Bike - The Longer Road
description
Transcript of Bike - The Longer Road
BIKE BIKEAdventures across Southern Africa
Adventures across Southern Africa
Covers the region’s best motorbiking routes
On- and off-road routes | Scenic routes | Mountain passes
What to see | What to do | Parks | Accommodation and much more
By Greg Beadle with Foreword by Charley Boorman
INCLUDES DETAILED ROUTE MAPS
BIK
E Th
e Lo
ng
er R
oa
dA
dventures across Southern A
frica
I S BN 978-1-77026-506-6
9 7 8 1 7 7 0 2 6 5 0 6 6MAC/CPT/0713/TG/NB/GH
• GPS co-ordinates at start and end points• Routes clearly marked• Hazardous spots along the route are highlighted• Things to see along the route• Filling stations indicated• Distance markers• Topographical relief
N
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Koeries
Kaboep
Lubbeskolk
Dorin
g
Sou t
Bos
Muishond
Tankwa
Olifants
Olifants
Wit
Spek
Touws
Hartbees
Sout
Orange
65
49
68
46
61
17
66
22
53
70
75
83
77
RichtersveldNational Park
De HoopNature Reserve
Agulhas National Park
MarlothNature Reserve
VrolijkheidNature Reserve
Table MountainNational Park
Cape of Good HopeNature Reserve
West CoastNational Park
Groot WinterhoekWilderness Area
Hottentots-HollandsNature Reserve
NamaquaNational Park
Tankwa-Karoo National Park
Cederberg Wilderness Area
Augrabies FallsNational Park
GoegabNature
Reserve
33°55’31”S18°25’26”E
Blind RisesBeware of
Game Crossings
Alexander BayAerodrome
Dolomite Peaks
Border Post
River Rafting
Hot Springs
Windpoort
Shifting Dunes
Miner's Memorial
Orbicular Diorite Koppie
Burke's Pass
Pypmaker se Poort
Barter's Grave 1902
Skilpad Wildflower Gardens
Ottaspoort
Rooiwalspoort
The Letterklip 1902
Windmill Museum
Bloukrans Pass
Heerenlogement Cave The South AfricanAstronomical Observatory
Botterkloof
Pakhuis Pass
V.O.C. Beacon
Middelberg Pass
Piekenierskloof
Flower Reserves
Silver Stroom Pump Station
Club Mykonos
Table Mountain
Dias Monument 1488
Aussenkehr
NorotshamaRiver Resort
Middelpos
Nakop
Lutzputs
Sendelingsdrif
Dagab
Karkams
Aggeneys
Noordoewer
Granaatboskolk
Bitterfontein
Kreefbaai
Elandsbaai
Yzerfontein
Paternoster
Betty's Bay
Philadelphia
Matjiesfontein
Nuwerus
Melkbosstrand
Grabouw
Gansbaai
Hermanus
Franschhoek
Darling
Velddrif
Saldanha
Langebaan
Riebeek-Wes
Stompneus Bay
Moorreesburg
Sutherland
Garies
Brandvlei
Kamieskroon
Hondeklipbaai
Loeriesfontein
Ceres
Swellendam
Malmesbury
Vredenburg
Bredasdorp
Pofadder
Steinkopf
Karasburg
Port Nolloth
Alexander Bay
Vioolsdrif
Stellenbosch
Paarl
Springbok
Clanwilliam
Vanrhynsdorp
Lambert's Bay
CAPE TOWN
SOUTH AFRICA
NAMIBIA
R318
R316
R355
R354
R399
R364
R303
R355
R355
R382
R358
R27
R27
D206D212
C37
N2
B1
N1
N7
N7
N14
N10
100Km 50
Includes detailed route maps
The Longer RoadThe exciting sequel to the popular Bike Tar & Gravel Adventures in South Africa takes the rider across eight countries, following longer routes and providing more detail of what to do and see along the way.
The Longer Road
MapStudio™ and the MapStudio™ device are trademarked to New Holland Publishing (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. 1st edition © MapStudio™ 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec-
tronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the Copyright owner.
