1. Describe the methods of science, plan and conduct an experiment, publish or present your findings. 2. Explain what is meant by a scientific theory. How does this differ from a Law or the way "theory" is used in

everyday language. Why is evolution considered a unifying theory? 3. What are the limitations of science? What subjects are outside the realm of science? How is logical thought

applied to scientific method. 4. Define the characteristics of life, and how those traits can be applied to unknown objects. 5. Explain how life maintains a high degree of organization (cell --> population --> biosphere) 6. Discuss how taxonomy is used to organize and study organisms found in the natural world. What are the six

kingdoms and what are their main traits? How are species named? *Key terms* Domain Etymology Adaptation Homeostasis Biodiversity Protostome versus Deuterostome Bilateral versus Radial Symmetry Phylogenetic Tree (Phylogeny) Emergent Property 7. Identify the basic elements of living organisms, review the periodic table (atomic mass, atomic number, isotope,

isomer) 8. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds; list the four macromolecules important to life 9. Describe water's unique properties and how those properties are essential for life on the planet 10. Understand the pH scale, redox reactions, hydrolysis and deyhdration reactions 11. Explain how the laws of thermodynamics apply to biological systems. 12. Investigate enzyme structure and function; describe how enzymes work using models and discuss how reaction

rates can be affected by temperature and pH.

Describe an experiment that would test the reaction rate of an enzyme.

Chapter 1

Overview: Inquiring About Life

Organisms are adapted to the environments they live in.

These adaptations are the result of evolution, the fundamental organizing principle of biology and the core

theme of this book.

Posing questions about the living world and seeking science-based answers are the central activities of biology,

the scientific study of life.

Biologists ask a wide variety of ambitious questions.

They may ask how a single cell becomes a tree or a dog, how the human mind works, or how the living things

in a forest interact.

Biologists can help answer questions that affect our lives in practical ways.

What is life?

The phenomenon of life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.

We recognize life by what living things do.

Concept 1.1 The themes of this book make connections across different areas of biology.

Theme 1: New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy.

Reductionism is a powerful strategy in biology.

Theme 2: Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment.

Theme 3: Life requires energy transfer and transformation.

Theme 4: Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization.

Theme 5: Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function.

Theme 6: The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA.

The library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome.

Theme 7: Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems.

Theme 8: Evolution is the overarching theme of biology.

Concept 1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life.

Living things show both diversity and unity.

there are three even higher levels of classification: the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

The first two domains, domain Bacteria and domain Archaea, consist of prokaryotes.

Most prokaryotes are single-celled and microscopic.

All the eukaryotes are now grouped in domain Eukarya.

Domain Eukarya includes the three kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia,

distinguished partly by their modes of nutrition.

Concept 1.3 In studying nature, scientists make observations and then form and test hypotheses.

Scientists plan careful observations.

Observations can lead to important conclusions based on inductive reasoning.

A type of logic called deduction is built into hypothesis-based science.

We can explore the scientific method.

Concept 1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints

Both science and technology are functions of society.

Diverse viewpoints have value in science.

1. All of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT:

a) starch

b) glycogen

c) chitin

d) cholesterol

2. The structure contains which functional group

a) aldehyde

b) ketone

c) amino

d) carboxyl

3. Fatty acids that are unsaturated have:

a) an amino group

b) a double bond

c) an excess of protons

d) a carboxyl group

4. The structure below is a:

a) monosaccharide

b) disaccharide

c) lipid

d) polymer

5. Which of the following can have a quaternary structure?

a) fatty acid

b) protein

c) polysaccharide

d) DNA

6. An organic compound is one that:

a) contains carbon

b) is slightly acidic

c) forms long chains

d) is soluble in water

7. Which of the following elements is the LEAST abundant in living organisms?

a) oxygen

b) nitrogen

c) phosphorous

d) sodium

8. Which of the following is used in PET scans?

a) uranium

b) ions

c) isotopes

d) steroids

9. Carbon can form ___ separate bonds with other elements?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

10. The cohesion of water is caused by:

a) ionic bonds

b) hydrophobic compounds

c) hydrogen bonds

d) covalent bondsGoals of the Unit

Chapter 2

Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology

Living organisms and the world they live in are subject to the basic laws of physics and chemistry.

