Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450 General Editor Florin Curta VOLUME14 Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria By Ivan Biliarsky BRILL LEIDENBOSTON 2011 This book isprinted on acid-free paper. Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Biliarsky, Ivan,(Ivan Aleksandrov),1959-Word and power in mediaeval Bulgaria I by Ivan Biliarsky. p.em.- (EastCentral and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages,450-1450, ISSN1872-8103; volume14) Includes bibliographical referencesandindex. ISBN978-90-04-19145-7(hardback) 1.Law-Bulgaria-Language.2.Law-Bulgaria-History-To1393.3.Law, Medieval-Language.I.Title.II.Series. KJM92.B552011 349.49901'4-dc22 ISSN1872-8103 ISBN9789004191457 Copyright 2011by KoninklijkeBrill NV, Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporates the imprints BRILL,Hotei Publishing, IDCPublishers, MartinusNijhoffPublishersand VSP. 2010048895 Allrightsreserved.No part of thispublication may bereproduced,translated, stored in a retrievalsystem,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission fromthe publisher. Authorization to photocopy items forinternal or personaluseisgranted by KoninklijkeBrill NVprovided that the appropriate feesarepaid directly to TheCopyright Clearance Center, 222RosewoodDrive, Suite910, Danvers, MA01923,USA. Feesare subject to change. Tomy father-AlexanderBiliarsky CONTENTS Forewordix IntroductionTheBulgarian LegalVocabulary during the Middle Ages:Outlining the Problem.Objectives and Tasks of the Study1 Abbreviations15 Chapter OneGlossary of Mediaeval BulgarianLegal Vocabulary17 Chapter TwoLaw,Language, and Identity183 Chapter ThreeLegalVocabulary Relatedtothe Supreme State Power205 Chapter FourInstitutions, Military andAdministrative Vocabulary261 Chapter FiveTaxation and FiscalLegalConcepts and Terms393 Chapter SixGeneral Ecclesiastical Vocabulary.Ecclesiastical Dignities, Orders andInstitutions501 Conclusion517 Bibliography523 Index of names andplaces539 Greek Index563 Old CyrillicIndex571 FOREWORD This book isthe result of a project commenced long ago.I haveprob-ablyalwaysbeeninterestedin whatliesconcealedwithinwords,in theunsuspected depths andsecrets hidden even in the most common word.Wecandelveintocountlesslayersbeneathit and-as insome romantic picture of archaeology-come upon allsorts of wonders, dis-coverhidden ancientmeaningsthat weneverevenimaginedhad any connectionwiththepresent-day meaningof the word.Wesuddenly perceivethatthoseremotemeaningsarevery relevant,thattheydis-close the modern meaning more amply. We rediscover the path of our ancestors that ledtothislittle word "of ours" Of coursethisinterest-whichsomemaycall"childish" -is only aremotepreconditionforundertakingaconcreteresearch.Ibelieve it obvious that thisstudy actually began withmy firstdoctoralthesis, which dealt withinstitutions. I understood even then that, in Bulgaria, theavailablesourcesareof suchakindthat wecannot study aphe-nomenon without firstdealing withthequestionof itsname.Andin somecasesanameisallwehave-nothing else.Reflectingon appel-lations, I came toone other conclusion:in some cases they are a testi-mony not only totheantiquity of a word anditslonghistorical path, but alsothat thesociety where it wasused belonged, in cultural terms, toabroadercivilisation.For,perhaps,theancestorsinquestiondid not createa given word by themselves, but simply borrowed it, "con-structed" it (an apt way of referring to the formationof words)on the basis of a foreignone.In the case of mediaeval Bulgaria, itsentire cul-ture, and especially its law,testifies to its affiliation tothe great Eastern RomanEmpire, tothe New Rome,Constantinople. Theconcrete work on thetopic began withan articleIprepared as a fellow at the University of St.Andrews in Scotland; the text waslater publishedinBirmingham,inthecollectionByzantineandModern Greek Studies. But I began systematically working on my investigations during 2003-2004, a time Ispent as fellowin the New Europe College in Bucharest, the specific topic of my project being the legal vocabulary in Bulgarianmediaevaldocuments.Thiswasan exceptionally fruitful periodforme,andInowtakethisopportunity tothankthecollege forthe possibility it provided me then. In 2006 I wassummer fellow in XFOREWORD the Centre forByzantine Studies, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C., workingonthesametopic;my stay andresearchthereproveddeci-siveforthefinalresult of my efforts.Inow extendmy thanksforthis opportunity,kindlyprovidedme;Ialsothank Prof.PredragMatejic, directorof HilandarResearchLibrary,OhioStateUniversity, and the wholeteamresponsibleforthat wonderful collectionof microfilmsof Slavicmanuscripts,thatIwasabletoconsultduringmystayinthe United States. That ishow my present work came about. It is a rather voluminous oneandIfearthat,likeeverylargework,itmightberiddenwith errors. Theresponsibility forthelatter isentirely my own, but forthe goodthatIhopeitalsocontains,Iwanttoexpressmy thankstoall colleaguesandfriendsthathavesupportedmeinvariouswaysdur-ing itspreparation: Maria Yovcheva,HansHattenhauer, IvanBozilov, Theodor Piperkov, Irina Vainovski,KrassimirStancev, Tania Slavova, Anna-MariaTotomanova,MariyanaTsibranska,VladimirVladov (whotranslatedthetextsocarefully)andsomany others.AndalsoI wouldlikestrongly toexpress my gratitude toPenka andNikolay,my dearfriends,without helpof whom I would becompletely lost. INTRODUCTION THEBULGARIAN LEGALVOCABULARYDURING THE MIDDLE AGES:OUTLINING THE PROBLEM.OBJECTIVES ANDTASKSOFTHE STUDY 1.THE PROBLEM Thepresentstudyisdevotedtoaspecificproblemintheinvestiga-tionsonmediaevalBulgarianhistoryandculture:thespecificlegal vocabulary.Thisproblemfieldshouldbeconsideredandpresented againstageneralculturalbackdrop,andthelanguageof lawshould bemademeaningfulaschargedwithcertainconcepts,assomething thatincorporatesnorms,rulesof conductregulatedby thestatein theparticularcontextof BalkanSlavsduringthe MiddleAges.Legal vocabulary discussed in the book should be viewed likewise in the con-textof theculturetowhichmediaevalBulgaria belonged.During the pagan age,Bulgariawasastateof theBulgars,andhencecarriedthe distinctivetraitsofthecultureof theEurasianSteppe.AfterChris-tianity wasadoptedasofficialreligion,thecountry'scoursebecame directed toConstantinople, and this had an impact on allfieldsof life andonlegalvocabulary in particular.Theobjectivesandtasksof the study are focusedon thisinfluence. Lawisa culturalphenomenon andoneof theessentialfeaturesof any culturalcommunity.Asasystemof rulesinthestate-organised societies,itisanessentialpartof theoverallnormativesystembuilt upon the fundamental values of civilisation, its task being to safeguard thosevalues.Theprotectionof valuesamountsinfacttotheprotec-tion of the community's identity, built upon them.In variousepochs, law has had varying degreesof importance asa component of the nor-mative system: in some societies customs were predominant; in others, various religiousprescriptions, and moralsinvariably playedan enor-mousrole.Inallcases,alongwiththegrowingcomplexityofsocial ties,of exchange,of thetasks,aims,andmethodsof governance,the significance of law also constantly increased. It is exceptionally impor-tantforpracticeandfortheory aliketograspthattheconstruction orreceptionof aspecifictypeof legalsystemisamarkof affiliation 2INTRODUCTION toacertainculture,orisawayof adheringtothatculture.Forits part,everysystemof lawhasitsgeneralterminology anditsspecific vocabulary. It must have these in order to achieve unity of the separate subdivisions-in other words, in order forthe "national" legalsystems tofunctionin asimilar way when facedwithsimilartasks. Together with this,inmany casesa shared vocabulary isdue to the commonoriginof thelegalregulationtexts.Suchhasbeen thefunc-tionof RomanlawinEuropeandintheChristian worldingeneral, and of Sharia law (the respectivetextsof the Qur'an, the legal practice and religious-legalinterpretation)in Islamic countries. Thestudyof vocabularyisparticularly important forenquirieson mediaeval Bulgarian history. Thelack of adequate sources forthis field determinestheneedforaspecifickindof researchwhichalonemay compensatefortheshortageof directinformation:Iamreferringto theetymologicalapproachtoextantdata.Thisapproachisespecially necessary forresearch in the fieldof mediaeval Bulgarian law.Regret-tably,informationaboutmanyofthelegalinstitutesorstateinsti-tutionshavereachedusonlyasnamesmentionedinvarioustexts, without any elucidation on their essentialnature.Thisraisesthe need toclarify the characterof theword,of the appellationof theinstitu-tionorlegal relationship:suchclarificationprovesto be theonly way toreach a conclusion about its basiccharacteristics.1 Theappellations may contain clues, but could also suggest the need forresearch on cor-respondinginstitutionsin contemporaneousneighbouringcountries, mainly in the Byzantine Empire, but also in Serbia and the twoprinci-palities of Walachia and Moldavia, for which there are abundant data. But before wecan pursuesuchresearch, wemust firstfulfiltwocon-ditions: first,wemustclarify the basicthesisregardingthesimilarity of legalsystemsand evenregardingtheoriginof Bulgarian,Serbian, RomanianlawasderivedfromByzantinelaw;andsecond,wemust identifythewordanditscorrespondingtermsinthedocumentary and legalheritageof countriesthat wereneighboursof,and culturally related to,mediaeval Bulgaria. In these notes I shall alsopresent the basic direction of interpretation that Ishalltakeregarding the legalvocabularyof theBulgarianMid-I have devoted a special article to this topic of research on law and institutions of theBulgarian MiddleAges:Iv.Biliarsky,"Lesperspectives desetudes sur lesinstitu-tions du Premier empire bulgare", (12)2001, pp.171-3. THEBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARYDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES3 dleAges.Bulgariancultureof the10th-15th centuries existedentirely within the framework of so-called "Byzantine Civilisation", or the "Byz-antine Commonwealth", as Dimitri Obolensky calledit nearly 40years ago,or "lemonde byzantin", according to amore recent appellation by IvanBoZilov.2 Thisistrue asregardstheliterature, art,politicalideol-ogy,andeventheeveryday lifeandmentality,but especially thestate structure and law.Whereas even afterthe adoptionof Christianity the First Bulgarian Empire preserved a largenumber of institutions inher-ited from the pagan state of the Bulgars-institutions based on Eurasian Steppe traditions, the SecondBulgarian Empire was entirely under the influenceof theByzantinetraditionsof statehood.3 Thisexplainswhy ByzantinelegalculturedominatedsocategoricallyinBulgariaduring thelatterperiod:'In thepresentstudy Ishallendeavourtotracethis process withrespecttothe legalvocabulary in a widerrangeof texts. 2.TEXTSONWHICHTHEPROPOSEDSTUDYISBASED 2.1 This study isbased on the legal vocabulary foundin original Bulgarian textsof theChristianperiod, written in theSlavicBulgarian language. The written records chosen for this purpose are such as contain a com-paratively largeamountof legalvocabulary andwhicharerepresen-tativefortheofficiallanguageof theBulgarianMiddleAgesinthe FirstandSecondEmpire.Translatedworkshavebeenleftout:this means that the study excludes texts translated from the Greek, but also compilationsbasedonByzantinetexts.Regrettably,thesetranslated workscomprisealltheextant lawsof mediaevalBulgaria, forwritten law afterthe conversion to Christianity wasentirely adopted from the Byzantine Empire.However, Ihave made one exception tothe rule of not using translated works here: in a separate glossary I have presented the vocabulary pertaining totheLawforJudging People(abbreviated 2 D.Obolensky,The Byzantine Commonwealth.EasternEurope 500-1453,London. 1971;lv.Bozilov,Vizantijskijat svjat, Sofia,2008. 3 lv.Biliarsky,InstitutsiitenasrednovekownaBulgaria.Vtorobulgarskotsarstvo (XII-XIV v.), Sofia,1998. 4 On this issue, asregards administrative terminology, cf.my article specially deal-ingwiththisproblem:I.Biliarsky,"SomeObservationson theAdministrativeTer-minologyof theSecondBulgarianEmpire",ByzantineandModernGreekStudies, Birmingham,(25)2001, pp.69-89. 4INTRODUCTION asLJPorZSL),adocumentcreatedonthebasisof titleSeventeenth of theEcloga.5 The reasonsforincluding it are the following: first,this work isnot a precise translation of the text of the Ecloga, and its inclu-sion wouldhelp enrich the vocabulary basisof thisstudy; and second, theinclusionof suchtextswouldadditionally makeclear why Ihave chosenonly originalBulgariantexts asa basis forthis work. I wouldespecially liketostressthat my study isbasedonlegallan-guage found not only in documents and texts of regulations but also in purely narrative ones:the latter in factmake up the greater part of my material,duetothe character andexceptionalrarity of extant purely legaltexts.Iam responsibleforthechoiceof textsused,whichisnot a random one, but aimed atmore representative works relevant tothe task.Iam awarethat the wider the rangeof textsused,the betterthe researchtaskwillbeaccomplished.Ontheotherhand,thisrestric-tionisnecessaryin viewof thelimitedpossibilityforonepersonto processallthematerialsfromwhat is,afterall,bynomeansasmall mass.Thus,somereaderswillprobably lookforcertainitemsinthe Glossary and not findthem there, while other readers will wonder why other items arethere. 2.1.1 Objectionsmightberaisedtosuchastudyoflegalvocabularythat excludesnearlyalllegaltexts.Ishallimmediatelyadmitthatsuch questioning and doubt are generally justified and should be responded to.In thisconnection, weshouldhaveinmindthequantity of extant legalsourcesfrommediaeval Bulgaria.Of course,I shallat once con-curthat,whatevertheexplanations,astudybasedonallmediaeval Bulgariantextsand whichtakesintoaccountthemanuscript tradition aswell, would be the richest and most comprehensive, and would lead tothe most precise conclusions.But collecting such a large amount of material cannot be the work of a single scholar-it could be done by a comparatively largeteam workingovera considerablelengthof time. ThatiswhyIhavetakenthelibertyofrestrictingthescopeof texts usedforthestudy.In doing so,my purposehasbeentosetthestart of a future,more wide-ranging investigation in whichother research-ersfromBulgariaandother countries wouldtakepart.I believethat a comprehensive presentation of thelegallanguage of Orthodox Slavs 5 ZakonSudnyjljudem.Kratkojredaktsii,ed.M.N.Tikhomirov,Moscow,1961; Ganev V.,ZAKOHZeoyAHZIHAIOAbMZ, Sofia,1959. THEBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARYDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES5 during the Middle Agesshould be accomplished in the frameworksof the entire SlaviaOrthodoxaorat leastof theBalkanOrthodox Slavs, and not fora separate state. Here I have triedonly to indicate parallels withSerbia,Russia,and theDanubianprincipalities,without includ-ing inthe glossary materialsof non-Bulgarianorigin. Still,thequantitative criterion and the impossibility fora scholar to process more than a certain amount of texts isnot an irrefutable argu-ment againsttheuseof that material.Ishouldsaythat Ihaveother, more substantial reasons. They are related to the nature of the proposed study. Among other, my interest is focusedon the mutual dependence of specialisedlegallanguage,onthepenetrationofwordsandver-balformulaefromoneof thesespheresintotheother,aprocessthat wouldnot beadequately reflectedin atranslatedlegaltext.Mychief argumentagainstincludingtranslatedandcompiledtextsasabasis forthestudy isthestrongdependenceof translationon theoriginal text.Iamreferring not to the more generalcultural dependencetypi-calfortheliterary Bulgarianlanguageduring the Middle Agesbut to the direct dependenceof word formationand linguisticconstructions on the original text.Though not without importance forthe formation of theBulgarianlegalvocabulary,afocusonthisdependencewould give a different orientation tothisstudy, and I havetriedtoavoid this in viewof therestrictedscopeof thiswork.Ishalltaketheliberty of quoting attheverystartoneof theresultsof thepresent work:par-ticularly asregardsterminology (andhereIpresent awiderrangeof vocabulary in additiontothespecialisedterminology),themediaeval BulgarianlegallanguagewasstronglydependentontheGreeklan-guageof theEmpire.Thisdependence,of course,came asaresultof the reception of Byzantine law, which involvednot only the norms but thelanguagein whichthey werethought, writtendown,anduttered. If I hadincludedthe translated laws,my conclusions wouldobviously not have been different-indeed, they would have been even more cat-egorically confirmed-but sucharangeof material wouldhavemade my conclusions moredependent on thefactof translation rather than on theoverall cultural exchange with, and influence of,theEmpire. It wouldnot havesupported my explicit wishtotake into consideration the mutual penetration between professional legallanguage and every-day,or atleastnon-specialised,speech. Thisproblembecomesquiteevidentwhenconsideringtheglos-sary of the legal vocabulary of theLawforJudging People.Weclearly seetherehow closely theByzantine Greeklanguage wasfollowedand how forms were specially coined forthe purpose of thistranslation or 6INTRODUCTION compilation. Examples of this will be given at the relevant places in the courseof our exposition. 2.1.2 On theotherhandthereisoneotherproblem-regrettably,a "techni-cal"one-connectedwiththeinclusionof translatedtexts,andespe-cially of laws.It isrelatedtothesituation regarding extant publications of mediaevalBulgarian legaltexts.Of allof themforwhichindubitable ordoubtful claimshave been made that they werepart of thelegalsys-temof themediaevalBulgarianstate,theonlyonethathasbeen truly critically edited istheLaw forJudgingPeople.Allthe others,including the Ecloga (the critical edition of which has, to my knowledge, been long sinceprepared by Y.Shchapov, but has yet tocome out), are usedfrom old editions, mostly Russian ones of the Nineteenth century, which never take into consideration the historical development of the text and the dif-ferencesin thecopiesmade,thoughthesedifferencescould be particu-larlysignificantforresearchsuchasthis.Theseconsiderationswould imply theneedforworking withmanuscripts,aprocedurethat would change the nature of the research process. And here the issue arises asto how accessiblethesemanuscripts arefora Bulgarianresearcher. 2.2 AsI already mentioned, wehaveatourdisposalquitea limitednum-berof mediaevaldocuments or legal written records that have indubi-tably been present in the Bulgarian stateof those times.Of course, the exact number would dependon what texts are placed in this category, but eveninthebroadest range,they arequitefew.HereIshallpres-ent a brief overview of the textsthat have been taken asa basisforthe proposedstudy andinwhichthepresenceof aspecificlexemewar-rants inclusion in the glossary and,thus, in theset of wordson which thisstudy isbased. 2.2.1 Inasmuch asallmediaeval Bulgarian legal texts are either translatedor compiled,Bulgariandocumentsof that ageholdamajorplaceinthe study. AsI already pointed out, the LawforJudging People isincluded here exceptionally, but thematerialit contains ispresentedseparately fromthat drawn fromthelocalBulgarian written records. THEBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARYDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES7 2.2.1.1 When drawing on the documentary heritage of mediaeval Bulgaria for the study of legal vocabulary, we should firstof all answer several ques-tions: what isto be done with the inauthentic or falsedocuments; with those not enactedonly by aBulgarianruler but representing bilateral agreementsortreaties to which that ruler wasaparty; withthedocu-mentsrepresentingactsof Bulgarianmediaevalrulers,but published orpreservedonly in a foreignlanguage. Theapproach in theseseveral casescannot be the same,soIshalldiscusseachof themseparately. Asregardstheinauthenticor falsedocumentscomedowntous,it should be said that the approach to them cannot be the same in all cases. By definition a document embodies some statement of intention-that of a state organ or a private individual. Thedeclaration in a falsedocu-ment isuntrue, in some casesinexistent, but thisdoesnot signify that thedocumenthasnovalueasasource.It lacksvalueonly asregards the substanceof the statement of intention and its capacity toprovoke legalconsequences, but not asregards the formof the textortheele-mentsit contains,etc.Obviously, any fakedocument preparedin the respective historical age, in order to have been usable, would have had tocontainallthe characteristicfeaturesof an authenticdocument.If weareinterestednotintheconcretelegalrelationbut inthattype of relationandintheactswhereby itwasrealised,afakedocument wouldserveasacompletely validsourceof information. Thisisthecaseasregardstheso-calledVirginoCharterattributed totsarConstantineAsen.6 Thedocument isobviously a replicaof the charter of the Serbian king Stephen Uros II Milutin issued in AD1300.7 It wasspecially created to justify and provide some historicalgrounds fortheSerbiankingtoissuehisowncharterseeminglyconfirming therightsandgoodsdonatedtotheSt.GeorgeMonasterybythe 6 On thisissuethereisnosingleandcommon opinion sharedby allhistorians. Somescholarsclaim that the charter isauthentic.Thishasno bearing on the present study,forIhaveincludeditin theGlossaryin anycase;butin ordertobehonest to my colleagues,Ishallpointout somemajor publicationson the issue:Balaschev, G."Sashtinskili ekhrisovulatnatsarKonstantinTikh(1257-1277)",Minalo,II, kn 5-6, 1911, pp.178-87; Petrov P.,"Kam vaprosa za avtentichnostta na Virginskata gramota i dostovernostta na sadatzhashtite se v neja svedenija", Godishnik na Sofijskija universitet.Filosofsko-istoricheski fokultet,I, 2,1958, p.171ff.; Gorina L.,"K voprosu o podlinnosti Virginskojgramote", Sovetskoe slavjanovedenie,1965,5,p.171ff. 7 RGrujic,"Tri hilandarskepovelje",ZbornikzaistorijujuzneSrbijai susednih oblastima, Skopje,1936, pp.5-24. 