Scan this QR code to view the MapStudio website
3
PAG E
Foreword by Charley Boorman 4
About the author 5
Overview map 6
Preparation and planning 8
Route 1 – Cape Town to Windhoek 16 by Greg Beadle
Route 2 – Maun to Windhoek 42 by Stefan Boshoff
Route 3 – Maun to Harare via Victoria Falls 70 by Greg Beadle
Route 4 – Harare to Mbombela via Ilha de Moçambique 98 by Wayne Sheppard
Route 5 – Die Groot omTrek – round trip from eMkhondo 126 by Theunis Nel
Gear guide 162
Getting to know some famous riders • Charley Boorman 186• Clint Pienaar 188• Alfie Cox 190• Zelda la Grange 191• Theunis Nel 192
Contents
© Wayne Sheppard
8
I’m a spontaneous person and
there is nothing better than just
deciding: now is the time, jump
on your motorcycle and head on
out into the Karoo with nothing
more than your credit card and
perhaps a change of clothes.
When it comes to 8–10-day
adventures on a motorcycle in
Southern Africa, it needs a little
more thought. Riding around
South Africa is almost intuitive.
We know what to expect on
the roads, we have a sense that
we will always find fuel, decent
accommodation and reliable
sources of food. When exploring
further north these factors do
change, hence the need for some
planning and preparation.
Should you not have a clue
on where to start or have no
idea what it is like to ride your
motorcycle through remote parts
of Southern Africa then you may
want to consider joining a group
hosted by a professional touring
operator. This is generally a more
expensive way of exploring on a
motorcycle but you do eliminate
many of the variables, includ-
ing accommodation, technical
support and food, that could see
you not enjoying your inaugural
motorcycle adventure.
Tour operatorsMoto Aventures offers a com-
prehensive package including
using their bikes as well as
space for passengers to join in
a 4x4. The BMW R1200GS is
their standard bike of choice,
and there’s the possibility of a
F800GS if they are available.
Twenty R1200GS are available
per group. The 4x4 back-up ve-
hicle is an eight-seater, allowing
pillions the option of some time in
the vehicle if the weather is bad
or if they get tired. This vehicle
takes all the luggage and also
tows a spare motorcycle. There
is a second assistance vehicle,
towing a second trailer with spare
bike, and this transports the doc-
tor and mechanic. Each bike is
fitted with a GPS with the day’s
route programmed in, so clients
are free to travel fairly indepen-
dently or in small groups staying
on the GPS tracking. This means
enjoying an adventure rather than
riding in one large group all the
time, with a sense of security and
peace of mind knowing you have
medical and technical support
should you need it.
Moto Aventures has three tours
running consecutively from
August to October:
Cape Town to Vic Falls
travelling via Namibia
Total distance is 5,000km
14 days’ travel, which includes a
day off in Swakopmund
70% of the route is off-road on
good-condition gravel roads
Cost per biker = R7,950; pillions
and 4x4 = R4,500.
Vic Falls to Johannesburg
via Malawi and Mozambique
Total distance is 5,000km
16 days’ travel, which includes
Preparation and planning
9
two days off at Lake Malawi and
in the Bazaruto Archipelago
off the coast from Vilanculos in
Mozambique
30% of the route is off-road
Cost per biker = R8,950; pillions
and 4x4 = R4,500.
Johannesburg to Cape
Town via Lesotho
Total distance is 3,200km
9 days’ travel
80% of the route is off-road or it
can be 100% on road
Cost per biker = R5,950; pillions
and 4x4 = R2,900.
Included in the price is an
optional two-day Level 1 off-road
course with Si Pavey in Wales,
UK. If not taken, R400€is de-
ducted from price.
This 2013 pricing includes
luxury lodges/tented lodges,
sometimes with half board, and
assistance at all times during the
adventure.
Charley Boorman will join you
as your guide/entertainer.
Additional activities such as
game drives, sundowner cruises,
whale-watching cruise, shark-
cage diving, a lake cruise with
snorkelling and feeding Fish
Eagles, etc., is included depend-
ing on which tour you take. The
price includes the use of the
BMW R1200GS.
What is not included are your
flight costs should you be flying
into the start point and out at
the end, fuel (about R3,000
maximum), visas, vaccinations,
border charges, alcohol, medical
insurance, biking gear and bike
excess deposit of R15,000.
