic portal Circuit

– Supplies blood to the digestive organs

– Especially the liver

• Coronary Circuit


Systemic Circuit – Coronary

• Supplies blood to the heart muscle

• Coronary Arteries

–Branch off the aorta

–Can become clogged bypass surgery

• Coronary Veins

–Return blood to the heart


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Coronary Circuit

Figure 12.10a

Inferior vena cava

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary trunk

Aorta

Right coronary

vein

Right coronary

artery

Left coronary artery

Left coronary vein

(a)

Pulmonary veins


Coronary Circuit

Figure 12.10b


Review Questions

• What type of pressure draws fluid back into the capillaries?

• Blood flow in veins is dependent upon one-way valves, respiratory movements and __________ .

• When ventricles relax and receive blood from the atria it is called _________ .


Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

• High blood pressure

• Atherosclerosis and Coronary artery disease

• Heart attack

• Thromboembolism

• Stroke

• Aneurism


High Blood Pressure

• Hypertension

• Causes

–90% no known cause

–Kidney – sodium concentration

– Stress

–Obesity


High Blood Pressure

• High BP

–heart works harder

•heart failure, kidney problems, blood vessel problems and death

• Prevention – Lower salt intake, weight loss, stop

smoking


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Atherosclerosis

• Narrowing of the arteries due to fatty deposits and thickening of the wall

• Can lead to

–Heart attack

– Stroke

• Coronary artery disease

–Arteries of the heart muscle


Atherosclerosis

• Lipoproteins

–Carry cholesterol in the blood

–2 kinds

• LDL

• HDL


Atherosclerosis Coronary Artery Blockage

• Oxidative stress LDL damage

–Damaged LDL gets stuck in these coronary arteries

• Oxidized material builds up & reduces flow of blood to the heart

• Inflammation can also narrow vessels


Atherosclerosis

Figure 12.16a


Atherosclerosis

Figure 12.16b


Atherosclerosis

Figure 12.16c


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Atherosclerosis Coronary Artery Blockage

• Angiography – used to show disease

• Treatments

–Medicine

– Surgical operations

• Angioplasty

• Coronary bypass surgery

• Pages 234-236


Angioplasty + a stent

Figure 12.17


Coronary Bypass

Figure 12.18


Heart Attack

• Myocardial infarction

• Insufficient blood supply during a heart attack heart muscle death replaced by scar tissue

• Can be caused by coronary artery blockage


Thromboembolism

• Clot forms in blood vessel

• Breaks free and moves to another vessel via the blood stream

• Blocks blood flow at new location

• Can cause a stroke


Stroke

• Cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked

• Reduces blood supply to an area of the brain

• Portion of the brain dies

–Paralysis

–Death


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Stroke Symptoms

• FAST • Face: Ask the person to smile. Does one side

of the face droop? • Arms: Ask the person to raise both arms.

Does one arm drift downward? • Speech: Ask the person to repeat a simple

phrase. Is their speech slurred or strange? • Time: If observe any of the above signs call

911 immediatly


Aneurysm

• Weak spot in a blood vessel where it balloons out

• May rupture

• Brain stroke

• Aorta death


Lymphatic System Functions

1) Return interstitial fluid from tissues to the blood stream

2) Transport products of fat digestion – lacteals

3) Defend the body against disease causing organisms and abnormal cells


The Lymphatic System

Figure 12.21 (1 of 2)

Anchoring filaments

Interstitial fluid

enters

Endothelium

Flaplike minivalve

Tissue cells


Components of the Lymphatic System

• Lymph

• Lymphatic vessels

– Including lacteals

• Lymphoid organs

– Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow, Tonsils


The Lymphatic System

Figure 12.22a

Tonsils

• Protect the throat against bacteria and foreign agents

Right lymphatic duct

• Returns the lymph from the upper part of body to the blood Thymus

• Site where T lymphocytes mature, enabling them to fight specific disease-causing organisms Thoracic duct

• Returns lymph from most of the body to the blood Spleen

• Site of lymphocyte production • Removes old red blood cells, foreign debris, and microorganisms from the blood

Lymph vessels

• Return excess interstitial fluid to the blood • Some transport products of fat digestion to the blood

Lymph nodes

• Filter lymph before returning it to the blood • Contain lymphocytes and macrophages that defend against disease-causing organisms

(a) The lymphatic system returns the fluid to the bloodstream that previously left the capillaries to bathe the cells, protects against disease-causing organisms, and transports products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the bloodstream.