8INTRODUCTION Bulgariantsarseveraldecadesearlier.Soweshouldsay the Bulgarian tsar Constantine Tich Asenprobably did not accordsuchrights tothe monastery inquestion,butif hehad,hewouldmostprobablyhave donesoby meansof asimilardocument containing similarelements, structure, and vocabulary. Thus,I believe that in this concrete case we may usethis text, which, asit happens, isthe richest in legaltermsof alltextsusedforthe glossary. Butsomefalsedocumentscannotpossiblybeused.Usuallythese are documents prepared in much later historic periods forthe purpose of justifying claims to property supposedly donated during the Middle Ages. Asforthebilateral agreements and treaties, they present adifferent case.I believe they should be usedin an enquiry suchasthisone, but only after taking into account the factthat a bilateral act cannot reflect thelegalviewsof onesidealone.Thus,inevitably,itwouldcontain termsthathavenothingtodowiththeBulgarianlegalmilieu,and mostly pertain totheother country they were concluded with. Nowwecometotheproblemof actsissuednotbytheBulgarian ruler,but bysomelocallord.Forresearchersitisobvioushowfew extant acts were issued by localrulerson the Bulgarian state territory. To this category wemay assign certain inscriptions or notes; suchalso are certain letters exchangedwithforeigncountries.The most impor-tantof thelatteristheletterof despotJacobSvetoslav tothemetro-politanof Kiev,withwhichhesendshimacopyof theKormchaja (theNomocanon).8 Thelettercontainssomesignificantmaterialsuch asthe formulaeforappellation, clarifications regarding this collection of laws,etc. 2.2.1.2 After circumscribing in general the documents that, in my view, should be included in the study, in my furtherdiscussion I shall present some brief information about the documentson whichthe study isbased. - TheVatopedicharterof TsarJohnIIAsen,datingfromAD1230.9 Thisdocumentwasissuedimmediately afterthebattleatKlokot-8 B.St.Angelov,Izstaratabulgarska,ruskai srabskaliterature,tII, Sofia,1967, pp.142-7. 9 M.Laskaris,VatopedskatagramotanatsarIvanAsenjaII,(=Bulgarskistarini, kn.XI),Sofia,1930;J.Ivanov,BulgarskistariniizMakedonija,(=Ivanov,BSM) THEBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARYDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES9 nitsa and during a visit of the Bulgarian ruler to Mount Athas. In it hegrantsthevillageof Semalto, near Serres, totheVatopedimon-astery.ThedocumentwasdiscoveredandpublishedbytheGreek scholar Michael Laskarisin1930. - TheDubrovnik(Ragusa)charterof TsarJohn IIAsen,dating after theyear1230.10 Thishorismos,issuedsometimeafterthe battleof Klokotnitsa, when John Asen became practically themost powerful rulerin theBalkans.By it he grantscertainrightsandprivilegesto themerchantsof theRepublicof Dubrovnik(Ragusa)toconduct trade freely on the territory of the Bulgaria. This was a unilateral act of the Bulgarianruler. - ThetreatybetweenTsarMichaelIIAsenandDubrovnik,dating from1253,11 isa bilateral act between the Bulgarian empire and the Adriatic republic, whereby the relations between the two were regu-lated. On one hand a political alliance against Serbia wasconcluded, and on the other, trade relations, the regime forforeigners, property issues, etc., wereregulated. - TheVirginocharter,orchrysobullofVirgino,isaninauthentic chrysobullascribedtoTsarConstantineTichAsen(1257-1277),12 Thetext antedatesthe versionof the charter,datedAD1300,of the Serbian king Stephen UrosIIMilutin fortheSt.George monastery near Skopje.13 - The Zographou charter, or chrysobull, of Tsar John Alexander, dated AD1342.14 Thechrysobullisissued by theBulgarian ruler, whereby heconfirmsthathesuccessfullyentreatedtheByzantineemperor tocede the villageof Chantak, situatedon the lower Strymon river, tothebenefitoftheBulgarianhagioriticmonasterySt.George Zographou. - TheMrakacharterofTsarJohnAlexander,datedDecember1, 1348.15 BythischrysobulloftheBulgarianrulermadeadonation tothe St.Nicholasmonastery,situated in the regionof Mrakanear Sofia,1931, pp.576-7; M.Andreev,VatopedskatagramotaI vaprosltenabulgarskoto feodalnopravo, Sofia,1965. 10 G.Ilinskij,Gramotybolgarskikhtsarej,Moscow,1911,p.13;Ivanov,BSM, pp.577-8. 11 Ilinskij, Gramoty,pp.155-9. 12 Ilinskij, Gramoty,pp.14-9; Ivanov, BSM, pp.578-87. 13 Grujic, "Tri hiland.arske povelje", p.5tf. 14 Ilinskij, Gramoty,pp.21-3; Ivanov, BSM, pp.587-90. 15 Ilinskij,Gramoty,pp.24-6; Ivanov, BSM, pp.590-4. 10INTRODUCTION the villageof OriakhovoinWesternBulgaria.Severalvillageswere donated to the monastery, together with the respective revenues and rights. - TheRilacharter,orRilachrysobull,of TsarJohnShishman,dated September21,1378.16 Thisgolden-sealeddocument wasissuedby theBulgarianruler tothe benefit of theRilaMonastery.Thisisthe only mediaevalBulgariandocumentnowkeptinBulgaria:itisin thearchiveof theRilaMonastery. - TheVitoshacharter,issuedbyTsarJohnShishmanPThisisa chrysobullforthebenefitof theDragalevtsimonastery situatedin VitoshaMountain near Sofia. - ThelettertoBra$OV/Kronstadt by TsarJohn Sratsimir.181t confirms the rightsof tradersfromthe municipality ofr a ~ o v (Kronstadt)to freely carry on tradeon the territory underhisauthority. 2.2.2 ThemediaevalBulgarianinscriptionsformasecondgroupoftexts on whichthisstudy isbased.Unlikethedocuments,they arenotso similar to one another and are classified under one category only with regardtothe form in which they have come down tous.Below I shall presentthebasicgroupsof inscriptions,dividedaccordingtothese formaltraits; but before all, I would like to point out that inscriptions include not only official texts but alsotexts produced on random occa-sions,suchasgraffiti.Without doubt, inscriptions are one of the rich-estsourcesof lexicalmaterial forastudy such asthisone. 2.2.2.1.Inscriptionsonstone,onmural paintings,and on fabric Wepointedoutthatinscriptionsdonot representauniformgroup, notonly inregardof theirformaltraitsbut alsoof theirtextual con-tents.Indubitably,someindividualinscriptionsareof thenatureof actsandpractically representofficialtextscomedowntousinstone orasmuralpaintings.Themediuminnowaychangestheircharac-teristicsasofficialacts.Weshouldrememberthat eventhelegaltexts of Antiquity areknowntousonlyfrominscriptions.Fallinginthis categoryof epigraphicdocumentswouldbeallorders,agreements, 16 Ilinskij,Gramoty,pp.26-8;Ivanov, BSM,pp.594-600;Iv.Dujcev, Rilskata gra-motanatsarIvanShishmanot 1378 g., Sofia,1986. 17 Ilinskij, Gramoty, p.29;Ivanov, BSM, p.600-1. 18 Ilinskij,Gramoty, p.30;Ivanov, BSM, p.601-2. THEBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARYDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES11 inventories,borderinscriptions,etc.IbelieveIneednotspecially argue forthe importanceof thesetextsforthe history of law.Forthe sakeof convenience,inpreparingtheglossaryof legalvocabulary,I haveusedtheeditionof mediaevalBulgarianinscriptionsprepared forpublicationby K.Popkonstantinovand0.Kronsteiner/9 butin theabbreviationsI haveaddedliteratureon individualtexts, whereby theoriginaleditionandcertaininterpretationsmaybeidentified.I neededthiscorpusmainly forthetaskof arrangingthematerialand preparing itsnumeration. 2.2.2.2.Inscriptionsonseals Asealisthesignof aspecificpersonorinstitution;placingaseal alwayssymbolisesadeclarationonthepartof thepersontowhom that seal belongs. Thedeclaration itself isnot contained on the seal but in thetext, under whichtheseal isplaced.That is why inscriptionson seals are not of the natureof acts, yet are usually official.Setting one's seal isin all cases a legally relevant act, and I believe the reason formy including thiscategory in the study isobvious and undisputable. Once again I shouldsay that, in preparing the glossary,I haveused thecorpus prepared by Ivan Jordanov;20 the numberof eachsealand thepageonwhichit ispublished inthat book has been indicated. 2.2.2.3 Inscriptionsoncoins are, in fact,sealsplaced by the rulerormore gen-erally theauthoritiesuponmetalplatesin ordertocertify thequality andquantity of themetalforthe purposeof itsusein commercialor other exchange. In this sense coins are official and contain the declara-tion of the authorised person, whereby the afore-mentioned character-isticsareconfirmed.Thatisprecisely why (inadditiontoprevention ofeventualdamages)thecounterfeitingofcoinsandbanknotesis penalisedbythestateaccordingtolaw.Coins(andmonetarynotes ingeneral-but coinsalonewereinuseinmediaevalBulgaria)also havepoliticalandemotionalsignificance,and are important interms of identity. Most, if not almost all, mediaeval Bulgarian coins were not mintedforthepurposeof civilexchange but in ordertoconfirmthe prestigeof thoseinpower.Obviouslythetextsonthembelongtoa 19 K.Popkonstantinov,0.Kronsteiner,AltbulgarischeInschriften,vol.1-11(Die slawischenSprachen,Bd.36,1994; Bd 52,1997). 20 Iv.Jordanov, Korpusna pechatite na srednovekovnaBulgaria, Sofia,2001. 12INTRODUCTION strictly legally regulatedfield,suchasgovernment, exchange, etc., and thus areof specialinterest forour research. I wouldlike topoint out once again,that in preparing the Glossary of legal vocabulary pertaining toinscriptions on coins, I have referred tothe book by J.Yurukova and V.Penchev/1 the useof which permits a betterorganisationof thematerial. 2.2.3 Marginalnotesandcolophonsarenotesattachedtomanuscripts,not beingpartof themaintext;thesetooarenotahomogeneousgroup of texts.Amongthemwefindactsbutalsotextssuchasdonator's dedications.Marginal notes-in cases when the acquiring of the book, itsowner, or change of owner, are indicated-may provide interesting informationon the civicexchange. Marginalnotesarearrangedaccordingtothenumerationinthe firstvolumeof thecorpusencompassingtextsdatingfromthe10th-15th centuries.22 2.2.4.Narrativetexts,treatises,and rhetoricalprose Ihavealready attemptedtogroundtheinclusionof suchtextsin the study.Amoredifficulttaskistodeterminetheirexactnumberand individualcharacteristics.Argumentscanalwaysbefoundforthe inclusionof materialfromsometextoranother.Ihavebeenguided by the consideration of the importance and lexical richnessof a text, as well asby the presence of themes having some relation to law,even if not a predominant one.That is why included in the study are:the trea-tiseby presbyter Cosmas,"OrationonHeresy"/3 whichisprobably the mostsignificant originalBulgarianliterary workof theMiddleAges; theso-calledAnonymousHomilyfromtheCodexClozianus,24 also 21 J.Jurukova,V1.Penchev, Bulgarski srednovekovni pechatii m o n t ~ Sofia,1990. 22 B.Khristova,D.Karadjova,E.Uzunova,Belezhkinabulgarskiteknizhovnitsi X-XVIII vek, t.1 (X-XV vek), Sofia,2003. 23 Ju.K.Begunov,Kozmaprezvitervslavjanskikhliteraturakh,Sofia,1973; M.Popruzhenko,Kosmaprezviter,bolgarskijpisatel' Xveka,(Bulgarskistarinl.12), Sofia,1936; D. Angelov, Prezviter Kozmai besedatamu protiv bogomilite, Sofia,1945; Starobulgarskaliterature.Entsiklopedichenrechnik, Sofia,1992, pp.233-4. 24 The text of the homely was first published by A. Vaillant, Une Homilie, pp. 37-47; cf.also A.Dostal,ClozianusCodex paleoslavenicus glagoliticus,Praha,1959, pp.109-49;MMFH,IV,pp.199-204;Va8icaJ.,"AnonimnihomilievrukopiseClozovl!po strance pravne",Slavia,25,1956,No2,pp.221-33. THEBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARYDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES13 known asInstruction forPrinces-though not a legal work, it contains vocabulary of interest toourtopic;andTsarBoril'sSynodicon-Ifeel that the usefulnessof itsinclusion isobviousanddoesnot require to be arguedfor. 