Biology and Geology1 ESO

Bilingual learning

Marina Robles Moriche

Cubierta provisional

Primera edición, 2017

Autora: Marina Robles Moriche

Maquetación: Raquel Garzón Montagut

Edita: Educàlia Editorial

Imprime: SERVICECOM

ISBN: 978-84-16663-18-7

Depósito legal: V-834-2017

Printed in Spain/Impreso en España.

Todos los derechos reservados. No está permitida la reimpresión de ninguna parte de este libro, ni de imágenes ni de texto, ni tampoco su reproducción, ni utilización, en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, bien sea electrónico, mecánico o de otro modo, tanto conocida como los que puedan inventarse, incluyendo el fotocopiado o grabación, ni está permitido almacenar-lo en un sistema de información y recuperación, sin el permiso anticipado y por escrito del editor.

Alguna de las imágenes que incluye este libro son reproducciones que se han realizado acogiéndose al derecho de cita que aparece en el artículo 32 de la Ley 22/18987, del 11 de noviembre, de la Propiedad intelectual. Educàlia Editorial agradece a todas las instituciones, tanto públicas como privadas, citadas en estas páginas, su colaboración y pide disculpas por la posible omisión involuntaria de algunas de ellas.

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PART I: Where are we?

UNIT 1: The Universe and the Earth1. The Universe

2. The Solar system.

2.1. How did the Solar System evolve?

2.2. Inner planets

2.3. Outer planets

2.4. The asteroid belts

3. Our planet: the Earth

3.1. What is Earth like?

3.2. Earth´s movements

3.3. Our satellite: the Moon

3.4. Effects of the Moon on the Earth: tides and eclipses

UNIT 2: The atmosphere1. Composition of the atmosphere. Composition of air

2. Structure of the atmosphere

3. Dynamic of the atmosphere

4. Meteorology, climate and weather

5. The importance of the atmosphere

6. Atmosphere’s pollution

UNIT 3: The hydrosphere1. The hydrosphere.

2. Properties of water and their function: the importance of water.

3. Water cycle

4. Water resources. Water uses.

5. Water quality

6. Water problems: pollution and water deficit

UNIT 4: The geosphere1. The geosphere

2. The innner structure of the Earth. Methods of study. Geodynamic and geochemi-cal models.

3. What's on Earth surface: mineral and rocks.

4. Properties of minerals.

5. Classification of minerals.

6. Uses of some common minerals.

7. Mineral extraction and environmental impacts

8. Classification of rocks

9. Rocks cycle

10. Uses of rocks

Part II: What are we like?

UNIT 5: The biosphere1. The biosphere. Gaia hypothesis.

2. Origin of the Biosphere

3. Composition of the biosphere

4. Organisation of living things. PROKARYOTIC CELL. EUKARYOTIC CELL

5. Vital functions.

6. Classification of living things.

7. The simplest kingdoms.

7.1. Monera Kingdom. Importance of Monera.

7.2. Protoctist Kingdom. Importance of protoctist:

7.3. Fungi Kingdom. Importance of Fungi.

UNIT 6: Plants1. Characteristics of kingdom Plantae

2. Plant Classification

2.1. Non-Vascular Plants. Bryophita: mosses and liveworts

2.2. Vascular Plants with Spores

2.2.1. Pteridophyta: Ferns

2.3. Vascular Plants with Seeds

2.3.1. Gymnosperms (conifers and similar)

2.3.2. Angiosperms: flowering Plants.

3. Importance of plants

UNIT 7: Kingdom Animalia I: Invertebrates1. General characteristics of animals

2. Kingdom Animalia Classification

3. Characteristics of invertebrates.

4. Classification of invertebrates

4.1. Sponges (phylum: porifera)

4.2. Jellyfish, corals and sea anemones (phylum: cnidaria)

4.3. Flatworms (phylum: platyhelminthes)

4.4. Nematodes

4.5. Annelids

4.6. Molluscs (phylum: mollusca)

4.7. Arthropods

4.8. Echinoderms

UNIT 8: Kingdom Animalia II: Vertebrates1. Characteristics of Vertebrates.

2. Vertebrate Classification: Classes of Vertebrates

2.1. Class - Cyclostomata

2.2. Class – Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

2.3. Class – Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

2.4. Class - Amphibia

2.5. Class - Reptilia

2.6. Class - Birds

2.7. Class - Mammalia

Part III: What do we do?

UNIT 9: Vital Functions I: Reproduction1. Reproduction

2. Types of reproduction

3. Reproduction in animals

3.1. Asexual reproduction in animals.

a) Fragmentation

b) Budding

c) Parthenogenesis

3.2. Sexual reproduction in animals

a) Fertilisation

b) Embryonic development

c)Post-embryonic development

4. Reproduction in plants

4.1. Asexual Reproduction in Plants- Vegetative reproduction

4.2. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

a) Gametogenesis

b) Pollination

c) Double Fertilization

d) The Seed

e) The Fruit

f) Germination of the seed.

