Bill

bull Explain how a nerve impulse passes through a neuron

bull Resting potential creates electrical chemical gradient between external and internal environments of neuron creating membrane potential

bull Depolarization occurs where Na and K ions diffuse in and out of membrane channels creating nerve impulse

bull Self-propagating action travels down the axonbull Repolarization occurs where charges return to resting statebull Refractory period- when neuron cannot carry another nerve

impulse until fully returned to resting potential

Topic 65Endocrine System

IB Biology II Van Roekel

657 ndash 6512 Statementsbull 657 State that the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormonesbull that are transported in the blood

bull 658 State that homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environmentbull between limits including blood pH carbon dioxide concentration bloodbull glucose concentration body temperature and water balance

bull 659 Explain that homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables andbull correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanisms

bull 6510 Explain the control of body temperature including the transfer of heat inbull blood and the roles of the hypothalamus sweat glands skin arterioles andbull shivering

bull 6511 Explain the control of blood glucose concentration including the roles ofbull glucagon insulin and 1048576 and 1048576 cells in the pancreatic islets

bull 6512 Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes

Endocrine System

bull Nervous System (autonomic nervous system) and endocrine system work closely together in order to maintain homeostasis

bull Endocrine System consists of all an animalrsquos hormone secreting cells and glands

bull Endocrine Glands called ductless glands because they secrete chemical messengers directly into body fluids

bull Hormones chemical signals formed in specialized cells that travel through body fluids and coordinate various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells

Hormones

bull Two types of signalingbull Hormones penetrate

cell membrane and bind to receptor protein inside cell

bull Acts as transcription factor and changes gene expression

Lipid-solublehormone(testosterone) 1

Targetcell

Nucleus

Receptorprotein

2

DNA

Hormone-receptorcomplex

3

mRNA

Transcription

Newprotein

Cellular responseactivation of a gene andsynthesis of new protein

4

Plasmamembrane

Receptorprotein

Water-solublehormone(epinephrine)

2

Signaltransductionpathway

Relaymolecules

1

Targetcell

Hormone

bull Hormones bind to external protein receptor triggering a signal-transduction pathway

bull Can result in either change in gene expression or cytoplasmic activity

Bill

bull What are the two types of signaling pathways we see used with hormones

bull Internal- hormones diffuse through cell membrane and bind to intracellular protein receptor Change gene expressionprotein production

bull External signaling- hormones bind to external protein receptor and trigger signal transduction pathway Can alter cytoplasmic activity or gene expression

Homeostasis

bull Human Body has adapted several mechanisms to deal with homeostasis (maintaining balance)

bull Uses negative feedback mechanisms (physiological changes that bring a value back closer to a set point) to maintain homeostasisndash so if levels vary too far a series of steps occurs to return it to normal

bull Body must controlndash blood pHndash carbon dioxide concentrationndash blood glucose concentrationndash body temperaturendash water balance within tissues

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Topic 65Endocrine System

IB Biology II Van Roekel

657 ndash 6512 Statementsbull 657 State that the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormonesbull that are transported in the blood

bull 658 State that homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environmentbull between limits including blood pH carbon dioxide concentration bloodbull glucose concentration body temperature and water balance

bull 659 Explain that homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables andbull correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanisms

bull 6510 Explain the control of body temperature including the transfer of heat inbull blood and the roles of the hypothalamus sweat glands skin arterioles andbull shivering

bull 6511 Explain the control of blood glucose concentration including the roles ofbull glucagon insulin and 1048576 and 1048576 cells in the pancreatic islets

bull 6512 Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes

Endocrine System

bull Nervous System (autonomic nervous system) and endocrine system work closely together in order to maintain homeostasis

bull Endocrine System consists of all an animalrsquos hormone secreting cells and glands

bull Endocrine Glands called ductless glands because they secrete chemical messengers directly into body fluids

bull Hormones chemical signals formed in specialized cells that travel through body fluids and coordinate various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells

Hormones

bull Two types of signalingbull Hormones penetrate

cell membrane and bind to receptor protein inside cell

bull Acts as transcription factor and changes gene expression

Lipid-solublehormone(testosterone) 1

Targetcell

Nucleus

Receptorprotein

2

DNA

Hormone-receptorcomplex

3

mRNA

Transcription

Newprotein

Cellular responseactivation of a gene andsynthesis of new protein

4

Plasmamembrane

Receptorprotein

Water-solublehormone(epinephrine)