3.THE STRUCTUREOFTHESTUDY.GLOSSARYOFTHELEGALTERMS: STRUCTUREOFTHESEPARATEUNITSINTHEGLOSSARY Theproposedstudywillconsistof severalparts.Besidesthischap-ter,therewillbeaseparatechapterpresentinggeneralobservations regardinglawandthesystemof normativeregulationof society asa wholeandasociety'sculture.Ishallpresentmy viewsonproblems suchaslaw and identity,law and values,law and language. The main treatment willbegivenin severalchapters presenting the legal vocabulary inseparate branchesof publicor canon law.My first ideawastopreparearesearchontheentirelegalvocabularyof the Bulgarian MiddleAges.That ishow it all began, and the glossaries for all branches of law are practically ready.In the course of writing, how-ever,Ireachedtheconclusionthatsuchapresentationwouldresult in too voluminous a work, and onethat would begreatly misbalanced withregardto the representativenessof thesources, with whichI was working.Whiletheselectedtextsarehighlyrepresentativeofstate institutionsandpubliclegalrelationsasawhole,thisisnottrueas regards civil and penallaw and procedure. I believe the study of these latterfieldsrequiresenhancingtheirrepresentationby theinclusion of morelegaltexts.Ihavealready explainedwhy Ibelievethistobe unfeasible at thepresent stage. BER DRH Dujcev,SBK,t.I-II ESS]a Ivanov,BSM Jurukova-Penchev MGH MMFH P.K.I-II RESEE SBL,t.III,IV S]SS SSK] ABBREVIATIONS Bulgarski etimologichenrechnik, t.I-, Sofia,1971 DocumentaRomaniaeHistorica,ser.A (Moldova),ser.B (Tara Romaneasca) Dujcev Iv.,Iz staratabulgarskaknizhnina, t.I-II, Sofia,1943 Etimologicheskijslovar' slavjanskikh jazykov. Praslavjanskijleksicheskij fond,rec.0. N. Trubachev,t.I-, Moscow,1974-Ivanov J.,Bulgarskistariniiz Makedonija, Sofia,1931 JurukovaJ.,Penchev Vl.,Bulgarski srednovekovni pechatii moneti, Sofia,1990 MonumentaGermaniaeHistorica MagnaeMoraviae Jonteshistorici,t.IV,Brno, 1971 Popkonstantinov K.,Kronsteiner 0., Cmapo6MzapcKuHaonucu/Albulgarische Inschriften,vol.I-II(DieslawischenSprachen, Bd.36,1994;Bd.52,1997) Revuedesetudessud-esteuropeennes,Bucharest Starabulgarskaliteratura,t.3,Istoricheski sachinenija, Sofia,1983; t.IV, Zhitiepisnitvorbi, Sofia,1986 Slovnik jezyka staroslovenskeho,t.I-, Praha Slovarslovenskegaknjiznega jezika,t.I-V, Ljubljana,1970-1991 CHAPTER ONE GLOSSARY OFMEDIAEVALBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARY 1 Beforeproceeding further,Ishouldpresentthestructure and contents of the separateunitsof whichthe glossary consists. 1.1 In the selectionof wordsforthe glossary,I have stuck tothe broadest possiblemeaningof "legalvocabulary"Thus,includedintheglos-sary are not only termsin the strict sense of the word, but likewise all wordsrelatedinsomewaytolawandtothelinguisticexpressionof legalacts,institutes,persons, institutions, objects, etc.Included in the glossary are verbs expressing certain actions of a legal nature as well as adjectivesrelatedtothe sphere of law.I am fully aware that coherence may thus be forfeited, and that the presenceof many of theterms and other words might be questioned, or simply rejected, by some readers. Nonetheless, I prefer to err on the side of being excessive in expanding the number andscope than inrestricting them. 1.2 What remainsistopresent the structure of the separateunits.At the beginning, of course, isthe word itself:I have written out in full, with-out thediacritical titles and other abbreviations occurring in the texts. Thewordsarearrangedinalphabeticalorder.Followingthelexical unit,Ihaveindicatedinbracketsitsmorphologicalcharacteristic-a noun, verb, adverbandsoon;fornouns the genderisalsogiven,and the number, wherenecessary. Thenfollowsanindicationoftheplacesintheglossary'sbasic textswherethewordmay befound-an abbreviationdesignatesthe text(thenameunderwhichthedocumentisknownandindication whetherit isaninscription,marginalnote,oranotherkindof text), followedby a number indicating the page or line in the respective edi-tion Ihaveused. 18CHAPTERONE Afterthese indications, Ihave attempted to supply a brief clarifica-tionof the etymologyof theword.Ibelievethisisasignificantpart of the study,forinmany caseswemay judge of thelegalimportance of aspecificwordonly by what weknowregardingitsorigin.Inthe course of this clarification, I have referred to certain works of my own, but of course I have leaned above allon the achievementsof philology embodiedintheetymologicaldictionariesIhaveused.Thelatter,as wellasother bibliography,areindicatedin bracketsimmediately fol-lowing thispart. Finally, Ioffera historical and juridical interpretation of the respec-tive word,including clarificationof its concretelegalmeaning, which aloneisof interest tous.Thisstepisnecessary,forinsomecasesthe wordsareingeneralusageandtheiradditional legalmeaning isnar-rowly specialised. Together with this, the meaning of the word is clari-fiedinthecourseof itsdevelopmentandintheconcretehistorical environmentof mediaevalBulgaria,aswellasintheframeworkof the concrete text in which we findit.Afterthis part of the unit, I have supplied a brief bibliography, which I have striven tokeep limited. My aim has been to refer tonew titles, under which anyone could findthe literature that might beof interest. 2.PRESENTINGTHEMATERIALONWHICHTHESTUDYISBUILT AsIpointedout,thematerialuponwhichthisstudy isbuiltisof a widely varying kind.It encompasses many works, quotedin each unit of theglossarysoastoindicatetheplacewheretherespectiveword can befound.Givenherearetheabbreviationsusedin citations.But theLawforJudgingPeopleandthevocabularyitcontainsarepre-sentedin aseparate glossary. TEXTSTHEGLOSSARYISBASEDON AH= Anonymoushomilyof CodexClozianuspublishedinMMFH, t.IV,pp.199-204 Bra.=BraOV(Kronstadt)charter of the tsar John Sratsimir Vars.=LawforJudgingthePeople.Copyof theKormchaja,colled Varsanofievskaja(ZakonSudnyj ljudem.Kratkoj redaktsii, ed. M.N. Tikhomirov, Moscow,1961,pp.41-6) Vatop.= Vatopedicharterof thetsarJohnIIAsen GLOSSARYOFMEDIAEVALBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARY19 Virg.= Virgino chrysobull, ascribedtothe tsat Constantine Asen. Vit.=Vitoshachrysobullof the tsar John Shishman Dubr.= Horismos forRepublicof Dubrovnik,1230-the tsarJohnII Asen E.= Ecloga (L.Burgmann: Ecloga.DasGesetzbuch Leons III.und Kon-stantinsV.,herausg.L.Burgmann(=Forschungenzurbyzantinis-chenRechtsgeschichte,Bd.10), Frankfurt-am-Main,1983 Zogr.= Zographou chrysobullof thetsarJohnAlexander ZSL= Law forJudging the People, normalisedtext (ZakonSudnyj iju-dem.Kratkojredaktsii,ed.M.N.Tikhomirov, pp.104-9) K =presbyter Cosmas,OrationonHeresy MAD =Pact of the tsar Michael IIAsen withDubrovnik (AD1253) Mr.=Mraka chrysobullof thetsar John Alexander N1-Bitolja inscription of thetsar John Vladislav(AD1017):Mosin Vl.,"Bitoljskaplochaiz1017godine",Makedonskijazik,Skopje, XVII,1966,pp.51-61;Zaimov].,BitolskinadpisnaIvanVladis-lav,samodarzhetsbulgarski.Starobulgarskipametnikot1015-1016 g.,Sofia,1970;BozilovIv.,"BitolskijatnadpisnatsarIvanVladislav injakoivaprosinabulgarskatasrednovekovnaistorija",Istoricheski pregled,1971,1, pp. 84-100; G.Tomovic, Moifologija tirilickihnatpisa naBalkanu,Belgrade,1974,p.33;P.K.,I,p.15 N2-lnscription on the leadplatefrom a l a r a ~ i (Romania):P.K.,I, p.19-21(X-begin. XIcentury) N3-lnscriptionfromTsarAsenVillage(Silistradistrict):Angelov N.,"Starobulgarskijat nadpis ot kraja na IXvek ot s.Tsar Asen,Silis-trenskiokrag",Archaeologia,1980,2,pp.35-38;Popkonstantinov K.,"Za cheteneto italkuvanetonanadpisaot TsarAsen,Silistrenski okrag", Archaeologia,1982,3-4, pp.43-9; Medyntseva,A."0 nadpisi na 'kreste' Manasij(s.Tsar Asen,Bolgarija)",Sovetskaja archaeologia, 1990,4,p.39;P.K.,I,p.25(Xcentury) N4-lnscription fromGigen(Plevendistrict):Iv.Goshev,Starobul-garskiglagolicheskii kirilskinadpisiIX-Xv.,Sofia,1961,pp.79-83; Malingoudis,I,p.37ff.;MargosA.,"Njakoi belezhkipochetenetona protivobogomilskija nadpisot srednovekovnata tsarkvapri s.Gigen", Starobulgarskaliteratura,15,1984,pp.119-25;P.K.,I,p.29(X cen-tury) N5-lnscriptionfromGolesh(Silistradistrict):P.K.,I,p.33 (Xcentury) N6-lnscription fromHagiosGermanosnearPrespalake(Greece): UspenskijF.,"Nadpis'tsarjaSamuila",IzvestijarusskagoInstitutav Konstantinopole,4,1899,pp.1-4;L.Miletich,"Kam samuilovija nad-pisot 993g.",IzvestijarusskagoInstitutav Konstantinopole,4,1899, pp.14-20; Malingoudis,I,pp.39-42;P.K.,I,p.37(993AD) 20CHAPTERONE N?-Inscription(1)fromKrepcha(Targovishtedistrict):Skorpil K.,Opisnastarinitepotechenietonar.RusenskiLom,Sofia,1914; KonstantinovK.,"Dvastarobulgarskinadpisaotskalnijamonastir pris.Krepcha,Targovishkiokrag", Archaeologia,1977,3,pp.19-28; SmjadovskiSt.,"Epigrafsko-tekstologichni dobavki varkhu tri starob-ulgarski nadpisa", Archaeologia,1982,2,pp.38-42;P.K.,I,p.47(end X-begin. XIcentury) N8-lnscription(2)fromKrepcha(Targovishtedistrict):seeN7, P.K.,I,p.49(October 921) N9-lnscription(4)fromKrepcha(Targovishtedistrict):seeN7, P.K.,I,p.55(Xcentury) N10-lnscription (5)fromKrepcha(Targovishtedistrict):seeN7, P.K.,I,p.57(X-begin. XIcentury) N11-lnscription (6)fromKrepcha(Targovishtedistrict):seeN7, P.K.,I,p.57(X-begin. XIcentury) N12-lnscription (7)fromKrepcha(Targovishtedistrict):seeN7, P.K.,I,p.59(X-XIcentury) N 13-Glagolitic inscription fromMurfatlar (Romania):P.K.,I,p.73 (Xcentury) N 14-lnscription (1) from Murfatlar (Romania): Barnea 1., "Les monu-ments rupestres deBasarabi en Dobrugea", Cahiers archeologiques,13, 1962,pp.187-208; Mihaila G.,"Staroslavjanskie nadpisi,otkrytye v s. Basarab(obl.Dobrudzha)",Revueroumainedelinguistique,9,1964, 2,pp.149-69;PopkonstantinovK.,"Lesinscriptionsdu rupestre presdu villageMurfatlar (Bassarab)", Etudes ethnoculturelles, Sofia,1987,pp.115-45;P.K.,I,p.75(X century) N15-lnscription (2)fromMurfatlar(Romania):N 14,P.K.,I,p.77 (X century) N16-lnscription (3)fromMurfatlar(Romania):N 14,P.K.,I,p.79 (X century) N17-Inscription (4)fromMurfatlar(Romania):N 14,P.K.,I,p. 81 (X century) N18-lnscription (5)fromMurfatlar(Romania):N 14,P.K.,I,p. 83 (X century) N19-lnscription (8)fromMurfatlar(Romania):N 14,P.K.,I,p. 91 (X century) N20-lnscription(10)fromMurfatlar(Romania):N14,P.K.,I, p.95(Xcentury) N21-InscriptionfromMirceavoda(Romania):ComsaE.,Pope-scuD.,"CercetariarheologicepetrasculcanaluluiDunare-Mare Neagra", Studii cercetarideistorie veche,1951,1,p.171;Bogdan D., "Dobrudjanskaja nadpis' 943g.",Romanoslavica,1,1958,pp. 88-104; GjuzelevV.,"Dobrudjanskijat nadpisi sybitijata vBulgarijasled943 g.",Istoricheskipregled,1968,6,pp.40-48;BozilovIv.,"Nadpisat na zhupan Dimitar ot 943 g.",Izvestijanaokrazhnija istoricheski muzej v Tolbukhin,1973,pp.37-58;P.K.,I,p.109(943AD) N22-InscriptiononaleadplatefromOdartsi(Dobrichdistrict): P.K.,I,p.113-5 (X-XI century) GLOSSARYOFMEDIAEVALBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARY21 N23-lnscription onaleadplate-amulet fromOreshak(Varnadis-trict):DonchevaL.,K.Popkonstantinov, "Apokrifna molitvaot X-XI vek varkhu oloven amulet ot s.Odartsi", Sbarnik v chest na D.Angelav, Sofia,1994,pp. 288-92;P.K.,I,p.119(X-begin. XIcentury) N24-lnscription on aterracotta platefromParvomaj(Plovdivdis-trict):ZaimovJ.,"Novstarobulgarskipametnik.Parvomajskinadpis ot XI-XIIcentury",Bulgarskiezik,1983,4,p.293;P.K.,I,p.129 (X-XIc.) N25-Inscriptionon thegoldensealof sword-bringerTagchifrom Pazardzhikdistrict:StanchevSt.,"Nadgrobnijanadpisnachergubilja MostichotPreslav",NadpisatnachergubiljaMastich,Sofia,1955, p.13,fig.19;Jordanov lv.,Karpusna pechatite na srednavekavna Bul-garija,Sofia,2001,p.142,No183;P.K.,I,p.132(Xc.) N26-lnscriptiononaleadplatefromPernik:"Epigrafskipamet-nitsi",SbarnikPernik,2,Sofia,1983,pp.171-5;P.K.,I,p.135(Xc.) N27-Inscription(1)fromPliska:GeorgievP.,"Einezweisprachige GraninschriftausPliska",Palaeabulgarica,1978,3,pp.32-44;P.K.,I, p.153(begin.X century) N 28-lnscription (3)fromPliska:lvanova V.,"Starobulgarskija nad-pisot s.TekeKozludja",Izvestijanabulgarskataarhealagicheskadru-zhestva,VII,1932-33,pp.319-21;P.K.,I,p.157(endIX-begin. X century) N29-Terracotta cyrillicinscription(2)fromPreslav:P.K.,I,p.175 (Xcentury) N 3D-Inscription (3)fromPreslav:P.K.,I,p.177(begin.X century) N 31-lnscription (5)fromPreslav (of chergubylia Mostich): NadpisiU nachergubiljaMastich,Sofia,1955;P.K.,I,p.185(Xcentury) N32-lnscription(6)fromPreslav:GjuzelevV.,"KojaeAnaot novootkritijadvuezichenpreslavskinadpis?",Istaricheskipregled, 1967,pp.82-85;P.K.,I,p.187(begin.X century) N 33-lnscription (7)on a lead seal fromPreslav:Gerasomov T., "Nov molivdovul na Georgi monakh i sinkel bulgarski", Izvestijanaarkhea-lagicheskijainstitut,XX,1955;P.K.,I,p.188(Xcentury) N34-lnscription(9)onterracottaplatesfromPreslav:P.K.,I, p.190(Xcentury) N35-lnscription (11)fromPreslav:P.K.,I,p.197(Xcentury) N36-Inscription (12)fromPreslav:P.K.,I,p.199(Xcentury) N37-Inscription(1)fromRavna:PopkonstantinovK.,"Zadva pametnika s psaltirnitekstove",Prinasikclmbulgarskataarkhealagija, I,Sofia,1992;P.K.,I,p.215(endIX-begin. X century) N38-lnscription (4)fromRavna:P.K.,I,p.223(Xcentury) N39-lnscription(5)fromRavna:GeorgievP.,"Khronologichesko prouchvanevarkhudatirannadpisotRavna",Epakhi,2,1993,pp. 58-60;P.K.,I,p.225(889) N 40-lnscription (11)fromRavna:P.K.,I,p.233(Xcentury) N 41-lnscription on a leadplate fromRuyno(Silistra district):P.K., I,pp.237-9(Xcentury) N42-lnscription fromShumen:P.K.,I,p.242(endIXcentury) 22CHAPTERONE N43-lnscriptionfromVarosh(Macedonia):MiljukovP.,"Khris-tijanskiedrevnostivZapadnojMakedonii",Izvestijarusskago arkheologicheskagoinstitutevKonstantinopole,4,1899;TomovitG., MoifologijatirilskihnatpisanaBalkanu,Belgrade,1974,p.32;P.K., I,p.244(996AD) N44-InscriptionfromStenimachos(nowAsenovgrade):Zlatarski V.,"Asenevijat nadpis pri Stanimaka", Izvestijana bulgarskoto arkheo-logicheskodruzhestvo,Sofia,II,1911, pp. 231-47; Dujcev lv.,Iz starata bulgarskaknivnina,t.II,Sofia,1944,p.38;Malingoudis,I,pp.60-2; P.K.,II,p.15(1231) N45-InscriptiononacrossencolpionfromVatopedi:FrolovA., "Une inscription bulgare inedited", Revue desetudes slaves,Paris, XXI, 1944, p.97;DonchevaL.,Smjadovski St.,"Krast encolpion relikvar na tsarGeorgiTerter",Archaeologia,1990,2,pp.45-51;P.K.,II,p.19 (XIVcentury) N46-lnscription fromBatoshevo(Gabrovodistrict):KhristovKhr., "Batoshevskijat nadpis", Archaeologia, 1976,4, pp. 65-70; Malingoudis, I,pp.63-8;P.K.,II,p.23(XIIIcentury.) N47-Inscription(1)fromBojanachurch:SafarikJ.,"Pismeni spomenicisrpskii bugarski",GlasnikSrpskognaucnog drustva,1855, 7,p.191;GrabarA.,Bojanskatatsarkva,Sofia,1924,p.28;Zlatarski V.,"Bojanskijatnadpis",GodishniknaSofijskijauniversitet,Istoriko-filologicheskifakultet,1935,p.31(10),7;Galabov1.,Nadpisitekam bojanskite stenopisi,Sofia,1963;Dobrev lv.,"Kamtalkuvanetona kti-torskijanadpisvBojanskatatsarkva",GodishniknaSofijskijauniver-sitet,FakultetSlavjanska filologija,1982,71(1),p.129ff.;P.K.,II,p. 31(1259r.) N48-lnscription(2)fromBojanachurch:seeN47,P.K.,II,p.33 (1259) N49-lnscription(3)fromBojanachurch:seeN47,P.K.,II,p.34 (1259) N50-Inscription (4)fromBojanachurch:seeN47,P.K.,II,p.35 (1259) N51-Inscription (5)fromBojanachurch:seeN47,P.K.,II,p.36 (1259) N52-Inscription (6)fromBojanachurch:seeN 47,P.K.,II,p.38 (1346) N53-Inscription(1)fromCherven:AngelovN.,"Nadpisi,mono-grami, bukvi i znatsi",Srednovekovnijat Cherven,Sofia,1985, p.236ff.; P.K.,II,p.45(XIIIcentury) N54-Inscription (2)fromCherven:seeN53,P.K.,II,p.47(XIII century) N55-InscriptionfromDojran:IvanovJ.,BSM,Sofia,1931,p.199; Velenis G., "Dva dvuezichni nadpisa ot XIV v.",Palaeobulgarica,1979, 3,pp.39-45;P.K.,II,p.51(1362) N56-Inscription(1)fromGradets(Vidindistrict):MijatevKr., "Starobulgarskinadgrobennadpisot XIVvek",GodishniknaNaro-GLOSSARYOFMEDIAEVALBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARY23 dnijamuzej,5,1933,pp.253-5;MladenovSt.,"Belezhkivarkhu novonajdeninadgrobennadpisnavidinskataboljarkaStanislava", SpisanienaBulgarskata Akademijananaukite,48,1934,pp.241-61; P.K.,II,p.59(XIVcentury) N57-Inscription (2)fromGradets(Vidindistrict):seeN56,P.K., II,p.61(XIVcentury) N58-Inscription(1)fromIvanovo(Russedistrict):VasilievA., "Novootkritinadpisiiktitorskiobrazipris.Ivanovo",Izvestijana bulgarskijaarkheologicheskiinstitut,15,1946,pp.197-203;Margos A.,"NadpisanaIvoGramatik",Archaeologia,1981,1-2,pp.36-40; MargosA.,"Za nadpisite,svarzani s tsarGeorgi Terter pris.Ivanovo, Rusensko",Palaeobulgarica,1984,4,pp.44-50;SmjadovskiSt.,"Nja-kolkoezikovibelezhkizanadpisanaIvoGramatik",Archaeologia, 1981,1,pp.41-4;PopkonstantinovK.,"Oshtevednazhzanadpisa naIvoGramatik",Archaeologia,1983,1-2,pp.98-105;MargosA., "Za cheteneto na nadpisanaIvoGramatik pris.Ivanovo,Rusensko", Archaeologia,1986,2,pp.39-44;P.K.,II,p.65(1290-1291) N59-Inscription (2)fromIvanovo(Russedistrict):seeN58,P.K., II,p.67( 1290-1291) N60-InscriptionfromJambol:SkorpilK.,Njakoibelevkivarkhu arkheologicheskiteiistoricheskiizsledvanijavTrakija,Plovdiv,1885, p.103;SkorpilK.,"Materiali poarkheologijata i anticheskata geografija na Bulgarija", Periodichesko spisanie,21-22, 1887, pp. 523-5; Galabov Iv., "Jambolskijat nadpis",Ezikovedsko-etnografskiizsledvanijav pametna akademik St.Romanski,Sofia,1960,pp.421-6;P.K.,II,p.71(1356) N61-InscriptionfromKalugeritsa(Shumendistrict):Kr.Mijatev, "Starobulgarskijat nadpispri s.Kalugeritsa",SbornikDjakovich,Sofia, 1927,pp.319-25;MargosA.,"Starobulgarskitenadpisipris.Kaluge-ritsa",Pliska-Preslav,I,Sofia,1970,pp.193-7;P.K.,II,p.77(XIII century) N62-InscriptionfromKarydochorion(Greece):Ivanov,BSM,pp. 29-34;Malingoudis,I, pp.47-9;P.K.,II,p.81(1204) N63-Inscription fromKrichim(Plovdivdistrict):GoshevIv.,"Tsar AsenevijatnadpisnadkreposttaKrichim",SpisanienaBAN,70,klon istoriko- jilologicheski33,1945,pp.65-85;MladenovSt.,"Njakolko dumizaKrichimskijanadpis",SpisanienaBAN,70,klonistoriko-jilologicheski33,1945,pp.87-94;MargosA.,"Krichimskijat nadpis", Muzeiipametnitsinakulturata,1965,4,pp.3-5;Malingoudis,I, p.73;P.K.,II,p.85(XIIIcentury) N64-InscriptionfromKrivaPalanka(Macedonia):Ivanov,BSM, p.147;P.K.,II,p.88(1350) N65-InscriptionfromNevsha(Varnadistrict):K.Khadzhiev,"Za srednovekovnite kirilskinadpisiot s.Nevsha,Provadijsko",Archaeo-logia,1986,4,pp.41-4;P.K.,II,p.91(XIIIcentury) N 66-Inscription fromOsmar (Shumendistrict):Konstantinova V., "SrednovekovninadpisiotShumensko(XII-XIV)",Palaeobulgarica, 1983,7,p.68;P.K.,II,p.102(XIIIcentury) 24CHAPTERONE N 67-Inscription (1)fromRoyak(Varna district): MargosA.,"Sred-novekovnitebulgarskinadpisipris.Rojak,Provadijsko",Bulgarski ezik,1976,4,p.296-302;SmjadovskiSt.,"Epigrafsko-textologichni dobavkivarkhuoshtedvabulgarskinadpisa",Archaeologia,1987,1, pp.39-40;P.K.,II,p.119(1252) N 68-lnscription (2)fromRoyak(Varna district):seeN 67,P.K.,II, p.119(XIV century) N69-lnscription(5)fromShumen:AntonovaV.,"Novootkritsta-robulgarskinadpisotShumenskatakrepost",Izvestijananarodnija muzej vKolarovgrad,4,1967,pp.79-83;Malingoudis,I, p.87;P.K., II,p.135(XIVcentury) N70-lnscription(1)fromTroitsa(Shumendistrict):Popkonstan-tinovK.,"Starobulgarskinadpisots.Troitsa,Shumenskiokrag", Archaeologia,1980,4,pp.56-64;P.K.,II,p.147(1263) N 71-lnscription (3)fromTroitsa (Shumen district):seeN 70,P.K., II,p.150(XIV-XV century) N72-InscriptionfromBozhenishkiUrvichnearBotevgrade(Sofia district): MutafCiev P., "Bizhenishkija nadpis", in: MutafCiev P., Izbrani proizvedenija,t.I,Sofia,1973,pp.486-517;Gjuzelev V.,"Nadpisyt ot krepostta",Sbornik BozhenishkiUrvich,Sofia,1979,pp. 43-4; P.K.,II, p.155(XIV century) N73-lnscription(1)fromSaintFourtyMartyrschurchinVeliko Tarnovo:Dujcev,SBK,II,pp.38-39;P.K.,II,pp.167-8(1230) N74-lnscription(2)fromSaintFourtyMartyrschurchinVeliko Tarnovo:Goshev,lv.Tarnovskitsarskinadgrobennadpisot1388 g.,(=Bulgarskistarini,kn.XIV),Sofia,1945;N.Ovcharov,"Za pravilnotochetenenatarnovskinadgrobennadpisottsarkvata'Sv. 40machenitsi'",Archaeologia,1995,1,p.46;P.K.,II,p.169(XIV century) N75-lnscriptiononthecrossofsebastosBerislavfromVelika Tarnovo:Gerasimova-Tomova V.,"Krastat na sevast Berislav", Izvestija naokrazhnija muzej vav VelikaTarnovo,5,1972,pp.129-36;P.K.,II, p.173(XIIIcentury) N76-lnscription (5)fromVelikoTarnovo:P.K.,II,p.181(XIII-XIVcentury) N 77 -Incription on thegolden ring of thestolnik Slav:Dujcev,SBK, II,p.291;Malingoudis,I,p.103;P.K.,II,p.190(XIIIcentury) N78-lnscription(12)fromVelikaTarnovo:P.K.,II,p.193(XIV-XIIIcentury) N79-lnscription(13)fromVelikoTarnovo:P.K.,II,p.195(XIII century) N SO-Inscription (1)fromVratsa:P.K.,II,p.203(XIIIcentury) N 81-lnscription (2)fromVratsa on the golden ring of thesebastos Hinat:P.K.,II,p.205(XIIIcentury) N82-lnscriptionfromZajecar(Serbia):Galabovlv.,"Edinmaiko izvestennadpis ot vremetona Sratsimira", Bulgarskiezik,1956,3,pp. 229-38;MargosA.,"Kamchetenetoitalkuvanetonadvasrednove-kovni bulgarski nadpisa",Archaeologia, 1982, 3-4, pp. 55-6; Smjadovski GLOSSARYOFMEDIAEVALBULGARIANLEGALVOCABULARY25 St.,"Epigrafsko-textologichnidobavkivarkhutristarobulgarskinad-pisa",Archaeologia,1982,2,p.41;P.K.,II,p.209(XIV century) N83-InscriptionfromthechurchinDonjaKamenica(Serbia): LjubinkoviCR.,Corovic-LjubinkoviCM.,"Crkva u DonjojKamenici", Starinar,I,1950,p.54;ZivkovicB.,Donja Kamenica(Crtezi fresaka), in:Spomenicisrpskog slikarstva,6,Belgrade,1987,tabl.IX N 84-lnscription fromtheSaint NicholaschurchinStanicene(Ser-bia):Crkvasvetog NikoleuStanicene,Belgrade,2005,pp.79-80lines 1-4 N 85-Inscription fromtheSaint NicholaschurchinKalotina(Sofia district):GerovG.,KirinA.,"NewDataontheFourteen-Century MuralPainting intheChurchof SvetiNikola(St.Nicholas)inKala-tina",Zograf,23,1993-1994,pp.51-64.N 85(1)-p.52,N 85(2)-p.53and54,N 85(3)-p.53and55,N 85(4)-p. 53and56,N 85 (5)-p. 57. NM= Inscriptionon coin. NM1-Golden coin of the tsar John II Asen:Jurukova-Penchev, p.79. NM 2-Copper coins of the tsar John II Asen: Jurukova-Penchev, p.79. NM3-CoinsofthetsarConstantineAsen:Jurukova-Penchev, pp.85-8. NM4-Silvercoinof thetsarTheodoreSvetoslavTerter:Jurukova-Penchev,pp.100-1. NM 5-Copper coins of the tsar Theodore Svetoslav Terter:Jurukova-Penchev,p.106. NM6-Silvercoinsof thetsarMichaelIIIShishmanAsen(typesIII and IV):Jurukova-Penchev,p.111 NM7-Copper coins of the tsarMichael II Shishman Asen(typeIV): Jurukova-Penchev, p.121. NM8-Silver coinsof thetsarJohnAlexander(typeI-II):Jurukova-Penchev,pp.125-8. NM9-CoppercoinsofthetsarJohnAlexander,producedin Tarnovgrade(typeI-V):Jurukova-Penchev,pp.137-40. NM10-CoppercoinsofthetsarJohnAlexander,producedin Shumen:Jurukova-Penchev,p.142. NM11-Copper coinsof thetsarJohn Alexander,produced in Cher-ven(typeIV-VI):Jurukova-Penchev,pp.145-7. NM12-Silver coins of the tsar John Sratsimir: Jurukova-Penchev, pp. 149-51. NM13-Copper coinsof thetsarJohnSratsimir:Jurukova-Penchev, pp.160-2. NM14-Silver coinsof thetsarJohnShishman(type11-IV):Juruk-ova-Penchev,pp.166-9. 26CHAPTERONE NM15-Billon coins of the tsar John Shishman (type I-II):Jurukova-Penchev,pp.170-2. NM16-Copper coinsof thetsarJohnShishman(typeI-II):Juruk-ova-Penchev,pp.172-5. NM17-Coins of Mitso:Jurukova-Penchev,pp.176-8. NM 18-Coins of the despot Jacob Svetoslav: Jurukova-Penchev, p.178. Nov.