Bijay Lal Pradhan

Expect to make mistakes and to learn.

Expect to write and rewrite your research proposal several time! No body gets it right the first time!

Expect to spend many hours reading books and journals relating to your topic!

Expect to spend hours discussing your research with other researchers or with supervisors.

Expect to have your criticized

Expect to feel confused some times.

At Last: Expect to produce a highly professional research and to have a happier and successful research experience

You wouldn’t walk into a shop and buy the first shirt that you saw. Instead you would look at several shirts, compare them and purchase the one that suited you best.

It is always a good idea to generate several questions and then choose the best.

No Study ever answers all the questions that we want to ask about the particular subject. Research findings nearly always inspire new research questions.

ROL is a Process of learning & understanding the concept of the related topic

There is a saying

“ Six Hours in the library may save six months in the Laboratory.”

Starts early with investigation and during investigation and during writing thesis.

It provides picture of state of knowledge & major question which has to be investigated

Review of Literature is a review of the relevant "literature" (books, journals, magazines, Web sites) discussing the topic you want to investigate.

It discusses techniques and equipment that are appropriate for investigating your topic

It summarizes the theory behind your experiment.

A literature review is not a list describing or summarizing literature one after another. You have to synthesize and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of your thesis or research question.

To provide knowledge about the background of the work done by earlier researcher

To know what studies remains to be done

To avoid duplication of previous works

To determine the methodologies for research work & to draw conclusion

To identify Key variables

To determine scope and operational definition of key variables

Books

Articles published in National and International Journals

Paper presented in conference, Seminars & workshops

Published and unpublished thesis, working papers

Report published by GO & NGOs

Newspapers

Google Scholar provides a simple way to search for scholarly literature. Search across many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations.

OARE

DOAJ : www.doaj.org

e-journals.org

ebooksgo.org

openculture.com/free_ebooks

gutenberg.org

fulltext.com

w3schools.com

opendoar.org

Research On:

Author(s):

Year of Publication:

Title of Paper

Title of Book/Journal:

Volume No:

Publisher & city

Where available:

Notes:

Speaking to your thesis Supervisor or Research Coordinator

Speaking to other researcher working in the same field.

Speaking to researcher from other discipline

Searching the journals related to your topic.

Spending time searching internet for relevant information.

Reading is perhaps your highest priority at this stage of research.

Make sure you read broadly and deeply so that you can be sure that you have established the best possible foundation for your research.

Reading takes time but it is time well spent. Make sure that you create enough time in your week to read.

Make sure that reading is uninterrupted.

Make list of all articles and books you think you should read, and note down the bibliographical details. Prioritize your reading so that you start with most relevant items and gradually get more general.

When reading a text try to pin down the concepts or arguments that you do not understand. Make an appointment to discuss the article with a more experience researcher or your supervisor.

Take a notes from you r reading which are relevant to your work.

Reviewing literature: it is not necessary to read each and every word and lines in the reference. Researcher must find the relevant section and lines in the reference. Researcher must find the relevant section of study and make notes. Notes may be in the form

quotation

Paraphrasing

A quotation is the use of your source's exact words in your work. A quotation may be as short as one word but, if that word is significant, it must be put in quotation marks and referenced.

“Quality control involves detection and elimination of components and final products which are not up to standard” Sallis (2002, p.29)

Sallis (2002) stated that quality control is usually carried out by quality professionals called quality controllers

Raymond (1996) argues that, "The people never knew what good food was" (p.245).

Paraphrasing means putting an author's ideas or information into your own words:

Original "This has led to the conclusion that, out of the Female population at large, 90% watch television to excess" (Pradhan, 2005).

Paraphrased In contradiction to Shrestha’s claim, Pradhan argues that 90% of Female watch too much television (2005).

Serially numbered list of written sources either published or unpublished

Can be arranged according to alphabetical order, division of subject, kind of work

Specification of literature used also will be listed (year of publication, name of author, Title of article/ paper/ report, name of journal, publisher, place of publication & page number)

Journal Article, One Author

Pradhan, B.,L. (2000). Implementation of TQM in Small Scale Sectors of Nepal, Saptaprawaha, 2, 93-97

Journal Article, Two Authors

Kothari, H. & Pradhan, B.,L. (2001). “The impact of Urban Lifestyle on Health of corporate executives”,“International Pacific Business Review”, 2 , 15-23

Pradhan, B.L. & Khan, K.,A. (2008), Business statistics, Narayangarh, Gyanjyoti publication.

Edited Book

Pradhan, B.L, & Acharya, K. P. (Eds.). (1014). Operation Management, Kathamandu, KEC Publication

Balkumari College. (2014). Balkumari College (Annual Report), Chitwan

Pradhan, B.,L. (2009), ‘The attitude, perception and readyness of students towards e-learning in Business school of india’ FDP Dissertation, Vikram Sarabhai Library, Indian Institute of Management.

Type Example and notes

Books Pradhan, B.L. (2008), Business statistics, Narayangarh, Gyanjyoti publication.

Articles Hart,C.,Shoolbred,M.,Brutcher, D. and Kane, D.(2004) ‘The bibliographic structure of fan information’ , Collection Building, 18 (2): 81-90

Thesis Pradhan, B. (2009), ‘The attitude, perception and readyness of students towards e-learning in Business school of india’ FDP thesis, Vikram Sarabhai Library, Indian Institute of Management.

Internet Article based on a Print source

Vanden Bos, G., ‘Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates’ (electronic version). Journal of Bibligraphic Research, 5: 117-23

Article in an electronic journal

Pradhan, B.L. ,‘The impact of Urban Lifestyle on Health of corporate executives’ (electronic version). International Pacific Business Review. Referred Quarterly Journal. ISSN No 0974-438x. http://www.pbr.co.in/vol2iss4/15-23.pdf (accessed 7 march,2014)

Document from private internet site

Pradhan, B. ‘Management strategy of Public Bank at Udaypur, India’, from http://bijaypradhan.webs.com/blog/mspbu.html (accessed 5th March, 2014)

A literature review is an overview of research on a given topic and answers to related research questions

Literature reviews are an important part of research and should be treated as such

A well-written literature review:

Organizes literature Evaluates literature Identifies patterns and trends in literature Synthesizes literature

Review isn’t logically organized

Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study

Review doesn’t relate literature to the study

Too few references or outdated references cited

Review isn’t written in author’s own words

Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries

Recent references are omitted