UNIT 10: Vital Functions II: Interaction1. Interaction

2. Interaction in animals

2.1. Coordination in animals

2.1.1. The nervous system

a) Nervous system in invertebrates

b) Nervous system in vertebrates

2.1.2. The endocrine system

2.2. Effectors in animals.

2.2.1. Secretory responses

2.2.2. Motor responses

3. Interaction in plants: fitohormones, tropisms, nastic movements

UNIT 11: Vital Functions III: Nutrition1. Nutrition

2. Types of nutrition

2.1. Holozoic nutrition

2.2. Saprophytic Nutrition

2.3. Parasitic Nutrition

3. Processes involved in heterotrophic nutrition

4. Respiration

5. Circulation

6. Excretion

7. Nutrition in autotrophic organisms: importance of photosynthesis

UNIT 12: Ecosystems1. Ecosystems

2. Abiotic factors in the ecosystem

3. Biotic factors in the ecosystem

3.1. Intraspecific relationships

3.2. Interspecific relationships

4. Trophic reltionships: trophic or food levels, trophic or food chains, trophic or food webs, trophic or food pyramids.

5. Aquatic ecosystems

5.1. Freshwater ecosystems

5.2. Transitional communities.

5.3. Marine ecosystems

6. Terrestrial ecosystems

6.1. Main biomes

7. The soil as an ecosystem: importance of soil

7.1. The soil as an habitat

7.2. Air qality and composition

7.3. Temperature regulation

7.4. Carbon and nutrient cycling

7.5. Water Filtration

7.6. Waste decomposition

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Educàlia EditorialPART 1: Where are we?

The Universe and the EarthUNIT 1

1. The UniverseThe universe is everything that exists, including planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy. The science that studies the Universe is the Astronomy, which suggests that the Universe has been governed by the same physical laws and throughout its history.

The geocentric models were developed by the ancient Greek philosophers, who believed the Earth was the centre of the Universe. Observations of the sky revealed this to be wrong, and in the 15th century heliocentric models were developed. The fi rst ones said the Sun was the centre of the Universe, while today we know that the Sun is only the centre of the Solar System.

GEOCENTRISM HELIOCENTRISM

Educàlia EditorialStudies of cosmic radiation reveal that the universe is expanding and that it had a beginning, known as the Big Bang, in which all the matter and energy was concentrated in a hot spot that exploded and started expanding. By now, we can view only a small portion of the universe due to the limitation imposed by light speed, there fore it is uncertain whether the size of the universe is fi nite or infi nite. Anyway, it is so big that we have to use special units to measure its distances:

- The light-year, which is the distance that light travels in one year at a velocity of 300,000 km per second. So, one light-year is equal to 9,500,000,000,000 kilometres.

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lLIGHT YEAR

- The astronomical unit (AU), which represents the distance between the Earth and our Sun and it is about 150 million km. It’s also approximately 8 light-minutes, which means that the Sunlight takes 8 minutes to reach the Earth.

ASTRONOMICAL UNIT

2. The Solar system.The Solar System is made up of all the celestial bodies that orbit the Sun: planets, satellites, comets, asteroids, dwarf planets, dust and gas. An orbit is a imaginary ellipse described by their trajectory.

The Sun contains 98% of all the material in the Solar System. Because of this, it has a powerful gravity that attracts all the other objects in the Solar System. As these bodies are moving very fast, they keep on orbiting around the Sun without crushing into it.

2.1. How did the Solar System evolve?

There are scientifi c facts that evidence there was a cloud made of dust and gas which began to collapse under the weight of its own gravity, moving in circle, and in the centre of this spinning cloud, a small Sun began to form, collecting more and more of the matter and getting bigger. Away from the centre of this star there were smaller clumps of dust and gas that were also collapsing and became the planets and minor planets. Satellites, comets, and asteroids started forming in a similar way but they couldn’t collect as much matter as the planets.

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Educàlia Editorial2.2. Inner planets

There are four small inner planets, which are made up of rock but not gas, because since they are close to the Sun, the dust and gas closer to it was blown away due to the solar winds that are expelled from its internal chemical reactions. This gave the planets of the inner Solar System less time or gas to grow.

2.3. Outer planets

They are huge and made of gas and water. As they are large, so their gravity is high.

2.4. The asteroid belts

There are three asteroids belts in the Solar System. The main one, the Asteroid Belt, sits between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and there is one dwarf planet called Ceres. Beyond the orbit of the dwarf planet Pluto, sits another one: the Kuiper Belt. Beyond it, there is the Oort Cloud where there is a huge number of comets and also we fi nd the dwarf planet Eris.