Moto Aventures is a small,
personalised, family-owned busi-
ness, offering quality motorbike
adventures – off-road in Morocco
on KTM 450EXC and adventure
touring on BMW R1200GS in
Southern Africa. They are the
longest-running company of
this type in Europe and Africa,
with over 16 years’ experience
and an annual average of over
60% returns and referrals, which
proves they are delivering what
their clients want. Safety and
satisfaction are the two most
important aspects of their tours.
In 2010 they partnered with
Charley Boorman to brand their
Southern African adventures and
started with two tours from Cape
Town to Vic Falls and back.
Since then they have added a
further two routes and others are
planned.
Check out www.moto
aventures.com for more info.
Karoo Biking, owned by Jurgen
Muess, offers a selection of tours
around Southern Africa. Jurgen
offers multi-day adventures that
encompass what Southern Africa
has to offer, on either a BMW
650/700GS, 800GS, 1200GS
or 1200RT. Focusing on South
Africa, Jurgen also offers certain
trips into Southern Africa and
E
© Shaen Adey
10
one trip in Europe. More details
available at www.karoo-biking.de
Kwanokeng Tours specialise in
Botswana, offering shorter tours
including a two-night tour through
the Tuli Block and a four-night
tour into the Makgadikgadi Pans.
Clinton and his team are pros
at setting up a very impressive
camp in the middle of nowhere
and serving delicious food and
cold beers. Clinton can custom-
ise a tour to suit your needs and
is the perfect host. He is the
ultimate entertainer and adds
great value to each of his tours.
All tours start at their Kwanokeng
Lodge located on the Botswana
side of the Limpopo River at the
Martin’s Drift border post. The
lodge offers comfortable accom-
modation including grass camp-
ing sites, permanent luxury tents
with decks overlooking the
lazy Limpopo River as well
as multi-roomed chalets. We
stayed in a chalet and found it
clean and very comfortable with
air-conditioning on hand as the
temperatures stayed rather high
throughout the night. The lodge
makes the perfect overnight
stop on your way in and out of
Botswana as it is located on
one of the quickest routes to the
northern half of Botswana from
Gauteng. Clinton’s family own
the lodge as well as the neigh-
bouring filling station, the busiest
retail filling station in Botswana,
according to Clinton. You will find
a bureau de change at the filling
station (although the South
African rand and the US dollar
are widely accepted in Botswana)
as well as a convenience retail
store that stocks almost every-
thing you may have forgotten at
home. Last time I checked, fuel
was cheaper in Botswana than in
© Stefan Boshoff
11
South Africa, so plan your fill up
stops accordingly.
Should you, for whatever reason,
not be interested in joining a
group on a motorcycle adventure,
then there are a few key things
to work out before you head out
on your own or in a smaller group
of riders.
ResearchThe first part of the plan for most
of us is when we can find the
time for a multi-day motorcycle
adventure! How many days can
you afford to be away from the
‘grindstone’? What time of year
do you wish to travel? Certain
parts of Southern Africa are a
no-go zone from November to
February due to excessive heat,
mosquitos, tsetse fly, etc. Parks
like Mana Pools close over this
period so be aware of when you
wish to travel and how that
affects where you can go.
Google is a wonderful tool
when it comes to starting your
research. You will find blogs,
tips and articles shared by
fellow adventurers. The
images you find online will
start to paint a picture of
what you can look forward
to. Online research will
also greatly assist you in
comparing accommoda-
tion options should there
be a choice where you
are going. Some of the
smaller villages may only
have one option that
may not even be
featured online. Sites such as
TripAdvisor.com share guests’
feedback and comments, giving
you a real impression of what the
establishment offers and what
you can expect for the price you
will pay to stay there.
When I look at where I want
to go, I normally base it around a
few highlights or dream destina-
tions. For example, in Namibia
any trip will include a few of the
many impressive destinations
the country offers, including the
Namib Desert, Skeleton Coast,
Swakopmund, Sossusvlei, the
Ugab River, Van Zyl’s Pass,
Etosha National Park, Epupa
Falls, etc.
Route planningOnce you have your list together
and you can see some sort of an
accessible route to follow, you
can knuckle down into the detail
planning, which must include
understanding what your motor-
cycle’s fuel tank offers as a range
of distance you can travel, with
the additional weight of a pillion
and/or luggage, before having to
re-fuel. You always need to allow
for extra mileage between fuel
stops, including the small but real
possibility of having to turn back
along the way as you may forget
something important at a drinks
stop on the side of the road and
double back to get it an hour or
two later. I can’t stress enough
how important it is to make sure
you have enough fuel. In South
Africa it’s easy enough to find a
filling station almost anywhere. In
Southern Africa it is different and
you need to know where you can
get fuel and if they will have fuel
in stock when you need it. Auxil-
lary fuel tanks or extra fuel plastic
packs as mentioned in my gear
guide later on in this book are es-
sential on these longer trips into
remote areas.
When purchasing maps, I
always recommend sourcing at
least two different maps from dif-
ferent publishers. The Tracks4
Africa maps are essential and the
MapStudio maps are good too.
E
E
© Greg Beadle
12
The Tracks4Africa maps show
most of the fuel stations and
give you accurate mileage and
estimated travel times, greatly
assisting in your planning.
BudgetLooking at costs and managing a
budget when planning your trip is
probably the least fun element of
the overall process but it has to
be done. Motorcycle adventures
should be less expensive than
doing the same routes in a four-
wheel-drive vehicle, based on fuel
consumption, but the accommoda-
tion and food costs could well
change this estimation. I break it
down into these definitions with
a few of the relevant questions to
be answered and costed for:
Transport to get there and back
Are you flying to a destination
to start your adventure?
Are you driving and trailering
your bike to a start and finish
point?
Fuel for trip
What is the average fuel con-
sumption of your motorcycle?
How much heavier will your
bike be for this trip and how
much more fuel will you use?
How many kilometres will you
be riding?
Are you taking a towing/back-
up vehicle along with you?
What is the average fuel con-
sumption of this vehicle, including
towing a trailer with bike/s?
What is the price of fuel in
each country you pass through?
You will need to pay cash for
fuel at most remote filling stations
and you can pay with a card in
some major towns. How much
cash do you need to carry daily
for fuel?
Accommodation options
What type of accommodation
do you want to use? Camping
or lodging?
Do you need to pay a portion
of the cost upfront as a booking
deposit?
Will they accept card payment
for the balance of the cost as well
as for food and drinks?
If they only accept cash pay-
ments, which currencies do they
accept?
How much will gear cost
should you choose to camp for
a few or all of the nights?
Food options
Where will you find food along
the way and what will it cost?
What food can you take with
you?
What can you budget on
spending per day on food as an
average cost?
Emergency provision
Which is the correct travel
insurance product to suit your
needs and what will it cost?
What amount of cash do you
need to carry for emergency
needs? This could include
medical supplies, a lift to get help
or to transport a bike to a town
nearby, border crossing compli-
cations, etc.
E
13
ReservationsAs a general rule I try to book
only the first and possibly the last
night’s accommodation before
heading off on a trip. I don’t like
the feeling of having to be at a
certain destination by a certain
date. It just adds stress to my trip
and I much prefer to wake up in
the morning, see how far I feel
like riding, ride a few hours and
then decide on how far to go that
day. The freedom of choosing
day to day how far you want to
go (or not) is an important part
of my personal experience of any
motorcycle adventure. Riding
in a group you lose that sense
of freedom and need to keep
up with what the group is doing
every day.
Depending on when and
where you are travelling you may
be able to arrive somewhere
with no reservation and still get
accommodation. Sometimes
you won’t be so lucky, particu-
larly at popular tourist spots, like
Sesriem camp site in Namibia,
during high season. When doing
your research you will need to
ascertain whether you feel you
need to make reservations up-
front or not.
Also make sure that motor-
cycles are welcome for your
night stops. We arrived in what
we thought was a private nature
reserve in Namibia, riding in the
park for 30 minutes (slowly) to
get to the reception, only to have
them tell us bikes aren’t allowed
in the park. We managed to stay
overnight at a very nice riverside
camp site before leaving the
park, and I do hope that one
day soon they will let bikes into
national parks.
Emergency planningI see emergency planning a
bit like the way I see insur-
ance. You don’t want it but
you definitely don’t want to
be caught without it. It’s best
to know what to do should
you find yourself or one of your
group in difficulty.