Biology is a multidisciplinary science, drawing on insights from other sciences.

Life can be organized into a hierarchy of structural levels.

o Atoms are organized into molecules, and molecules are organized into cells.

o At each successive level, additional emergent properties appear.

o Somewhere in the transition from molecules to cells, we go from nonlife to life.

Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds

Matter

element

compound

Twenty-five chemical elements are essential for life.

Concept 2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atom

Neutrons

Protons

Electrons

Atomic nucleus

Dalton

Atomic number

mass number

atomic mass

isotopes.

Electron configuration influences the chemical behavior of an atom.

electron shells.

o The first shell, closest to the nucleus, has the lowest potential energy.

o Electrons in outer shells have higher potential energy.

Valence shell

Valence electrons

Concept 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms

Chemical bonds

Covalent bond

Molecule

Single bond

Double covalent bond

Electronegativity

Nonpolar covalent bond

Polar covalent bond

Ionic bond

Ions

cations

Anions

Ionic compounds

Salts

Weak chemical bonds play important roles in the chemistry of life.

Hydrogen bonds

van der Waals interactions.

A molecule’s biological function is related to its shape.

Concept 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

Chapter 3

Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life

Because water is the substance that makes life possible on Earth, astronomers hope to find evidence of water on

newly discovered planets orbiting distant stars.

Water is the substance that makes life on Earth possible.

All organisms are made mostly of water and live in an environment dominated by water.

Water is the only common substance in the natural environment that exists in all three physical states

of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.

Water is also unusual in that the solid state (ice) floats on the liquid state (water). This rare and

important property emerges from the chemistry of water.

Three-quarters of Earth’s surface is covered by water.

Life on Earth began in water and evolved there for 3 billion years before colonizing land.

Even terrestrial organisms are tied to water.

Most cells are surrounded by water.

Cells are 70–95% water.

Water is a reactant in many of the chemical reactions of life.

Concept 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding

polar molecule

Concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life

Organisms depend on the cohesion of water molecules.

cohesion.

Adhesion

Surface tension

Water moderates temperatures on Earth.

kinetic energy

Heat

Temperature

Water has a high specific heat.

specific heat

Water’s high heat of vaporization has many effects.

o Water’s high heat of vaporization moderates climate.

o Much of the sun’s heat absorbed by tropical oceans is used for the evaporation of surface water.

o As moist tropical air moves to the poles, water vapor condenses to form rain, releasing heat.

o evaporative cooling.

Oceans and lakes don’t freeze solid because ice floats on water.

Ice floating on water has important consequences for life.

o If ice sank, eventually all ponds, lakes, and even oceans would freeze solid.

o During the summer, only the upper few centimeters of oceans would thaw.

o Instead, the surface layer of ice insulates the liquid water below, preventing it from freezing and

allowing life to exist under the frozen surface.

o Ice also provides solid habitat for Arctic animals like polar bears and seals.

Water is the solvent of life.

Solution

o Solvent

o Solute

Aqueous solution

o hydrophilic

o hydrophobic

o molarity.

Concept 3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms

o hydrogen ion (H+).

o hydroxide ion (OH−).

o hydronium ion (H3O+).

H2O H+ + OH

-

The pH scale is used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is.

acid

base.

pH

Organisms are sensitive to changes in pH.

Buffers resist changes in the pH of a solution when H+ or OH

− is added to the solution.

a. Buffers accept hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donate hydrogen ions

when they have been depleted.

b. Buffers typically consist of a weak acid and its corresponding base.

c. One important buffer in human blood and other biological solutions is carbonic acid (H2CO3),

formed when CO2 reacts with water in blood plasma.

Carbonic acid dissociates to yield a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H

+).

The chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate acts as a pH regulator.

The equilibrium shifts left or right as other metabolic processes add or remove H+ from the solution.

Acidification of rivers, lakes, seas, and rain threatens the environment.

Chapter 4

Overview: Carbon—The Backbone of Life

Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest consists of mostly carbon-based compounds.

Carbon enters the biosphere when photosynthetic organisms use the sun’s energy to transform

CO2 into organic molecules, which are taken in by plant-eating animals.

Carbon accounts for the diversity of biological molecules, which has made possible the wide

variety of living things.

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter from inorganic

material are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to atoms of other elements.

◦ These other elements commonly include hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S),

and phosphorus (P).

Concept 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

vitalism

Stanley Miller

Concept 4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms

Molecular diversity arises from variations in the carbon skeleton.

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and,

therefore, different chemical properties.

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of

atoms.

Cis-trans isomers have the same covalent partnerships but differ in the spatial arrangement of

atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond.

Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of each other.

Concept 4.3 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules

functional groups

A hydroxyl group (—OH

A carbonyl group (>C=O)

aldehyde.

ketone.

A carboxyl group (—C=OOH)

An amino group (—NH2)

A sulfhydryl group (—SH) thiols.

A phosphate group (—OPO32−

)

ATP is an important source of energy for cellular processes.

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, Chapter 5

Overview: The Molecules of Life

Within all cells, small organic molecules are joined together to form larger molecules.

All living things are made up of four main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,

and nucleic acids.

These large macromolecules may consist of thousands of covalently bonded atoms, some with mass

greater than 100,000 daltons.

Biochemists have determined the detailed structures of many macromolecules, which exhibit unique

emergent properties arising from the orderly arrangement of their atoms.

Concept 5.1 Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers

dehydration reaction.

hydrolysis,

An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small number of monomers.

Concept 5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material

Carbohydrates

Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel and a source of carbon.

Monosaccharides

glycosidic linkage

disaccharide

Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles.

Polysaccharides.

Starch

glycogen.

Cellulose

Concept 5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

Fats store large amounts of energy.

saturated fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid.

Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes.

Steroids include cholesterol and certain hormones.

Steroids

Cholesterol

Concept 5.4 Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

polypeptides.

protein

Amino acids are the monomers from which proteins are constructed.

Amino acids

peptide bond.

Repeating the process over and over creates a polypeptide chain.

○ At one end is an amino acid with a free amino group (the N-terminus), and at the other end is an

amino acid with a free carboxyl group (the C-terminus).

Polypeptides range in size from a few monomers to thousands.

Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids.

Scientists have determined the amino acid sequences of polypeptides.

Protein conformation determines protein function.

primary structure

secondary structure

helix,

pleated sheet.

Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various R groups.

○ These interactions include hydrogen bonds between polar and/or charged areas, ionic bonds

between charged R groups, and hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions

among hydrophobic R groups.

Quaternary structure

Concept 5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

There are two types of nucleic acids: RNA and DNA.

ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A nucleic acid strand is a polymer of nucleotides.

nucleotide

Pyrimidines have a single six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

There are three different pyrimidines: cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

Thymine is found only in DNA and uracil is found only in RNA.

Purines have a six-membered ring joined to a five-membered ring.

The two purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G).

ribose

deoxyribose

Inheritance is based on replication of the DNA double helix.

We can use DNA and proteins as tape measures of evolution.

WORD BANK

Amino acids, animals, Carbohydrates, Cell membrane, Cholesterol, DNA, Disaccharide, Egg yolk, Energy storage, Enzymes, Fats, Fatty acid, Fructose, Glucose, Glycogen, Hemoglobin, Hormones, Insulin, Lactose, Lipids, Monosaccharide, Nitrogen Base, Nucleotide, Nucleic Acids, Phosphate Group, Phospholipid, Plants, Polypeptides, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Saturated, Starch, Steroids, Sucrose, Unsaturated, 4 rings of carbon, 5 carbon sugar