ACTIVITIES:1. Search for or try to guess the meaning of the

following terms and match each one with its defi nition:

TERMS DEFINITIONa) Galaxy: 1. it is a rocky spherical body that orbits

a star.b) Star: 2. it’s a large group of stars, dust, gas

and dark matter held together by gravity. They vary in size and can form in different shapes such as elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxies.

c) Planet: 3. it is a rocky spherical body that orbits a planet.

d) Satellite: 4. they are spherical bodies made of rock and ice and their orbit is very eccentric.

e) Asteroid: 5. it’s a huge, bright ball of burning gas that is held together by gravity. Stars con-tain mostly hydrogen as well as helium and smaller amounts of other elements.

f) Comet: 6. they are not spherical bodies made of rock and metal.

2. Copy the picture of the Solar System in your notebook. Then, write the names of the star, of each planet or dwarf planet, and draw the location of the three asteroids belts.

3. Complete the table about the Solar System planets:

NAMES MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

INNER PLANETS

OUTER PLANETS

4. What type of celestial body is Pluto? Search for information and name other similar celestial bodies in the Solar System?

5. If a planet is 2,5 AU from the Earth, what is its distance in km? And what about a galaxy that is 4 light-years away?

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l3. Our planet: the Earth

3.1. What is Earth like?

Our home planet Earth is a rocky planet. It has a solid surface, but water covers 70% of it. The Earth has an atmosphere where nitrogen is the main gas, but it also has oxygen and other gases. The atmosphere protects us from incoming meteoroids and from solar dangerous radiation and it keeps an average temperature of 15ºC thanks to which there is liquid water. Because of all these facts, the Earth is the only planet known to contain living organisms.

3.2. Earth’s movements

- Rotation: it is the movement of the Earth’s on its own imaginary axis from West to East, and it takes 24 hours or one day.

- Revolution: it is the trajectory around the Sun in an elliptic orbit. It takes the Earth one year to complete an orbit around the Sun. Its consequences are the seasons of year. Solstices are the days with most difference between day and night number of hours, and they correspond to the beginning of summer and winter. On the other hand, equinoxes are the days in which day and night last the same, and they correspond to the beginning of spring and autumn.

EARTH ROTATION AND REVOLUTION SEASONS OF YEAR (IN NORTH HEMISPHERE)

3.3. Our satellite: the Moon

The Earth’s natural satellite is the moon. Its surface is rocky and cratered. This is due to the lack of atmosphere, so that meteorites impact its surface. The rotation on its own axis and revolution around the Earth in the Moon takes the same, 28 days. For this reason, observers on Earth can only ever see one side of the Moon. It also orbits the Sun together with the Earth. The different grade of illumination the Moon receives form the Sun constitutes its phases:

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Educàlia EditorialPhases of the Moon (Northern Hemisphere)

3.4. Effects of the Moon on the Earth: tides and eclipses

• Tides are periodical changes of the sea level due to the gravitational pull of the Moon. On the side facing the Moon and the other on the opposite side is where high tides occur, while in the places on Earth with low sea level are called low tides. They change every 6 hours, as the Earth rotates.

• Eclipses are the occultation of one celestial body because another one lined up with it. In solar eclipses the

Moon sits between the Sun and the Earth, while in Lunar eclipses the Earth sits between the Moon and the Sun.

ACTIVITIES

6. Complete these sentences about the Earth:

a) The Earth is a ____________ planet.

b) _______ covers 70% of its surface.

c) The Earth’s atmosphere has ___________ as the main gas.

d) The Earth’s atmosphere protects us from ______ and from ________ radiation and it keeps a right temperature for ___________ water to exist.

e) Earth is the _________ planet known to contain __________ organisms.

7. Defi ne the following terms:

- Rotation:

- Revolution:

- Solstices:

- Equinoxes:

8. Answer these questions:

a) When does the winter solstice take place in the North Hemisphere?

b) And in the South Hemisphere?

c) What about the summer solstice, when does it take place in each hemisphere?

d) Could you explain why it happens like that?

e) Now tell when do the equinoxes of spring and autumn take place in both hemispheres.

9. Listen to the following text and fi ll in the blanks:

The _________ is the only natural satellite of the ____________. Its surface is rocky and cratered due to the impact of ____________, since it doesn’t have an __________ that stops them to ________. It has two main _________: ___________ on its own axis and __________ around the Earth. Both movements __________ the same, 28 days. For this reason, observers on Earth can only ever see one ____________ of the Moon. Its _____________

interaction with Earth’s __________ cause _________.

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l10. Observe the pictures and decide where the low and the high tides are:

11. Observe the pictures and decide which the solar eclipse is and which the lunar eclipse is: