BILBAO, TRANSFORMATION AND URBAN

REGENERATION: A city to imitate?

Main keys of urban regeneration in an old industrial

region

0.Introduction Foreword

WHAT HAS IT HAPPENED? SOME AWARDS OBTAINED BY BILBAO SINCE 2000 : (40 DISTINCTIONS)

2000/01 UE. Cleaning innovation and waste managing

2004 CITT DACQUA AWARD

2004 VENICE, BIENNIAL OF ARCHITECTURE Regeneration of the rivers banks award.

2004 EUROPEAN BOARD OF URBANISM AWARD

2005- ISOCARP AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE

2005 ITALIAN SECTION OF MUNICIPALITIES AND EUROPEAN REGIONS COMMITTEE Supporting strategies to culture

2009 EUROPEAN MONITOR OF GOVERNMENT COMMUNICATIONS AWARD

2010 SINGAPUR CITY-STATE AND SWEEDEN NOBEL ACADEMY

2010- EXPO SHANGAI

2011 AWARD TO BEST EUROPEAN CARGO TRANSPORT PROJECT

2011- UN/PNUMA: DISTINCTION LIV-COM AWARD

BILBAOS EFFECT? Myth or Reality.

Some bibliographic references

Anderson, Gordon T., 2004, The Milwaukee Effect in FORTUNE Review Bailey, Martin, 2002, The Bilbao Effect, FORBES Review Baniotopoulou, Evdoxia, 2001, Art for Whose Sake? Modern Art Museums and their

Role in Transforming Societies: The Case of the Guggenheim Bilbao Ceballos Gonzlez, Sara, The role of the Guggenheim Museum in the

development of urban entrepreneurial practices in Bilbao

Echenique, Flowerdew, Hunt, Mayo, Skidmore & D. C. Simmonds, 2007, The MEPLAN models of Bilbao, Leeds and Dortmund.

Giovannini, Joseph, 2001, The Bilbao effect. Moving beyond national borders, city-states are emerging on the global map, powered by world-class architecture.

Gospodini, Aspa, 2004, Urban morphology and place identity in European cities: built heritage and innovative design. The case of Bilbao, in Urban Design.

Plaza, B., Tironi, Manuel & Haarich, Silke, 2006, Bilbao's Art Scene and the Guggenheim effect Revisited

Quiabg, Dou, 2003, BILBAO EFFECT One building brings regeneration of a city BILBAO EFFECT One building brings regeneration of a city

Siemiatycki, Matti, 2005, Beyond moving people: excavating the motivations for

investing in urban public transit infrastructure in Bilbao Spain, in European Planning Studies.

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I. BMA. Location

and Description The Geographical Context of the Process

BILBAO METROPOLITAN AREA:

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

SOME GEOGRAPHICAL DATA

A GENERAL VIEW

BILBAO METROPOLITAN AREA:

COMPOSITION AND

CHARACTERISTICS

The BMA is an urban continuum of 26 municipalities:

Total population of urban metropolitan area reaches 874.000

inhabitants (2010)

The overall surface is 370 kms2.

High density. In some municipalities the density reaches 14.000

inhabitants/km2 (Portugalete) provoking hard problems to solve for

urban planners (no physical space for cars)

A structural feature of BMA is the lack of urban land for new

developments. All urban land is practically occupied, just the

opportunity coming from ancient urban renovation projects may allow

new projects. These have to be done outside of metropolitan area

The opportunity created as consequence of the lockout provided the

necessary land to undertake new projects

MUNICIPIOS Poblacin Extensin

/Km2 Densidad

BILBAO 353.296 41 8.552

Barakaldo 99.074 29 3.371

Getxo 80.418 12 6.763

Portugalete 47.739 3 14.872

Santurtzi 46.810 7 6.547

Basauri 42.542 7 6.069

Leioa 30.165 9 3.540

Galdakao 29.194 32 922

Sestao 28.970 4 8.184

Erandio 24.185 18 1.346

Trapagaran 12.262 13 938

Arrigorriaga 12.183 16 752

Abanto Zierbena 9.722 18 539

Etxebarri 9.644 3 2.958

Ortuella 8.408 8 1.088

Muskiz 7.287 21 351

Berango 6.790 9 766

Derio 5.751 7 777

Sondika 4.473 6 710

Zamudio 3.188 18 176

Alonsotegi 2.838 16 177

Lezama 2.472 17 149

Loiu 2.447 16 157

Larrabetzu 1.919 21 90

Zaratamo 1.720 10 172

Zierbena 1.382 9 151

AMB 874.879 370 2.364

YEAR POPULATION AGI %

1981 936.848 -

1986 926.949 -0,21

1991 905.468 -0,47

1996 887.977 -0,39

2001 865.799 -0,51

2006 867.777 0,05

2010 874.879 0,16

AGI = Annual Growth Index

Source: EUSTAT

BILBAO METROPOLITAN AREA: DEMOGRAPHICAL TRENDS

BILBAO METROPOLITAN AREA:

ACTIVITY & UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 1996-2006 Deep transformation of

the BMAs productive structure

SECTORES DE ACTIVIDAD 1996 2001 2006

Agriculture, crop and hunting 0,3 0,4 0,3

Fishing, aquaculture 0,1 0,1 0,1

Mining and quarrying 0,1 0,1 0,1

Manufacturing 25,3 19,2 16,5

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities

1,6 1,1 0,6

Construction 7,0 9,8 10,7

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

13,7 15,1 16,4

Accommodation and food service activities 4,9 5,4 6,0

Transportation and storage 7,8 7,9 6,3

Financial and insurance activities 3,9 3,3 3,1

Real estate activities 9,1 10,8 15,0

Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 7,6 6,5 4,9

Education 7,4 7,2 6,1

Human health and social work activities 6,8 7,5 7,8

Other service activities 3,6 3,5 4,5

Activities of households as employers 0,7 2,3 1,7

Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies 0,0 0,0 0,0

Gran Bilbao 100 100 100

Unemployment rate has come down from the end of 80s, but right now has

increased up to 15% (Spain 25%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010

Margen Derecha 25,6 23,5 25 21,5 18 16,5 8,9 12,4 13 6,3 2,4 4,2 6,4 12,2

Bilbao 28,9 25,9 26,2 25,6 20,7 19,5 13,1 10,2 10,8 7,2 4,8 4,9 9,5 11

Margen izquierda 32 30,1 29,3 25,9 20,3 18,6 9 10,1 11,6 7,3 4,5 3,8 10,6 8,6

%

BMA. Evolution of unemployment rate

BILBAO METROPOLITAN AREA: Land

for Economic Activities and Rent No urban land for new

economic activities Land classified by Territorial Planning SUITABLE to host new economic activities (in a 8 years term)

MUNICIPIO TOTAL (H) Private

Developers(H

s)

Public

Developers(H

s)

Abanto-Zierbena 83 25 58

Alonsotegi 0 0 0

Barakaldo 0 0 0

Muskiz 0 0 0

Ortuella 54 12 42

Portugalete 0 0 0

Santurtzi 0 0 0

Sestao 0 0 0

Trapagaran 0 0 0

Zierbena 0 0 0

MARGEN IZQUIERDA 137 37 100

BILBAO 0 0 0

Derio 15 0 15

Erandio 22 22 0

Larrabetzu 0 0 0

Lezama 77 0 77

Loiu 49 49 0

Sondika 0 0 0

Berango 7 7 0

Getxo 12 0 12

Leioa 14 14 0

Zamudio 48 26 22

MARGEN DERECHA 244 118 126

Arrigorriaga 0 0 0

Basauri 0 0 0

Etxebarri 0 0 0

Galdakao 2 2 0

Zaratamo 0 0 0

BAJO NERVION 2 2 0

BILBAO METROPOLITAN AREA 383 157 226

Maintenance of purchasing

power

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

2001 2003 2006

Familiar Rent 29.519 32.186 39.181

Personal Rent 12.383 13.416 17.519

BMA. YEARLY INCOME (ON AVERAGE)

II. The Landscape of

Urban Regeneration

Process The economic crisis in 80s really became in an

urban crisis

90s. THE AIM OF METROPOLITAN REGENERATION

PROCESS: The Generalized Crisis of the Basque

Industrial Model

Crisis of the industrial production mode affecting of majority metropolitan municipalities

Generalized lock out of steel and shipbuilding factories Urban crisis

Formerly the Urban land of city center had been occupied by old exhausted mines and it was totally necessary a wasting management policy

90s. THE AIM OF METROPOLITAN REGENERATION PROCESS .

An important part of city center occupied by the remains of

the old steel factories and cargo rail infrastructures

In the late of 90s, a view of the remains of Santa Ana steel factory sited in one of the

most populated neighborhoods A view of the old cargo rail useless infrastructures in the city center

90s. THE AIM OF METROPOLITAN REGENERATION PROCESS. The

Environmental Regeneration: Special Planning for the Integral

Recovery of the River (1980-2000)

1979 2003

1976 2006

90s. THE AIM OF METROPOLITAN

REGENERATION PROCESS: RECOVERING OF

DEGRADED SPACES

1979 2003

III. Managing

the Strategic

Plan General scheme of the model of management

Managing The Strategic Plan:

Some Elements (I)

1. AGENTS:

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

PRIVATE OWNERS

DEVELOPPERS

BILBAO RIA 2000

BILBAO METROPOLI 30

2. THE OWNERS 85 % PUBLIC

15% PRIVATE

3. LIMITS:

No Investments

Pollution

Legal fragmentation

No public investments .