= LawfortheJudgingof People.Novgorod copy (ZakonSudnyj ljudem.Kratkojredaktsii,ed.M.N.Tikhomirov, Moscow,1961, pp. 35-40) !Seal= Inscription on a seal.Thesealare presented following its num-ber and page in the Corpus, prepared by Ivan Jordanov: Iv. Jordanov, KorpusnapechatitenasrednovekovnaBulgarija,Sofia,2001. Slovar' drevnerusskogo jazyka = Slovar' drevnerusskogo jazyka (XI-XIV vv.),t.I-,Moscow,1988-MN=Marginalnoteorcolophon(thetextsarearrangedandnum-beredfollowingtheireditioninB.Khristova,D.Karadzhova,E. Uzunova,Belezhkinabulgarskiteknizhovnitsiot X-XVIIIvek,t.1 (X-XV vek),Sofia,2003) Ril.=Rilachrysobullof thetsarJohn Shishman Syn.=Synodicon(thetextiscitedfollowingtheeditionofM.G. Popruzhenko, Sinodik tsarjaBorila,Bulgarski starini, kn.VIII, Sofia, 1928, the numbers cite the numbers of the articles of the both copies of theBulgarian Synodicon-Palauzov's andDrinov's) Syn.Dr.=Synodicon,Drinov's copy Syn.Pal.= Synodicon,Palauzov'scopy Ust.=LawfortheJudgingofPeople.Ustiugacopy(ZakonSudnyj ljudem.Kratkojredaktsii, ed.M.N.Tikhomirov, Moscow,1961, pp. 47-54) GLOSSARY ARRA(subst.m.)-N 12.IIEtym.:From Hebrew through Greek (VasmerM.,Etimilogicheskijslovar' russkogojazyka,vol.I,Moscow, 1986,p. 58)IISign.: "Father", "abbot". Abbot (head) of a monastery. The word could be used asaddress toGod-Father. (Slovar' drevnerusskogo jazyka(XI-XIV vv.,t.I,Moscow,1988pp.71-2; Institufii feudaledin fdrileromane.Dicfionar, Bucureti,1988,p.1) MAPATOfb.(subst.m.)-Ril.54,Vit.9.IIEtym.:Transliterationof theGreekword&A.aya'tmp.IISign.:Militaryinstitutionintheprov-inceslink tothecommandof thecavalry.(Dujcev,Rilskata gramota, p.63;Biliarsky,Institutsiite,pp.314-7;V.Velev in:Ezikiliteratura, XXXV,1980,p.95) AHArHoCTrz.(subst.m.)-N34.IIEtym.:Transliterationof theGreek wordIISign.:"Anagnostes",readerintheChurch.An ecclesiasticaldegree.(Slovar' drevnerusskogo jazyka, I,p.85;Tsibran-ska-KostovaM.,Formiraneirazvitienastarobulgarskiteleksikalni normiv tsarkovnojuridicheskataknizhnina,Sofia,2000,p.74) AnOAO.XATOf'll.(subst.m.)-Vatop.10,Virg.100,Mr.29,Ril.55,Vit. 10IIEtym.:ObviouslythisisatransliterationoftheGreekword &noooxa'tmpbutthelatterisnotfoundinanyoriginalGreektext. IISign.:Fiscalinstitution.Theappellationcomesfrom&noo "murder, slaughter, homi-cide"(Gr. Lat."homicidium").(BER,I,p.180;SDR]a,I,pp. 480-1)IISign.:Thejuridical meaning of thewordis''homicide"ora typeof feeaspunishment forahomicide.Themeaningof theword inthetextof CosmasthePresbyterisgeneral(hatred,odium)and hasnodirect relationtothelaw.(Mihaljcic,Zakoniustarimsrpskim ispravama,pp.188-9). Rfb."'b.(subst.m.)-MN91(1).IIEtym.:FromPalaeoslavic"*v('n) r-acb"It isrelatedtotheOldRussianverbRfM'H="tospeak","to murmur","tolie,totellalie"(BER,I,p.183;Vasmer,I,p.361).II Sign.:"Medicaldoctor"Thejuridicalmeaning islinkedtothestatus of theperson.In thenotethesearetheUnmercenary SaintsCosmas and Damian. RytA'll. (subst. m.)-K 15:21-22,29:1-211Etym.: From Indo-European *werdho- ("protrude","growup"),Sanskrit"vardhati"("growup"), Lettish"ap-virde"("furunicle").ThePalaeoslavic word*verd'bpassed in feminineinthemodernlanguages.(BER,I,p.184,SDR]a,I,pp. 489-90; Vasmer, I, p.295)IISign.:"Damage", "harm"Thetern could berelatedtothepenalaswellastothecivillaw.(Institutii feudale, p.349). (subst.neutr.)-AH202IIEtym.:FromtheIndo-European "*wert-men" < "wert-" = "to turn" the suffix" -men" added.Related to theSanskrit"wartman-"="road", "groove,rut,track"SeetheLatin "annusvertens","mensisvertens","anniversarius"Relatedtothe cyclicconceptionof the time.(BER,I,p.185;Vasmer,I,pp.361-2)11 Sign.:Thewordmeans "time", but thisisnot the meaningthat inter-estsus.Withregardtothelegalvocabulary wemustnotethecases when it can mean "cause", "guilt". Apart fromthe Anonymous homily, 48CHAPTERONE suchalsoisthemeaning intheLawfortheJudgingof People.There isnoetymologicalconnectionbetweenthetwomeanings,thisbeing merely a specificuseof the word. &'AAI\TH(verb)-K39:8-10IIEtym.:FromtheverbN-THwiththe fi II S."Cc,"., prex &'A-.tgn.:on1er,gtve (verb)-MN14bis,K27:7-9.32:3-5, 43:11-12,52:6-760:1-211Etym.:See(SDR]a, I,pp.525-6)IISign.:"Legalise","tomakelegal"(Institutii Jeudale, pp.273-4). (verb)-K 27:1-4, 38:11-14, 38:15-16, 54:6-8,59:9-10, 64:1-3. 69:2IIEtym.:See IISign.:"Toprohibit", "to ban", "toforbid",Gr.KmA:6ro. (verb)-K69:2-3IIEtym.:FromtheIndo-European "*werg-"> ="toturn"(BER,I,pp.212-3,Vasmer,I, p.355)IISign.:"Toreject", "tomakeover" (verb)-K59:2-4IIEtym.:FromtheverbARHrHII\TH (="tomove")withthe prefixThegeneralmeaning is"tomove up"(BER,I,pp.325-6;Vasmer,I,p.487)IISign.:"Toundertake, launch", "to establish", "todefine"Thecitation inthe textof Cosmas thePresbyterisrelatedtothepenitential practice. (verb)-K 27:14-16,39:9-1111Etym.: See IISign.:"To provoke,incite"(27), "to preach"(39). (verb)-K29:7-8IIEtym.:From="tocutIto clip"Theroot"*arz-"(adj.)-K1:4-7,15:15-16,30:3-5,36:10-12,39:11-13, 39:16-18, 41:6-8,42:1-3, 58:3-5, 75:17-18.11Etym.:SeeEfE'T'HIC'l>and IISign.:"Heretical"Relatedtothe canonlawandtothepenal law. EfE'T'H"'b.C'I'Ro(subst.neutr.)-K1:14-17,15:7,67:19-21.IIEtym.:See and EfECb..IISign.:"Heresy". 68CHAPTERONE (subst. f.)-AH 202 (four citations); N 53(wife); K 13:7-10, 19:26, 26:10-12,39:1-2,39:22,40:1-2,43:5-6,43:21-22,44:9-11,58:13-15, 58:15-17,59:2-4,59:6-9,59:12-13,59:13-15,59:16-18,60:21-23, 61:1-2,61:2-3,61:3,61:3-4,61:9,61:15-17,62:5-6,65:12-14,65:14-15,65:15-17,IIEtym.:FromthePalaeoslavic*zena,relatedtothe OldPrussian "genno",Gothic "qino"("woman")and"qens"("wife"), Armenian"kin",Greekyuvfi,Avestan yna"("woman"). (BER,I,pp.535-6; Vasmer, II, p.46)IISign.:Here wepresent only the meaningof "marriedwoman","wife"Theyarerelatedtothematri-monial law.It istostressthe continuous combination noHMATH (="tomarry", "tocontract amarriage").(seeDavidov,p.101). (subst. f.)-K 27:7-9,43:1-2,60:1-2,60:14-16,62:1,63:18-19. IIEtym.:From="woman,wife"(see!).IISign.:"Marriage", "nuptials","contractionofamarriage"(Institufiifeudale,pp.85-7, 192-3) /CIA/(verb)-K 26:12-14,27:1-4,60:20-21, 61:7-9,61:19-20, 61:23-24,64:1-311Etym.: Seeand IISign.:"To marry", "tocontract amarriage".(Institufii feudale,pp.85-7) mHTArb(subst.m.)-Ril.54,Vit.9IIEtym.:FromthewordmHrro (="corn","cereals",relatedtothemeaningof "bread,food","life") withthesuffix-Apb.(BER,I,pp.548-9;Vasmer,II,p.57)IISign.: Thelegalmeaningof thetermisinthesphereof taxation.Thiswas anofficialchargedwithcollectingtaxesongrainproduction.It was probably translatedfromtheGreek word (Dujcev,Rilskata gramota, p.64;Biliarsky, Institutsiite, pp.361-4; Institutii feudale,pp. 231,255-6) mHTAfbCT&o(subst.neutr.)-Zogr.50,58IIEtym.:FrommHTO(see mHTAfb!).Translationof theGreek term o"t'tapKia.IISign.:A requisi-tionandcompulsorysupplyinginkindfortheneedsof thearmyor arequiredbuyingupatfixedprices.(Solovjev,Mosin,Grckepovelje srpskihvladara,pp.491-2; Dujcev,Rilskata gramota,p.64;Biliarsky, Institutsiite,pp.361-4) mHTbHHLI,A(subst.f.)-N 7.IIEtym.:From mHTO(seemHTAfb).Related tothePalaeoslavic "*zita" that isof the same root with ")IU1B"("alive") and ")I(MBeH"("to live").The localizator "-H-" is added to the theme and GLOSSARY69 then the suffix"-HLI,b."(BER,I,pp.548-9; Vasmer, II, p.57).IISign.: "Granary","barn"whereonekeepsthegrain.Thejuridicalmeaning isrelatedtothefiscallawandespeciallytothemaintenanceofthe natural taxationon grain. mHTb.H'll.(adj.)-Virg.10158IIEtym.:An adjectivethatderivesfrom mHTO(seemHTb.fb.!).IISign.:"Cereal",Gr.cri:tou,Lat.''frumenti"The juridical significationof the wordisrelated tothe graintax. (subst.f.)-Virg.74IIEtym.:Thewordhastwomeanings: anadministrative-territorialunit,and"mine"(especiallysaltmine), "nest","cell"Weareonlyinterestedinthefirstmeaning,probably derivedfromtheword (cf.below).Theetymology isprob-lematicandnotquiteclear.(BER,I,p.559;Vasmer,II,pp.65-66)II Sign.: "Zupa(orzhupa)", administrative-territorial unit in some Slavic and CentralEuropean countries.It probably existedintheFirst Bul-garianEmpire.We haveno availabledata that it wasusedduring the Second Empire, andthere are reasons to believethat it had falleninto disuse.Mentionof it ismadeonly intheVirginoCharter, whichfol-lowedthetextof a Serbian document of 1300.It should be notedthat therearedataindicating the existenceof zupainSerbia.(Wasilewski T.,"Zhupa i zhupanija u juzhnite slavjanii ljahnotomjastovorgani-zatsijatanasrednovekovnitedarzhavi",in:WasilewskiT.,Bulgarijai Vizantija(IX-XV vek),Sofia,1997,pp.84-92) (subst.m.)-Virg.3,Bra.1;N21;MN44(1).IIEtym.:The etymology isnot clear. We must reject the idea that the term isderived fromwiththe additionof thesuffix-b.H'll..Theprevailing view isthat it ISof Turkic origin, forsimilar words exist in the languages of the Steppepeoples.Theinitialmeaning wasevidently a chief orcom-manderof somegroupormilitary unit.(BER,I,pp.559-60; Vasmer, II,p.66)IISign.:Thezupans(orzhupans)institutiondidnotexist in Bulgariaduring theSecondEmpire, but thereisampleevidenceit existed during the First Empire. It was widespread in the western parts of theBalkanpeninsula,amongtheRomanians,andinCentraland EasternEurope.Untilthebeginningof thethirteenthcentury "great zupan"wasthetitleof theSerbianruler.IntheletteroftsarJohn Sratsimir an institutionof thesamenameismentioned asexisting in the city of (Kronstadt):the title was used forone of the leaders of thecity, called "judex"inthedocuments in Latin,and "Richter"in 70CHAPTERONE thoseinGerman.(GrachevV.P.,"Izistoriiizuchenijaslavjanskikh srednevekovykhinstitutov(Voprosozhupakhizhupanakhvisto-riografii)",Uchenyezapiskiinstituteslvjanovedenija,t.XXIX,Mos-cow,1965,pp.178-209;GrachevV.P.,"Terminy 'zhupa'i'zhupan' vserbskikhistochnikakhXII-XIVvv.itraktowkaikhvistoriografii (K izucheniju politicjeskojorganizacii v srednevekovoj Serbii)", Istoch-niki iistoriografijaslavjanskogoSrednevekov'ja.Sbornik statejimate-rialov,Moscow,1967,pp.3-52;DobrevIv.,"Praslavjanskoto*zupa 'xropa',starobulgarskoto starobulgarskoto'9e'iov', srednobulgarskoto '9uA.A.a"',Kon-stantin-KirilFilosof]ubileensbornikposluchaj11 00-godishninataot smyrttamu,Sofia,1969,pp.383-7;MalingoudisPh.,DieInstitu-tiondesZupansalsProblemderfri.ihslavischenGeschichte(Einige Bemerkungen) ,Cyrillomethodianum,II,Thessalonique,1972-1973, pp.61-76;Institutii feudale,pp.239-40,260,Biliarsky,Institutsiite, p.266ff.;PhilippiM.,DieBurgervonKronstadtim14.und15.]ahr-hundert,Koln/Wien1986,p.131;GavlikovaL.,"Transformatsija, retseptsija i adaptacija vizantijskoj voenno-politicheskojterminologii v slavjanskojsrede",Vizantijskijvremenik,t.50,1989,pp.62-3; Holzer G.,Zur Sprachedesmittelatrelichen Slaventumsinbsterreich. Slav-ischunter bairischen Einfluss,WienerSlavistisches ]ahrbuch,Bd.48, 2002,pp.57-63;HavlovaE.,KpublikovanYrn.inepublikovanYrn. pradm Ant. Matzenauera, StudiaetymologicaBrunensia, 2,2003, pp. 24-7;CleminsonR.,"BrashovskajagramotatsarjaIvanaSratsimira", Arheografski prilozi,vol.20,1998,p.370;Mihaljcic,Vladarsketitule oblasnih gospodara,pp.77-87). (subst. m.)-K 24:12-14,24:14-16,24:17-19.11 Etym.: Related to the Old High German "kegil", German "Kedel" ="pillar", "stake, post" aswellasIcelandic "geisl" ="stick", Swedish "gissel"="scourge", Old HighGerman"geisala"="scourge",Gr.xa'ioc;="shepard'scrook", "rod"Probably the wordwascreatedon the basisof the Greek word crJcilxtpov.(BER,I, p.531;Vasmer, II, p.40)IISign.: "Scepter", a royal insigneof power(seePsalms22:4-fiml:fb.U.b.(subst.m.)