Bijan Khazai Nov 18

7/27/2019 Bijan Khazai Nov 18

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Bam Earthquake ReconstructionAnd Recovery

Bijan Khazai, PhD

Columbia University, Center for Hazards and Risk ReductionMember EERI

Center for Hazards and Risk Research

NWFP UET Earthquake Engineering Seminar

Islamabad, Pakistan

November 2005


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Bam, Iran

Date December 26,2003

Magnitude Richter 6.7

DeathInjured 26,27120,000+


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Earthquake Damage and Costs

Bam VillagesTotal AffectedPopulation

92,000 48,000

Total HomelessPopulation

75,600

Buildings Destroyed 25,000 24,000

Shelter UnitsConstructed

26,900 (in-place)

9,005 (in camps)

2,500

5-year ReconstructionBudget

(BEERP)

$220 million loan IBRD$15 million Iranian Govnt

80% allocated to housing and commercialbuildings: material, equipment, technicalsupervision


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Current Challenges in ReconstructionPractice

Public Participation

Public Communication and Hazard Education

Reactive Policies and Transition Strategies


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Public Participation

Highly centralized, top-downgovernmental framework

Technocratic bias

Product vs. Process: Focus onhouses not household

Displacement of local skills byimported constructiontechnologies

Over-reliance on outsiders,reinforcing an attitude of raisedexpectations.


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Public Communication and Hazard

Education Anxiety and rumors exasperating

trauma and suffering

Gap between government responseand peoples expectations

Costs and Compromises

Added market value to earthquake-resistant design

Smaller footprints


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Reactive Recovery Policies

Municipal GovernmentMaster Plan in Bam.

No Reconstruction

coastal buffer zone inSri Lanka.

Reactive recovery policies mixing short-term recoveryneeds with long-term disaster mitigation goals mayundermine recovery efforts.


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Dual approach of short-termrecovery and long-term planning

Long-term plans often based upon short-termvisions of risk and community well-being.

Long-term policies must be negotiated on a

regular basis. Two parallel efforts

One that deals with short-term recovery and anotherthat deals with long-term strategic planning.

These two efforts must be separated from oneanother for they have different objectives andchallenges associated with them


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Temporary shelter Tents

Intermediate Housing

36,000 units, 3x6 meters 27,000 on private property

9,000 on camps (3,100 remain vacant)

Delays in construction

$2500-$3000 cost per unit

Permanent Housing

Reconstruction Activity in Bam


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Issues in Intermediate Shelter Construction

Climatic Requirements

Poorly adapted to hot aridclimate of Bam

Air-conditioners in all units

Lack extended overhang orlintels over windows

Lack of shade and trees incamps


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Cultural Requirements Privacy

Location of Facilities

Footprint


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Property Rights Property ownershiprecords

Renters or migrants fromvillages

Debris Removal 12 million MT of debris Rubble removal

progressing slowly Site Selection

Footprint of original houseused for intermediateshelter

Effect of Master Plan onintermediate housing


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Ultimate Goal of Post-DisasterReconstruction Program is a Long-Term

Change in Construction Practice.

In other words, houses built afterthe financial and technical

assistance cease are also earthquake-resistant.

People will build earthquake-resistant houses if(1) locally available and widely known building technology(2) culturally acceptable and

(3) economically viable (the cost is competitive with popularmethods)


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Criteria forSuccessfulHousingReconstructionwith Long-Term Change

in Construction Practice

Technical+Earthquake resistant design

+Earthquake resistant construction

+Expandable with local materials+Durable

+Resistant to other disasters

Economic Social

+Climatically appropriate

+Culturally appropriate

+Satisfactory architecture+Satisfactory features

+Maintainable

+People trust the structure is

earthquake-resistant

+Resources conserved

+Competitive in cost with local,

common building methods+Skills and materials available

through local private sector

If i d li i i


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If a reconstruction programs and policy remain reactive astop-down, technology-driven and house-as-product

approaches, people may not live there

Bam, Iran

Hambanto ta, Sr i Lanka


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And they will proceed to build houses that are notearthquake resistant


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Will earthquake-resistant housing construction practices inBam continue after government and NGO funding andfacilitation cease?


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Money too expensive

Technology requires special skills,

materials People no enforcement, different

priorities

Too early to tell, but


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Working towards a livelihoods approach torecovery and reconstruction

Recovery and reconstruction should focus on houses(physical capital) as well as households (arena of socialand economic life)

The aim is often confined to that of delivering tangible andquantifiable products, in the form of products (housesbuilt), often without regard for how - or if - this will improvesocial and economic status

Bijan Khazai Nov 18

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