Generally the most important
plan is to know where the near-
est hospital or medical base is
to your current location as you
travel through the day. Check
with lodges or camp sites when
you make a reservation to see
if they have a qualified medic
on-site, as well as what medical
supplies they have.
It doesn’t hurt, pardon the pun,
to complete a first-aid course or
attend a refresher course before
heading out on an adventure
sans medical back-up.
Carry a first-aid kit that is com-
pact but includes what you need.
I am not qualified to advise you
as to which first-aid kit is best for
you to use, but I can tell you that
you will need to customise a kit
to suit your needs. You can add
painkillers and personal medica-
tion and perhaps take out certain
items that you believe to be non-
essential. You can search online
or visit a selection of outdoor
retailers to compare what they of-
fer. Cape Union Mart and Safari
Centre both stock a range of
fairly relevant first-aid kits as they
cover the requirements of the
outdoor and 4x4 markets.
You will not always have
cellphone coverage, so make
© Stefan Boshoff
14
sure you have an idea of how
best to get help to a patient or
get a patient to the help they
need. Every case is different
and the circumstances will more
than likely require improvising
on the scene. Without being too
selective, do attempt to include
group members that add certain
skills like mechanical and first-aid
knowledge. Having said all of
this, I do often ride on my own
but then will do my utmost to
have a recovery vehicle behind
me or try not to spend too much
time outside the network of com-
munication technology.
Common sense must also be
used when riding solo or in small
groups. Is it worth attempting to
ride down a challenging cliff face
when you still have five days left
of your trip, with no town nearby
and no communication to the
outside world?
Accidents do happen but you
can do your best to minimise this
risk by ensuring that you and your
riding group get the most out
of the whole adventure and not
just a quick thrill that could take
its toll on the whole group’s
experience.
In case of emergency (ICE)
identification is important should
you lose consciousness. ICE ID
make a durable identification tag
bracelet including your chosen
information for ‘in case of emer-
gency’ situations. Blood type,
allergies and an ICE contact are
good items to include, as well as
your name, of course. You can
order one of these online at
www.iceid.co.za.
Copy these details onto a
card, laminate it and place it in a
place of high visibility, like in the
transparent map pocket on top
of your tank bag or in the trans-
parent pocket on your Rallye 3
jacket sleeve.
Documenting your tripWhether you are going to submit
your next adventure to a travel
or superbike magazine or if you
just want to bank memories from
this trip, it’s important to have a
camera and a notebook packed.
Being a professional adventure
photographer and author I find it
necessary to carry a ‘pro’ camera
body with one or two lenses
packed in my tank bag. The tank
bag is one of the zones on your
bike with the least vibration. If
you pack your camera or gear in
your luggage, be sure to wrap
them in clothing and pack them
snugly to minimise vibration as
much as possible. You also want
to have your camera within reach
so that you can capture those
images as you see them and
E
© Greg Beadle
15
before they disappear. I pack
a Canon 1DMark4 and always
pack the Canon 16–35mm lens
for those jaw-dropping land-
scapes. If I have space I’ll include
the Canon 70–200mm for candid
portraits and story-telling images.
I catch a lot of great images on
my iPhone too, as it is always
easy to get to, being located in
a jacket pocket, and I don’t have
to take off my gloves and helmet
to look through the viewfinder on
my SLR camera. A compact
camera like the Canon S90 fits
in a jacket pocket and also takes
high-quality images and video.
The way forward though must
be with a GoPro camera: you
get videos and stills from a small
body with a waterproof casing
that comes standard with the
camera. Fixed focal length on
a wide-angle lens means you
will catch everything along the
way. You will need a ‘backpack’
long-life battery to ensure you
that get a few hours out of the
camera, and try to shoot footage
only when you are riding through
special scenery, which will save
you space on your memory card
as well as saving editing time
afterwards. With a large variety
of attachments, you can mount
a GoPro to almost anywhere
on your bike or body. Recharge
batteries with your solar-powered
charger after the day’s ride.
I usually pack an iPad in my
tank bag for making notes at
the end of a day, depending on
space as I always have a small
notebook and pen packed too.
The iPad allows you to carry a
lot of reading material, including
books and magazines, all on one
device, as well as cool apps, like
Stellarium, which tells you the
name of a constellation of stars
just by pointing the iPad at that
particular constellation. Another
useful app, called SunSeeker,
tells you which path the sun
follows during the day and what
time it will meet the horizon,
allowing you to plan for riding
time left in the day and to plan
the best location for your sunset
photo opportunity.E
© Greg Beadle
BIKE BIKEAdventures across Southern Africa
Adventures across Southern Africa
Covers the region’s best motorbiking routes
On- and off-road routes | Scenic routes | Mountain passes
What to see | What to do | Parks | Accommodation and much more
By Greg Beadle with Foreword by Charley Boorman
INCLUDES DETAILED ROUTE MAPS
BIK
E Th
e Lo
ng
er R
oa
dA
dventures across Southern A
frica
I S BN 978-1-77026-506-6
9 7 8 1 7 7 0 2 6 5 0 6 6MAC/CPT/0713/TG/NB/GH
• GPS co-ordinates at start and end points• Routes clearly marked• Hazardous spots along the route are highlighted• Things to see along the route• Filling stations indicated• Distance markers• Topographical relief
N
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Koeries
Kaboep
Lubbeskolk
Dorin
g
Sou t
Bos
Muishond
Tankwa
Olifants
Olifants
Wit
Spek
Touws
Hartbees
Sout
Orange
65
49
68
46
61
17
66
22
53
70
75
83
77
RichtersveldNational Park
De HoopNature Reserve
Agulhas National Park
MarlothNature Reserve
VrolijkheidNature Reserve
Table MountainNational Park
Cape of Good HopeNature Reserve
West CoastNational Park
Groot WinterhoekWilderness Area
Hottentots-HollandsNature Reserve
NamaquaNational Park
Tankwa-Karoo National Park
Cederberg Wilderness Area
Augrabies FallsNational Park
GoegabNature
Reserve
33°55’31”S18°25’26”E
Blind RisesBeware of
Game Crossings
Alexander BayAerodrome
Dolomite Peaks
Border Post
River Rafting
Hot Springs
Windpoort
Shifting Dunes
Miner's Memorial
Orbicular Diorite Koppie
Burke's Pass
Pypmaker se Poort
Barter's Grave 1902
Skilpad Wildflower Gardens
Ottaspoort
Rooiwalspoort
The Letterklip 1902
Windmill Museum
Bloukrans Pass
Heerenlogement Cave The South AfricanAstronomical Observatory
Botterkloof
Pakhuis Pass
V.O.C. Beacon
Middelberg Pass
Piekenierskloof
Flower Reserves
Silver Stroom Pump Station
Club Mykonos
Table Mountain
Dias Monument 1488
Aussenkehr
NorotshamaRiver Resort
Middelpos
Nakop
Lutzputs
Sendelingsdrif
Dagab
Karkams
Aggeneys
Noordoewer
Granaatboskolk
Bitterfontein
Kreefbaai
Elandsbaai
Yzerfontein
Paternoster
Betty's Bay
Philadelphia
Matjiesfontein
Nuwerus
Melkbosstrand
Grabouw
Gansbaai
Hermanus
Franschhoek
Darling
Velddrif
Saldanha
Langebaan
Riebeek-Wes
Stompneus Bay
Moorreesburg
Sutherland
Garies
Brandvlei
Kamieskroon
Hondeklipbaai
Loeriesfontein
Ceres
Swellendam
Malmesbury
Vredenburg
Bredasdorp
Pofadder
Steinkopf
Karasburg
Port Nolloth
Alexander Bay
Vioolsdrif
Stellenbosch
Paarl
Springbok
Clanwilliam
Vanrhynsdorp
Lambert's Bay
CAPE TOWN
SOUTH AFRICA
NAMIBIA
R318
R316
R355
R354
R399
R364
R303
R355
R355
R382
R358
R27
R27
D206D212
C37
N2
B1
N1
N7
N7
N14
N10
100Km 50
Includes detailed route maps
The Longer RoadThe exciting sequel to the popular Bike Tar & Gravel Adventures in South Africa takes the rider across eight countries, following longer routes and providing more detail of what to do and see along the way.
The Longer Road
MapStudio™ and the MapStudio™ device are trademarked to New Holland Publishing (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. 1st edition © MapStudio™ 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec-
tronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the Copyright owner.
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