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Lymphoid Organs

• Lymph Nodes

–Cleanse lymph of debris and pathogens

– Store lymphocytes and macrophages

• Spleen

–Cleanses the blood

–Removes old blood cells


Lymphoid Organs

• Red bone marrow

–Produces both B cells and T cells

• Thymus Gland

– T cells mature

• Tonsils

–Recognize infectious agents entering the body


Lymph Node

Figure 12.22b


Review Questions

• What vessels always carry blood away from the heart?

• What are the small blood vessels where the oxygen transfers into the tissues and carbon dioxide is taken up?

• What are the small lymphatic vessels where the fat is absorbed from the digestive tract?


Important Concepts

• What are the functions of the circulatory system?

• What are the components of the circulatory system?

• What are the components of the blood vessel and their functions?

• What would the cross section of a vein, artery and capillary look like?


Important Concepts

• What is the path of blood through the body? (starting at when it leaves the heart through the aorta)

• How do arterioles effect blood pressure?

• What pressures cause fluid to enter and leave the capillaries?

• What pressure causes gasses to enter and leave the capillaries?


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Important Concepts

• Be able to describe in detail the transport of fluid, gases, nutrients and waste across the capillaries.

• What is the function of capillaries?

• What are the chambers of the heart?

–Which are lower chambers?

–Which are more muscular chambers?


Important Concepts

• What cavity is the heart located in?

• What is the path of the blood through the heart?

• Be able to describe the cardiac cycle.

• What are the valves in the heart? –Where are they located?

–When are they opened?

–When are they closed?


Important Concepts

• How is the heartbeat regulated? Include both intrinsic and extrinsic controls

• What records the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle?

• What are the 3 waves on the ECG? –Be able to describe the events that happen

during each of the waves


Important Concepts

• What measures blood pressure?

• What causes blood to flow in the arteries and in the veins?

• What are the pulmonary, systemic renal, hepatic renal and coronary circuits?

–What tissues do they go to?


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Important Concepts

• What is the function of the aorta?

• What is the function of the vena cava?

• What is the function of the pulmonary arteries?

• What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

• What is the function of the coronary arteries?

• What is the function of the coronary veins?


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Important Concepts

• What is the role of LDL and HDL in coronary artery disease?

• What are the causes and effects of the cardiovascular diseases discussed

• How can you prevent high blood pressure?


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Important Concepts

• What are 2 treatments of coronary artery blockage?

• How is coronary artery blockage detected?

• What are the functions of the lymphatic system?


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Important Concepts

• What are the components of the lymphatic system and their functions?

• What are lacteals and what is their function?

• What causes fluids to travel through lymphatic vessels?


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Definitions • Lumen • Vasoconstriction • Vasodilation • Osmotic pressure • Blood pressure • Low density

lipoprotein (LDL) • High density

lipoprotein (HDL) • Septum • Capillaries • Arteries • Veins • Arteriole • Venule

• Vena cava • Aorta • Sinoatrial node (SA) • Atrioventricular

node (AV) • Pericardium • Myocardium • Endocardium • Cardiac cycle • Systole • Diastole • Atrioventricular

bundle • Purkinje fibers • Extrinsic control

• Intrinsic control • Electrocardiogram • Pulse • Systolic pressure • Diastolic pressure • Sphygmomanomete

r • Coronary arteries • Renal Circuit • Hepatic portal

circuit • Coronary circuit • Hypertension • Interstitial fluid • Lacteal


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The End

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