2

Signaltransductionpathway

Relaymolecules

1

Targetcell

Hormone

bull Hormones bind to external protein receptor triggering a signal-transduction pathway

bull Can result in either change in gene expression or cytoplasmic activity

Bill

bull What are the two types of signaling pathways we see used with hormones

bull Internal- hormones diffuse through cell membrane and bind to intracellular protein receptor Change gene expressionprotein production

bull External signaling- hormones bind to external protein receptor and trigger signal transduction pathway Can alter cytoplasmic activity or gene expression

Homeostasis

bull Human Body has adapted several mechanisms to deal with homeostasis (maintaining balance)

bull Uses negative feedback mechanisms (physiological changes that bring a value back closer to a set point) to maintain homeostasisndash so if levels vary too far a series of steps occurs to return it to normal

bull Body must controlndash blood pHndash carbon dioxide concentrationndash blood glucose concentrationndash body temperaturendash water balance within tissues

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

657 ndash 6512 Statementsbull 657 State that the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormonesbull that are transported in the blood

bull 658 State that homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environmentbull between limits including blood pH carbon dioxide concentration bloodbull glucose concentration body temperature and water balance

bull 659 Explain that homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables andbull correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanisms

bull 6510 Explain the control of body temperature including the transfer of heat inbull blood and the roles of the hypothalamus sweat glands skin arterioles andbull shivering

bull 6511 Explain the control of blood glucose concentration including the roles ofbull glucagon insulin and 1048576 and 1048576 cells in the pancreatic islets

bull 6512 Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes

Endocrine System

bull Nervous System (autonomic nervous system) and endocrine system work closely together in order to maintain homeostasis

bull Endocrine System consists of all an animalrsquos hormone secreting cells and glands

bull Endocrine Glands called ductless glands because they secrete chemical messengers directly into body fluids

bull Hormones chemical signals formed in specialized cells that travel through body fluids and coordinate various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells

Hormones

bull Two types of signalingbull Hormones penetrate

cell membrane and bind to receptor protein inside cell

bull Acts as transcription factor and changes gene expression

Lipid-solublehormone(testosterone) 1

Targetcell

Nucleus

Receptorprotein

2

DNA

Hormone-receptorcomplex

3

mRNA

Transcription

Newprotein

Cellular responseactivation of a gene andsynthesis of new protein

4

Plasmamembrane

Receptorprotein

Water-solublehormone(epinephrine)

2

Signaltransductionpathway

Relaymolecules

1

Targetcell

Hormone

bull Hormones bind to external protein receptor triggering a signal-transduction pathway

bull Can result in either change in gene expression or cytoplasmic activity

Bill

bull What are the two types of signaling pathways we see used with hormones

bull Internal- hormones diffuse through cell membrane and bind to intracellular protein receptor Change gene expressionprotein production

bull External signaling- hormones bind to external protein receptor and trigger signal transduction pathway Can alter cytoplasmic activity or gene expression

Homeostasis

bull Human Body has adapted several mechanisms to deal with homeostasis (maintaining balance)

bull Uses negative feedback mechanisms (physiological changes that bring a value back closer to a set point) to maintain homeostasisndash so if levels vary too far a series of steps occurs to return it to normal

bull Body must controlndash blood pHndash carbon dioxide concentrationndash blood glucose concentrationndash body temperaturendash water balance within tissues

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Endocrine System

bull Nervous System (autonomic nervous system) and endocrine system work closely together in order to maintain homeostasis

bull Endocrine System consists of all an animalrsquos hormone secreting cells and glands

bull Endocrine Glands called ductless glands because they secrete chemical messengers directly into body fluids

bull Hormones chemical signals formed in specialized cells that travel through body fluids and coordinate various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells

Hormones

bull Two types of signalingbull Hormones penetrate

cell membrane and bind to receptor protein inside cell

bull Acts as transcription factor and changes gene expression

Lipid-solublehormone(testosterone) 1

Targetcell

Nucleus

Receptorprotein

2

DNA

Hormone-receptorcomplex

3

mRNA

Transcription

Newprotein

Cellular responseactivation of a gene andsynthesis of new protein

4

Plasmamembrane

Receptorprotein

Water-solublehormone(epinephrine)