-K14:22-23,15:6-7,14:11-12,14:12-15,14:16-17.IIEtym.:FromthePalaeoslavic"*zrhti"="tosacrifice,toofferto god",relatedtothePrussian"girtwei",Lithuanian"girti" and Lettish "dzirt"="toglorify,topraise",Sanskrit"grmhi"="tosummon,to GLOSSARY71 appeal", "to call", "to praise" and Lat. "grates"="thanks". (BER,I, pp. 537-8,554;Vasmer,II,p.63)IISign.:"/Pagan/priest","celebrant" relatedto the statusof theperson. (verb)-K26:9-10,42:11-14.IIEtym.:SeeIWF\Ab..II Sign.:"Tomislead","todelude", "to deceive"Could be relatedtothe penal law. (subst.m.)-K 9:11-12,55:15-16,72:3-5IIEtym.:Relatedto theverb"BeTaM"(thesameoriginastheword"c'bBeT"="council"). RelatedwordsLithuanian"waitenu"="estimate","suppose",Old Prussian "waitiamai" ="speak", Avestan "wae9-" ="to issue a verdict, ajudgement"and"wae9a"="verdict,judgement"(BER,I,pp.138, 574;Vasmer,II,p.72)IISign.:"Contract","promise","testament", "legacy","order","commandment"Thewordisrelatedtothecivil, administrative and the church law.(Institufii feu dale,pp.153-6, 469) (verb)-N59;K10:16-17IIEtym.:See IISign.:"Bequeath","toleavebytestament"Couldsignify "to deliver/tohandoverproperty".Relatedtothe civillaw. (subst.m.)-K75:20-22.IIEtym.:From (= "law")+ AATH(="to give").IISign.:"Legislator", Gr. (subst.m.)-Vatop. 21,Dubr.11,MAD34,37,37-38, 46,47, 48,105, Ril.12;AH200four citations, 201, 202 bis, 203tris, 204 his-in thistextthewordmeans"law"aswellas"theHoly Scripture";K 11:7-8,16:5-6,20:10-12,20:12-14,20:14-15,21:1-2,21:3-4,22:8-10,31:14-16,43:2-4,46:15-16,48:8,52:13-14,53:9-10,55:13-15, 55:15-16, 56:7-9,60:17-18,62:5-6, 63:14-16, 63:19-21, 64:15,66:2-4, 74:8-9,74:10-11.75:20-22,IIEtym.:FromPalaeoslavic "*za-kon-o"= "principle","consuetude","usage"ThewordisadoptedinGreek asThemostancientcitationisinthetextofConstantine (BER,I,p.592;Vasmer,II,p.75)II Sign.:"Law",Gr.Lat."lex"Could be usedforatypicon(stat-ute)of a monastery as well asin its religious meaning of "faith", "Holy Scripture"(thelatterrelatedtotheJewishconceptofRevelationas Law.(Institufii feudale,p.273) 72CHAPTERONE (adj.)-Virg.19,22,24,27,31,35,44,70;AH200;K 7:15-17,10:5-7,17:2-3,17:3-5,27:7-9,43:1-2,61:24,6219-21.IIEtym.: See IISign.:"Legal, lawful", Gr. Lat."legitimus" (adj.)-MAD55IIEtym.:Fromtheverb (= "toseal").See (="seal").IISign.:Relatedtothesealing,con-firmationof an act. (verb)-Zogr.5411Etym.:From the verbReNtTH="to tell,toorder"(BER,V,p.402;Vasmer,I,p.288)IISign.:"To/give/ order", "to command" (verb)-K 32:5-6IIEtym.:SeeIISign.:"To I give/order", "to command" (subst.f.)-K1:1-2,1:2-4,3:18-19,10:11-14,37:20-22, 53:3-4,54:1-2,64:5-8,67:12-14,67:14-16,69:6-8.IIEtym.:From thePalaeoslavic*za-pa-vedb,whichisderivativeof *ved-,R'tAb(= "knowledge").(BER,I,p.603)IISign.:"Order, command"An admi-nistrative act. (verb)-AH 201;N2.11Etym.:From the verbnf'tTHTH= "toprohibit","toforbid"(BER,I,p.605;V,pp.680-1)IISign.:"To prohibit", "toforbid" (subst.neutr.)-Dubr. 9,Virg.83,K 37:6-7.11Etym.: See IISign.:In the citeddocumentthe word means "prohibi-tion", "interdict" (subst.m.)-Virg. 25,68-6911Etym.:From thePalaeoslavic "*sela"="home,house","dwelling"or"*sedla"from"*sed-"="sit (asposition)"withtheprefix andasuffixwithlocativefunc-tions.(BER,VI,pp.602-4)IISign.:"Dwellingplace";"aplace where some people dwell".In the cited document the word isopposed tothe word"village"that meansitdescribessomeneighborhoodoutof the village. (subst.neutr.)-MN 45(4).11Etym.: See II Sign.:"Intercession". GLOSSARY73 (subst. m.)-MN 19, 45(4), 65.IIEtym.:From C'l'li\nH'I'H, related tothe Greek word="treat on, trample on", "mistreat", "maltreat" and OldIcelandic "stappa" = "treat on,trample on"(Vas-mer,IV,p.788)Thewordisaresultof aloantranslation.IISign.: "Intercessor" (subst.m.)-K 55:11-12.IIEtym.:Fromtheverb ("toclose").IISign.:"Prison, jail", "cell" (subst.m.)-K 55:11-12.IIEtym.:See IISign.: "Prisoner", the wordcan be usedalsoforamonk witha special vow. (subst.m.)-Vatop.16,Ril.62IIEtym.:Transliterationof theGreekterm (Lat."iugum").IISign.:"Pairofoxen"-thejuridicalsignificationofthewordisrelatedtotheagrariantax. ThetermpassedintheOttomanfiscalsystemas"s;ifthk"thatisa loantranslationof theGreektermandthanin ModernBulgarianas "tiHTm1K"(from "tiHT"/"s;ift"="pair") and in Walachia and Molda-via.(Dolger,Staatenwelt, pp. 256-8; Litavrin, Bolgarijai Vizantija,pp. 320-1;Tsankova-Petkova,Zaagrarniteotnoshenija,p.105;Dujcev, Rilskatagramota,p.64;Oikonomides,Fiscalite,p.84;Institutii feu-dale,pp.99-100;see (subst.neutr.)-Mr. 21IIEtym.:Transliteration of the Greek term ="pair of oxen".IISign.:"Pair of oxen" -the significa-tion of the termisrelatedtothe agrarian tax (see (subst. f.)-1) yil, regio; Dubr. 3, 6,Virg.3, 5, MN54 bis-2) yil, terra;MAD2,3,8 his,12,18,19,26,27,31,32,33,35,36,37,38,39 his, 40,41,Virg.91, 92,105, Mr.41,Ril.81,89;AH199; N 73,74; MN 14 his, 44(1), 47,54,56(1), 65 his,71(3),106(the state),113,117 his; K 2:5-7, 2:7-9,3:16-18,12:3-6,19:11-14, 23:12-15, 26:5-6,35:17-18, 37:20-22,43:7-9,46:8-10,46:10-11,52:6-7,55:15-16,57:21-22, 60:8-11,64:11-13, 73:4-6, 79:11-13.11 Etym.: The word exists in all Slavic and Baltic languages. It is relatedto the Avestan and Old Persian word "zam-",Latin"humus",Phrygian ="goddess-motherEarth", thesame goddessinThracian languageis (BER,I,pp.634-5; Vasmer,II,p.93)IISign.:Hereweshalldealonly withthejuridical (administrative)meaningof thewordthatiscitedas1)andthat we 74CHAPTERONE findin the horismos forthe Ragusanmerchantsof AD1230andin the Virginochrysobull.Thetermenteredtheadministrativeterminology of theSecondBulgarianEmpireasatranslationof theGreek termyft initsjuridicalsense.In theTreaty of tsarMichaelIIwithDubrovnik ofAD1253theworddesignatedtheentirestate:eitherBulgariaor Republicof Ragusa(Dubrovnik).Thesamemeaning appearsin West-ern andCentral Europe.Forexample,in Transylvania theLatinword "terra" may refer to an administrative district (Institufii feudale,p.161). Having in mind the juridical significationof the word weshouldstress themeaningof "realestate", "landproperty"(seeK 26:5-6).(Biliarsky Iv.,LescirconscriptionsadministrativesenBulgarieau13esiecle)), Symmeikta,13,1999,pp.180-3; Institufii feudale,p.480) (subst.neutr.)-Virg.26,29,35,5711Etym.:TheIndo-Eu-ropean rootsof the word arerelated tothe meaning of winter I "sMMa" (seeAvestan"zya-","zimo"="coldness", "winter"; Sanskrit "hemas" ="winter";GreekXctJ.La="winter")andthelocalisationsuffix-H4-Je. (BER, I,pp. 640-1; Vasmer, II, p.97)IISign.: A place forthe wintering of the flocks.The juridical signification isrelated tothegoods and the fiscalsystem.(Ilinskij,Gramoty,p.116) (subst.m.)-N 61bis.IIEtym.:From (=gold)and the suffix -A.fl:.to createnomina agentis.IISign.:"Goldsmith", the juridical meaning of the wordisrelatedtothestatusof theperson. (subst.f.)- Vir g.79IIEtym.:OT (BER,I,pp.644-5; Vasmer,II,pp.103-4)IISign.:A golden coin, Gr.VOJ.LtcrJ.La,Lat."soli-dus" (subst.neutr.)-MAD24,MN56(1)bis;K19:1-2,13:7-10, 44:9-11, 45:23,IIEtym.:Indo-European word, whichderived fromthe yellowor"golden"colourofthevaluablemetal.(BER,I,pp.644-5; Vasmer, II, pp.103-4)IISign.: "Gold", Gr.Thesignification is relatedtothe importanceof the goldforthe civilexchange. (adj.)-Zogr.46,53,61,71,Ril.14,45,68,73,88, 101,108;MN48(4).IIEtym.:LoantranslationoftheGreekterm ="withgoldenseal"IISign.:Inthecombination CAO&o== an imperial act/docu-ment/ofhighestdegree.Late,suchadocumentwasissuedevenby GLOSSARY75 some ruler who had no imperial title.(Dujcev, Rilskata gramota, p.64; Bozilov, "Dokumenti na bulgarskitetsare",p.38ff.) (subst. f.)-Mr. 3211Etym.:TheIndo-European roots of the word arerelatedtothemeaningsof "food","mouth", "chew"or"breakto pieces"(BER,I,pp.650-1).IISign.:"Grainprovender(fortheani-mals)"Thejuridical meaningof thetermisrelatedtotheobligatory supplyorrequisitionof foodfortheanimals(horses,oxenandso forth)used by thepassing officialsorarmy. (verb)I(m.subst.participle)-K36:14-16, 37:18-20IIEtym.:Composedby(="evil")and(="to do,totakeaction").ProbablytheSlavicverbisaloantranslationof the Greek verb KaKoxotero.IISign.:"Todosomething bad/evil",in its substantive form= "malefactor", "offender".Relatedtothepenallaw. (adj.)-Syn.Dr.93,Syn.Pal.110IIEtym.:Thewordis probablycreatedaftertheformandasoppositionof "Orthodox"/ ,npaBocJiaBeH"ProbablyaloantranslationoftheGreekword IISign.:"Not Orthodox",anepithetfortheheretics.We findthewordinvarious worksof PatriarchEuthymius(Kaluzniacki, Werke,pp.49,53,141,182,201,228)in various texts.(Popruzhenko, Sinodik,p.CXXXVIII). (subst.neutr.)-Zogr.14IIEtym.:See II Sign.:In theconcrete citationthewordsmeanscreationof monaste-riesinMount Athos; Gr.Latin "aedifitio" (subst.m.)-Zogr.1214IIEtym.: SeeSign.:Lord God asCreator of theUniverse; Gr.xM.(subst.m.)-Syn.Dr.50,Syn.Pal.43;N38;MN44(1).II Etym.:FromtheGreekwordo{Kov61-Loc;< OtKOVOj..LID= "economy", "house holding".(BER, II, pp. 62-3; Vasmer, II,p.125)IISign.:Eccle-siastical degree in the presbyterial rang. Could be also a monastic insti-tution.(Institutii feudale,p.228) HU(subst.m.)-Zogr. 5,62;N3,8;MN 45(4),51(1), 61, 65,106. IIEtym.: From HH- ="one", "alone", "isolated" and the suffix -ol(rz...The wordisaloantranslationof the GreekflOVax6c;="monk"(BER,II, pp.80-1; Vasmer,II,p.135)IISign.:"Monk", Lat."monachus" (sub st.m.)- Virg.6-7IIEtym.:Loantranslationof the Greek term aA.A.&puA.oc;.IISign.:"Foreigner, alien", Lat. "aliegena" (Institutii feudale,pp.457-8) (subst.f.)-K21:16-19.IIEtym.:From and (the latter of thePalaeoslavic verb"*kaziti"todesignate the causal; related tothePalaeoslavic"*cezn'!ti"="expire","perish", "disappear"(BER, II, pp.31-32,135-6; Vasmer, I, p.160, IV,p.323)IISign.:"Damage", "injury"Theterm isrelatedtocivil and penallaw. (verb)-MN38(2).IIEtym.:see IISign.:The word could be used in the direct sense ("buy back, "buy everything"), whichisrelatedtocivillaw.It hasan allegoricalsensetoo("expiate", "atone", "redeem")and it isrelatedtocanonor penal law. HCI(O\fnrz.. (sub st. m.)-K 56: 1-2.11 Etym.: See 1(0\fnHTH.II Sign.: "Ransom" (verb)-Mr.30,33IIEtym.:SeeIISign.:In the cited case the word isrelated to the prohibition the stateofficialsfrom damagingthepeople and thegoodsof themonastery underbenefac-tion.Gr.Lat."impedire" (verb)-AH203;K32:10-12,39:13-15, 42:4-7,52:12, 57:3,57:14-16,66:17-19,67:7-9, 79:5-6.11Etym.:Loan translationof the Greek verbIISign.:"Toconfess"The word isrelatedtocanon penitential law. (subst.neutr.)-MN1,K39:16-18.IIEtym.:See IISign.:"Confession" but mostly theword couldsignify a formulaordefinitionof the faith. HcnoRrelated tothe Palaeoslavic "*kryti, *kryjq" ="to hide" and GLOSSARY85 thencomesthemeaning ="tosteal"(seeTAT!:.).Thefinal formis"*krad+ja"(BER,II,pp.704-6;Vasmer,II,p.364)IISign.: "Theft", acrime; Gr.KAoml;Lat."furium" (subst. neutr.)-Virg. 46-47,4711Etym.: from the Palaeoslavic "*krajt/, "*krajq" with the primary meaning of"piece" and then "end"; see Avestan word "karana-" ="country" aswell as the Persian "karan" (BER,II, pp.707-9; Vasmer, II,p.364)IISign.:The citations from the document mean "area" but insome later Serbian and Ottoman docu-mentsthis word isthe Slaviccounterpart of the Turkishtermof "uc" or "w;:"="arrow", "peak","region"Thiswasanalmostautonomous regionintheOttoman statesystemunderthepowerof anucbeg.In thissensethetermcouldbelexically identicalwithnf'tArt.Arz..inthe Bulgarianmediaevaladministrativesystem.Thisdoesnotmeanthe twotermsareidenticalintheircharacter.Thetermis present in the Serbia and means "the governorof theregion".Laterit is usedforthe uc beg,i. e.asa Slavic translation of the Ottoman term. (Biliarsky, "Lescirconscriptions administratives", p.197;Biliarsky Iv., "Pismo na sultan Bajazid IIdokral Matias Korvin ot1487 g.", Ricerche slavistiche, XLIV,1997,pp.79-81; Institutii feudale,127) (subst. m.)-MAD 8, Virg. 3,10,12, 65, 93, 94,107, 112,Zogr. 31, Bra.3 bis; N 47;MN 41,44(1),48(4)bis, 65.IIEtym.:From German "Karl" ("Karal")-the name of Charlemagne,theking and emperor of therestoredEmpirein theWest.Thewordispresent in allthe Slavic languages, in Romanian and even in Turkish "keral", "qyral", in Hun-garian "kinlly" and in Greek(BER,II, pp.712-3;Vasmer, II, pp.333-4)IISign.: "King", Lat. "rex", Gr.Pill; The term is not a part of theBulgarian juridicalandpoliticalterminology and wasinuseonly forforeignrulers,in that casethe Serbian one. (subst.neutr.)-MN44(1).IIEtym.:See IISign.: "Kingdom", thestate underthepowerof a king,Lat."regnum" (subst.f.)-Zogr.55,63IIEtym.:FromtheBavarianword "karmala"="quarrel","discussion","rebellion"(BER,II,pp.714-5; Vasmer,II,pp.365-6)IISign.:"Quarrel"In thecitedcasetheword signifies"contestation of theimperialdocument" (verb)-K 64:21-23.11Etym.: See Sign.:"To steal". 86CHAPTERONE KfMTHTHICA(verb)-AH202(his);K17:14-16,31:4-5,31:10-12, 32:5-6,62:16-17.IIEtym.:FromPalaeoslavic"*krbstiti",derivative of "*krbst'b"ThelatterisadoptedfromGermanic"Crist/Krist"(= "Christ")thatoriginatesfromGreek :x;ptcr-c6c;(="anointed"/Hebrew "mashiah"/)viaLatin"christus"(BER,III,pp.50-6,58-60;Vasmer, II,p.374)IISign.:"Baptise"Asacrament,relatedtothestatusof thepersonandhisbelongingtotheChurch.(Minceva,"Entstehun-gswege",pp.58-61) !Cfb.I.J.IeHHie(subst. neutr.)-AH 201(TpMII'bTM);K 31:4-5, 32:3, 32:3-5, 67:21-23.IIEtym.:SeeKfMTHTH.IISign.:"Baptism", a sacrament. See !epMTHTH.(Minceva, "Entstehungswege",pp.58-61) (subst.f.)-Zogr.60;N45.IIEtym.:FromK-tnrz.="for-tress"SeePalaeoslavic"*krer'b-k'b"< Indo-European*kre-pu-"It isrelated to the OldIcelandic ="stand, endure", "bear", "suf-fer".(BER,II, p.735;Vasmer, II, p.372)IISign.:The wordcansignify "fortress,fortification"butinthecitedcaseitmeansthatthetsaris decidedtoprotect theprivilegeshe instaured withhisdocument; Gr. icr:x;uc;,Kacr-cpov;Lat."robur", "castrum" KTHTOfHLV- (subst.f.)-N51.IIEtym.:SeeKTHTOf'll.IISign.:Female founder(benefactor)orthe wifeof the ctitor. (subst.m.)-Zogr.11;N46,50,85(2);MN54,70.IIEtym.: Transliterationof theGreekwordK't'fi-crop="benefactor","whocre-atedsomething", "founder"The Greek wordoriginatesfromthe verb ="tobuild","tocreate"(BER,III,p.70;Vasmer,II,p.393; NichevAl,"Dvadesetiednaetimologii",Ezikiliteratura,35(1980), 2,pp.59-60)IISign.:"Benefactor", "founder", "donor" (subst.m.)-Dubr.11,MAD27,46,48,Ril.74IIEtym.: Transfiterationof theGreek wordKO'Uj..l.j..I.EpKtOV(fromtheLat."com-mercium").llSign.:"Duty, customs", "tax on the trade".In the Horis-mosforRagusanmerchantstheiscitationof the "Lawof Koumerki" (Andreev,"Traitsspecifiquesdusystemefiscal",92;Dujcev,Rilskata gramota, p.64; Biliarsky Iv.,Quelques observations surlareglemen-tation du commerce del'Etat medieval bulgare, La pratique commer-ciale(=Mediterranees,No30/31, 2002),p.99ff.;Institutiifeudale, pp. 490-2). GLOSSARY87 KO\j'nAh\(subst. f.)-Dubr. 2, 3, MAD 27, Ril.7211Etym.: See IIsign.: "Commodity, merchandise".(Dujcev, Rilskatagramota, p. 64). I (verb)-Dubr.7,9,MAD23,24,26,Ril.72II Etym.:From Palaeoslavic "*kupiti"= "to buy", which isadopted from theGermaniclanguages("*kaupjan",Goth."kaupon"="tobuy,to trade").(BER,III, p.142; Vasmer, II, pp.420-1)IISign.:"To buy", "to d,G''YL", trae,r.at.emere (subst.m.)-MAD 21,26, 27,29 bis, 31,K 76:9-10.11Etym.: SeeIISign.:"Tradesman","merchant"Thewordiscited only inthetreaty withDubrovnik of AD1253and probably wasmore familiartotheSerbianthan toBulgarian usage. (subst.neutr.)-Mr.32,Ril.66IIEtym.:From ="cock, rodster"The wordoriginof the sound of the song of the oird. It deve-lopedintwodirections:1)everythinglinkedtothepoultry andthis raceof domestic birdsand2)"penis", "malesexualorgan"(BER,III, pp.142-3; Vasmer, II, p.422)IISign.:"Chick, chicken"The cited case means the obligatory furnitureandrequisitions forthe army andpas-sing state officials.In the Rila chrysobull weread "not tokillchicken" that eliminatesthepossibility toseeinthewordasignof sometaxa-tion on thepoultry.(Ilinskij,Gramoty,p.124). (subst. f.)-AH 201.11Etym.: The word is adopted from Latin: "cummater"ThiscouldhappeninGreatMoraviaaswellasinthe Balkans, wherethephrase wascommonly usedinRomanlaw.There isnocommonopiniononthatquestion.(BER,III,pp.124-5,126; Vasmer,II,p.414;Etimologicheskijslovar' slavjanskikh jazykov,t.6, Moscow,1979, pp.151-2; SSKJ,t.I, p.98)IISign.: "God mother"The citedtext isnotofficialand wecannot know if theword wasadopted by official or by vernacular way.(Minceva, "Entstehungswege", p.53ff.; Maksimovich, ZSL,pp.68,88). (subst.f.)-MAD30,33,50;AH203;MN3(1)bis,17bis, 30,31fourcitations,32(1),38(2),40bis,41bis,43bis,44(1)tris, 45(3),47tris,48(4)bis,50(2),51(1),53bis,54tris,56(1),58(2), 59, 60, 61,65four,66,67 (1), 68,71(1),71(2),71(3),74,80six cita-tions,83(1),86(1)five,88,89bis,90,9698,101,106bis,108(3), 108(4),117bis,118(2)-it istonotethatinallthecitationsof the 88CHAPTERONE wordinthemarginalnotesandcolophonsitneverrevealsaspecial juridicalmeaning;K3:15-16,7:5-8,7:13-14,7:15-17,8:3-5,10:1-2, 10:5-7,16:6-8, 17:2-3, 17:3-5,17:8-10,17:21-22,28:14-15, 39:10-11, 44:16-18,48:10-11,52:13-14,56:2-4,58:7-9, 62:19-21, 72:3-5, 72:9-12,74:7-8, 74:9-10, 74:13-14,78:8-9, 79:16-18.IIEtym.:Palaeoslavic (f.pl.)= "letters", "written symbols", "books"This must have been an old loanword from the languages of the steppe peoples(Huns, Avars,Bulgars).There areparallel words in Uralic languages:in Mor-dovian "konov" ="paper", and in Hungarian "konyv" ="book". Some authorsrenewedthe Bulgar word "*kiin'ig"> "*kiiniv">Therearetheoriesstatingthewordisof Iranianoriginandoffering parallelsforitinPersian,Armenian,andOssetian.Thebasicmean-ing isalwaysconnected with written symbols and books.(BER,II,pp. 496-8;Vasmer,II,pp.262-3)IISign.:"Book", "writtensymbols"In thetextofthetreatywithDubrovnik,datingfrom1253,theword signifies"document","officialact"Thismeaningisnotexceptional; accordingtosomeauthorsitishowthewordforcertainByzantine imperial actswastranslated. K'l..Hh.mb.C'J'Ro(subst.neutr.)-1)MAD25,29,34,52IISign.:"Princi-pality",state,Republicof Dubrovnikanditsterritory.2)MAD52II Sign.:Themandateperiodof atheheadof theRepublicof Dubrovnik.IIEtym.:Seewithsuffix.The term isnot a part of the Bulgarian political and juridical nomenclature of the Middle Ages. Thephenomenon existedin otherstatesandespecially in Dubrovnik asit isin the citedcase. (subst. m.)-1) Virg.3; AH 201(bis); MN 1 (five citations), 65; K15:19-21,23:8-10,23:10-11,23:11-12,23:15-17,23:20-21,37:16-17,68:3-4.IIEtym.:From "Konig" -very ancientadoptionfromthe Germaniclanguages.(BER,II,pp.495-6,499;Vasmer,II,p.266)II Sign.:"Prince",Gr.liPXrov,Lat."princeps";-2)Virg.15,99,IISign.: "Headof alocalcommunity,provost",Gr.&fJJ.Lapxoc;,7tptJ.LJ.LtKUptOc;, Lat."primicerius"-3)MAD4,25,33,51,55,58,85,93, 94,104 bisII Sign.:Oneof thesupreme institutionsof the Republicof Dubrovnik. (Institutii feudale,pp.108-10; Mihaljcic,Vladarsketitule oblasnih gos-podara,pp.88-103) Atl\Rftl\(subst.f.)-Mr.15-16; MN 47,69,83(1),106.IIEtym.:Trans-literationof theGreek wordA.aupa="narrow road","street"(BER, GLOSSARY89 III,p.267;Vasmer,II,p.445)IISign.:Largeidiorhytmicmonastery. Itsorigins arerelatedtothetradition of Palestinianmonasticism. AHKA,I\4\(subst.f.)-MN 48(4).IIEtym.:Transliterationof theGreek word (BER,III,pp.389-90;Vasmer,II,p.493)IISign.: "Meadow".Relatedtotheproperty. (subst.f.)-K 9:1,11:13-14, 11:14-16,11:17-18,11:18-19, 11:19-21,11:22-23,34:15-16,63:9-11.11Etym.:Transliteration of the GreektermABttovyia,from (="people")andepyO).UXt(="to work").(BER,III,p.433;Vasmer,II,pp.503-4; Nichev,"Dvadeseti ednaetimologii",pp.62-3)IISign.:"Liturgy","Eucharistdivineser-vice",the basic ecclesiasticalritual,ruledby the canon law. AH:XOHMbCTKO(subst.neutr.)-K 27:22-23,73:18-19.IIEtym.:Deriva-tiveof AH:Xrz.="uneven, odd", "excessive","evil",''brave", "abundant" and= "to have".Could be createdon the basisof the Greek term (BER,III,p.437,seepp.435-6;Vasmer,II,pp.504-5)II S."U""Id""G'l-1gn.:sury,money- enmg,r. (subst.neutr.)-K 64:25-27.11Etym.:See AH:XOHMb.CTKo.ll Sign.:"Usury", "money-lending", "avarice" AOKH4Je(subst.neutr.)-Virg. 26,30,41,54,56,50,60,69,90,Mr.25, Ril.4711Etym.: Nomenloci from "*laVb" ="hunt"The Indo-European rootsof thewordarerelatedtothesignificationof "award,prise", "booty,loot"(BER,III,pp.449-50;Vasmer,II,pp.508-9)IISign.: Relatedtothehuntingright,Gr.lCUVtyemov,Lat."venatus"(Ilinskij, Gramoty,p.117) AOro-e-errrz.(subst.m.)-MN89bis.IIEtym.:Transliterationofthe Greekword from="word"and ="toput", "to place"Only thisformof theterm has beenregistered in Bulgaria, butinWalachiaandMoldaviawealsocomeacrossitsloantransla-tionformsCAOKocrz.nHCb.TeAb.andCAOKonoAomHTeAb..It ismorenatural for the words tohavearisen in a Slaviclinguistic environment, but we only havedata of their occurrence in these twoprincipalities. (BER,II, p.453)IISign.:"Logothete"wasahigh-rankingofficial,headof the imperial chancellery.Thenamecomesfromtheplacingof theimpe-rialsealandthepreparationof theimperialgolden-sealedtext,the 90CHAPTERONE chrysobull, as well asother documents. The form AOrocj>er was adopted in Romanian through Russian influence. (Guilland R., "Les logothetes", RevuedesetudesByzantines, XXIX,1971,pp.5-16; Institutii feudale, pp.277-9; Biliarsky, Institutsiite,pp.221-39) Ab.CTHTH(verb)-K 65:3-5.IIEtym.:SeeAb.CTI:..IISign.:"Todeceive", "tomislead","tolie",Gr.axa'taro.Theverbcanberelatedtopenal law. Ab.CTI:.(subst.f.)-K22:4-6,36:10-12,40:12-14,54:14-17.IIEtym.: From Palaeoslavic "*lbstb" adopted fromthe Gothic word "lists" ( Ger-man "List")="dodge, trick", "wile"(BER,III,pp.560-2; Vasmer, II, p.487)IISign.:"Delusion","fraud,deceit,deception"Relatedtothe penal law. AMTI:.U.b.(subst.m.)-K 41:5-6.IIEtym.:SeeAMTHTH.IISign.: "Cheat, fraud","tempter, seducer" Akl&OA'tHCT&O/Akl&OA'th\HHie(subst.neutr.)-AH 201,202;K1:12-14, 14:1-4, 58:15.11Etym.: composed word of Akl&'ll.l(="love") and A'th\TH (="to do", "to make").IISign.:"Adultery", "fornication", Gr. xopvei.a. The wordisrelatedtothepenalandtothe canon law.(Institutii feu-dale,pp.4-5; Tsibranska-Kostova, Formiranei razvitie,pp.91-2) (subst. m.or f.)-AH 201(Akl&OA'tH); K 59:9-10.11Etym.: SeeAkl&OA'tHCT&o.IISign.:"Lewd","fornicatorI-tress","whore" (Institutii feudale,pp.4-5) AklAHe(subst.m.pl.)-Vatop. 4,17,21,MAD19,20,21,25,31,33, 35,39,47,Virg.12,76,81,87,98,Mr.20,21,24,31,34,37,39,40, 48,Vit.6,7,12,14,17 Ril.34,49,52, 60, 64-65, 70, 89,102,Bra.2,3; AH200,203;MN2,65his;K19:8-11,19:16-18,35:9-11,40:19-20, 75:12-13,78:18-19,79:5-6,80:9-10.IIEtym.:Palaeoslavic"*ljud'b, ljudbje"(subst.m.)-1)impetus-Virg.6;2)praetensio;Virg.86II Etym.:Fromthe verbKOAHTH="tolead,toguide"(HAKOAHTH="to 96CHAPTERONE bow,toincline;tofetch").Pretensionthatis"brought,imposed"by somebody.(BER,IV,p.460;Krys'koV.,"Russko-tserkovnoslavjan-skierukopisiXI-XIVvv.kakistochnikpoistoriistaroslavjanskogoi russkogojazykov:novyedannye",in:Slavjanskoejazykoznanie.XIII Mezhdunarodnyjs'ezdslavistov.Lj