4. 0PPORTUNITIES:

Autonomy

Financial instruments

Institutional Commitment

Supporting committed sectors

Managing The Strategic Plan:

the Agents - Developers BILBAO RIA 2000

ACTIVITY To act as a private development agency

CHARACTER Public

Participated by different Administration levels

MANAGING As private firm. Committee Board to adopt decisions

Unanimity in decision making of the Committee Board

Balanced representation

FUNCTIONING Managerial

Promote new developments

Selling the urban land to private developers

Reinvesting surplus for financing new projects

RESOURCES Leasing of urban land done by public administration and private owners

BILBAO METROPOLI 30

ACTIVITY To take forward the Strategic Plan

To serve as a Forum for citizen participation

To project and sell the image of Bilbao in a global world

To coordinate to different actors of the civil society

CHARACTER Semi public and private

More than 120 entities (non lucrative and lucrative) participated in the seminars and work groups

FUNCTIONING Creation of Work Groups

Establishing comittments between private and public sectors

Selecting the priorities in terms of estrategic plannin

Managing the Strategic

Plan: Methodology

IMPORTANCE PRIME MOVER EFFECT

VIABILITY OPPORTUNITY

METHODOLOGY USED IN THE SELECTION OF

THE STRATEGIC PROJECTS

Managing the Strategic

Plan: Prime Movers Axis INVESTMENT IN HUMAN RESOURCES

SERVICE METROPOLIS IN A MODERN INDUSTRIAL REGION

MOBILITY ABD ACCESIBILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION

URBAN REGENERATION

CULTURAL CENTRALITY

COORDINATED MANAGEMENT BY THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PRIVATE SECTOR

SOCIAL ACTION

IV. The Rhythm

of

Transformations

BILBAO RIA 2000: Investments

1997-2004

85.107.919

125.355.908

181.426.437

215.309.519

258.968.463

317.281.028

381.853.646

435.169.419

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

1980-2010 A FRENETIC RITHM 1980-2000 Plan Saneamiento Integral de la Ra

1987. Plan General de Ordenacin Urbana de Bilbao

1991. Bilbao-Ra 2000

1991. Strategic Plan Starting

1992. Strategic Plan was Approved

1993-1994: Master Plan Abando Ibarra

1994. Inaugurated Bilbao Metro (N. Foster)

1996. Aeropuerto de Bilbao (S. Calatrava)

1997. Inaugurated Guggenheim Museum (F. Gehry)

1999. Palacio Euskalduna Concerto Hall (F. Soriano)

2004. Bilbao Exhibition Center

2010. Alhondiga Building (Philipe Stark)

2011. Garellano Master Plan (Richard Rogers)

2012. Iberdrola Tower (Pellii)

.

TOTAL EXECUTED MORE THA 150 PROJECTS IN 20 YEARS

V. THE RESULTS Urban and infrastructural projects

REENFORCING THE CENTRALITY: THE

ABANDO IBARRA PROJECT

1992 2009

ADDING NEW RESIDENTIAL SPACE IN

OLD RAIL CARGO ZONE

1994 2009

ACCONDITIONING OLD INDUSTRIAL

SPACES: BARAKALDO PROJECT

1998 2009

COVERING RAILROAD LINES

1990 2005

REBUILDING OLD DEGRADED

ZONES

1994. WAS INAUGURATED THE

METRO

1992. WORKS FOR ENLARGEMENT THE

EXTERIOR PORT

1997- REINFORCING THE CULTURAL

CENTRALITY: Museo Guggenheim-Bilbao was

inaugurated (Frank Gehry)

REINFORCING THE CULTURAL FACILITIES:

2011. LA ALHONDIGA (Philipe Stark)

outside inside

V. CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS The regional level may be an excellent platform to reach an

agreement to face the future

The political capacity to reach an agreement is definitive

The Public System may be an excellent leader to carry out the transformation: legitimacy

The success lay on the capacity to imagine and to articulate effective mechanisms for the transformation

The participation of the driving forces is determinant

Initially there is an important amount of people reluctant with the process as the projects are executing the support increases significantly

Always the transformation implies non-controlled effects, f.i. an important raising of the housing prices