2

Signaltransductionpathway

Relaymolecules

1

Targetcell

Hormone

bull Hormones bind to external protein receptor triggering a signal-transduction pathway

bull Can result in either change in gene expression or cytoplasmic activity

Bill

bull What are the two types of signaling pathways we see used with hormones

bull Internal- hormones diffuse through cell membrane and bind to intracellular protein receptor Change gene expressionprotein production

bull External signaling- hormones bind to external protein receptor and trigger signal transduction pathway Can alter cytoplasmic activity or gene expression

Homeostasis

bull Human Body has adapted several mechanisms to deal with homeostasis (maintaining balance)

bull Uses negative feedback mechanisms (physiological changes that bring a value back closer to a set point) to maintain homeostasisndash so if levels vary too far a series of steps occurs to return it to normal

bull Body must controlndash blood pHndash carbon dioxide concentrationndash blood glucose concentrationndash body temperaturendash water balance within tissues

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Hormones

bull Two types of signalingbull Hormones penetrate

cell membrane and bind to receptor protein inside cell

bull Acts as transcription factor and changes gene expression

Lipid-solublehormone(testosterone) 1

Targetcell

Nucleus

Receptorprotein

2

DNA

Hormone-receptorcomplex

3

mRNA

Transcription

Newprotein

Cellular responseactivation of a gene andsynthesis of new protein

4

Plasmamembrane

Receptorprotein

Water-solublehormone(epinephrine)

2

Signaltransductionpathway

Relaymolecules

1

Targetcell

Hormone

bull Hormones bind to external protein receptor triggering a signal-transduction pathway

bull Can result in either change in gene expression or cytoplasmic activity

Bill

bull What are the two types of signaling pathways we see used with hormones

bull Internal- hormones diffuse through cell membrane and bind to intracellular protein receptor Change gene expressionprotein production

bull External signaling- hormones bind to external protein receptor and trigger signal transduction pathway Can alter cytoplasmic activity or gene expression

Homeostasis

bull Human Body has adapted several mechanisms to deal with homeostasis (maintaining balance)

bull Uses negative feedback mechanisms (physiological changes that bring a value back closer to a set point) to maintain homeostasisndash so if levels vary too far a series of steps occurs to return it to normal

bull Body must controlndash blood pHndash carbon dioxide concentrationndash blood glucose concentrationndash body temperaturendash water balance within tissues

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Plasmamembrane

Receptorprotein

Water-solublehormone(epinephrine)

2

Signaltransductionpathway

Relaymolecules

1

Targetcell

Hormone

bull Hormones bind to external protein receptor triggering a signal-transduction pathway

bull Can result in either change in gene expression or cytoplasmic activity

Bill

bull What are the two types of signaling pathways we see used with hormones

bull Internal- hormones diffuse through cell membrane and bind to intracellular protein receptor Change gene expressionprotein production

bull External signaling- hormones bind to external protein receptor and trigger signal transduction pathway Can alter cytoplasmic activity or gene expression

Homeostasis

bull Human Body has adapted several mechanisms to deal with homeostasis (maintaining balance)

bull Uses negative feedback mechanisms (physiological changes that bring a value back closer to a set point) to maintain homeostasisndash so if levels vary too far a series of steps occurs to return it to normal

bull Body must controlndash blood pHndash carbon dioxide concentrationndash blood glucose concentrationndash body temperaturendash water balance within tissues

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Bill

bull What are the two types of signaling pathways we see used with hormones

bull Internal- hormones diffuse through cell membrane and bind to intracellular protein receptor Change gene expressionprotein production

bull External signaling- hormones bind to external protein receptor and trigger signal transduction pathway Can alter cytoplasmic activity or gene expression

Homeostasis

bull Human Body has adapted several mechanisms to deal with homeostasis (maintaining balance)

bull Uses negative feedback mechanisms (physiological changes that bring a value back closer to a set point) to maintain homeostasisndash so if levels vary too far a series of steps occurs to return it to normal

bull Body must controlndash blood pHndash carbon dioxide concentrationndash blood glucose concentrationndash body temperaturendash water balance within tissues

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Homeostasis

bull Human Body has adapted several mechanisms to deal with homeostasis (maintaining balance)

bull Uses negative feedback mechanisms (physiological changes that bring a value back closer to a set point) to maintain homeostasisndash so if levels vary too far a series of steps occurs to return it to normal

bull Body must controlndash blood pHndash carbon dioxide concentrationndash blood glucose concentrationndash body temperaturendash water balance within tissues

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

bull Hypothalamus region of lower brain that receives info from nerves throughout body and initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions (monitors levels of variables)

bull Pituitary Gland small organ regulated by hypothalamus that stores andor regulated multiple endocrine secretions (initiates negative feedback mechanisms)

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Posterior pituitaryComposed of nervous tissuestores and secretes hormonesmade by hypothalamus

Brain HypothalamusMaster controlcenter of theendocrine system

Anterior pituitaryComposed ofendocrine tissuecontrolled byhypothalamusproduces andsecretes itsown hormones

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

bull Body has thermoreceptors that detect heat and send message to hypothalamus

bull Hypothalamus (in conjunction with pituitary gland) senses an increase or decrease in body temp

bull Employs mechanisms to return to maintain body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Homeostatic control of body temp

Cooling Mechanismsbull Increase activity of sweat

glandsndash Causes heat loss by

evaporation of waterbull Vasodilation of blood

vesselsndash Fills capillaries with

blood heat leaves by convectionradiation

Heating Mechanismsbull Constricting skin arterioles

so blood is diverted to deeper organs and tissues less heat loss by convection

bull Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions aka shivering

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Control of Blood Glucosebull Blood glucose level is the

concentration of glucose in the blood plasma

bull Cells never cease respiration therefore you must have a constant (steady) supply of blood glucose available

bull Negative feedback mechanisms by the body ensure the proper uptakerelease of glucose in the blood

bull Most blood is acted on by Hepatocytes liver cells directed by insulin and glucagon to regulated blood glucose concentration

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Control of Blood Glucose

High Blood Glucose Levelsbull Beta Cells in Pancreas produce

and secrete insulin into bloodbull Insulin signals to cells to open

protein channels to allow diffusion of glucose into the cells for cell respiration

bull Stimulates Hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen and store it as granules in cytoplasm (same in muscle cells)

bull Lowers Glucose level in blood

Low Blood Glucose Levelsbull Alpha Cells in Pancreas

produce and secrete glucagon

bull Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in hepatocytes and muscle cells into glucose

bull Glucose enters bloodstreambull Increases Glucose

concentration in blood

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Insulin

4Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood

Glucoselevel

Homeostasis Normal blood glucose level(about 90 mg100 mL)

Glucoselevel

Glucagon

Low bloodglucose level

High bloodglucose level

Bodycellstake up moreglucose

Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set pointstimulus for insulinrelease diminishes

Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen

Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood

StimulusDeclining bloodglucose level(eg afterskipping a meal)

StimulusRising blood glucoselevel (eg after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal)

Blood glucose levelrises to set pointstimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes

Liverbreaks downglycogen andreleases glucoseto the blood

7

6

1

2

5

8

3

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Diabetes

bull Disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

bull People have plenty of glucose in their blood but not in their body cells ndash Type I caused when Beta cells do not produce

enough insulin treated with injection of insulinndash Type II caused by body cell receptors that do not

respond properly to insulin controlled by diet

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Diabetes Mellitus

bull Type Indash Autoimmune disorderndash Body attacks and destroys

beta cells therefore no insulin is produced

ndash Blood sugar remains abnormally high as a result

ndash Less than 10 of diabetics have Type I

ndash Most often develops in children and young adults

bull Type II ndash Body cells no longer

respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

ndash Body stops creating insulin because it has developed resistance typically caused by constant elevated blood glucose levels

ndash Most common (90)ndash Associated with obesity

lack of exercise advanced age and genetics

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

Uncontrolled Diabetes

bull If left untreatedndash Damage to retina leading to blindnessndash Kidney Failurendash Nerve damagendash Increased risk of Cardiovascular diseasendash Poor wound healing (possibly gangrene

amputation)

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24

• Bill
• Topic 65 Endocrine System
• 657 ndash 6512 Statements
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Hormone
• Bill (2)
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Slide 13
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
• Homeostatic control of body temp
• Slide 16
• Control of Blood Glucose
• Control of Blood Glucose (2)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Slide 24