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Lesson 4 Marine Science: The Dynamic Ocean Study Workbook • Copyright © U.S. Satellite, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 33

Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________

444 Migrations of the Sea

• Scientists from around the world use satellite technologies to track marine animals.

• Scientists not only follow the journeys of marine animals, but also monitor the physicalparameters that aff ect their movement, such as food, temperature, landforms andhuman activities.

Activate Prior KnowledgeIn this lesson you will learn about the technologies scientists use to study and gather data about marine animal migratory paths.

Before reading and trying the activities in your textbook, answer the following questions to review what you already know about the lesson content.

1. What is migration? Migration is the recurring movement of an animal from one place to

another, usually returning to its original location.

2. What are some animals that migrate over the course of a year? Answers will vary, but

may include: geese, ducks (birds in general), salmon, Humpback Whales, etc.

3. Why would some animals need to migrate? Animals often migrate as seasons change.

They might move to follow a food source, find water and shelter, reproduce, or remain in

climates suitable or necessary for their survival.

BIGIDEAS

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Lesson 4 Marine Science: The Dynamic Ocean Study Workbook • Copyright © U.S. Satellite, Inc. All Rights Reserved.34

Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________

Lesson 4 Marine Science: The Dynamic Ocean Study Workbook • Copyright © U.S. Satellite, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Build BackgroundThe activity on pages 72–75 of your textbook asks you to create a plotting map from data. A plotting map is a geographical map on which you can show a path or travel that happened over time. Plotting maps show data in a visual way and enable us to analyze and understand information about an object or animal’s movement more easily.

When you create a plotting map of a journey, you need to know two pieces of information: the object’s location and the date or time on which it was at that location. An object’s location is often described in terms of latitude and longitude. Latitude and longitude lines are imaginary lines that people developed to help locate places on the surface of Earth. Lines of latitude run north and south around the globe parallel to the Equator. The Equator is represented as 0° latitude. Lines of longitude run east and west around the globe parallel to the Prime Meridian.

Before trying the activity in your textbook, review latitude, longitude and the features of a plotting map by studying the map below and answering the questions that follow on the next page.

ExploreExploreExploreExploreExploreExplore

North Pole

Equator

Latitude

Longitude

140° W 120° W 100° W 80° W 60° W

140° W 120° W 100° W 80° W 60° W

60° N

40° N

20° N

0° N

60° N

40° N

20° N

0° N

Pacifi c Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

CANADA

MEXICO

SOUTHAMERICA

Los Angeles, CANew Orleans, LA

Washington, D.C.

Miami, FL

Panama

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Lesson 4 Marine Science: The Dynamic Ocean Study Workbook • Copyright © U.S. Satellite, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Lesson 4 Marine Science: The Dynamic Ocean Study Workbook • Copyright © U.S. Satellite, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 35

Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________

1. What are the approximate coordinates for the following cities?

Latitude (°N) Longitude (°W)

1. Washington, D.C. 38°N 75°W

2. Miami, FL 25°N 80°W

3. Los Angeles, CA 33°N 120°W

4. New Orleans, LA 30°N 90°W

5. Panama 9°N 80°W

2. Using the same map, plot each of the following locations from a student’s journey.

Latitude (°N) Longitude (°W)

Day 1 25°N 80°W

Day 2 30°N 90°W

Day 4 35°N 100°W

Day 5 38°N 105°W

Day 7 38°N 122°W

3. Where did the student travel? The student traveled from Miami to San Francisco (northern

California).

4. How long did it take the student to make this journey? It took the student 7 days.

5. Did the student travel the same distance every day? No, the student stopped for a couple

of days in two places.

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Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________


Review What You LearnedAfter reading pages 72–73 of your textbook, answer the following questions to review what you learned.

1. Why is it easier to tag a female Leatherback Sea Turtle than a male? Females crawl up on

the beach to lay their eggs, making it easier to tag them.

2. Describe an adult Leatherback Sea Turtle. Adult Leatherback Sea Turtles can grow to 2

meters long (6 feet) and weigh 900 kilograms (400 lbs). They have large front flippers and

leathery skin rather than a hard shell.

3. Where have Leatherback Sea Turtles been known to swim (migrate) from? Leatherbacks

have been known to swim from tropical areas (nesting) all the way to cooler temperatures.

4. What is the diet of the Leatherback Sea Turtle? While in the open ocean, Leatherback Sea

Turtles eat jellyfish and other floating organisms; while along the coast, they eat shrimp and

mollusks (clams, mussels).

5. How oft en do Leatherback Sea Turtles reproduce? Females lay eggs in nests on the beach

every two to three years.

6. Leatherback Sea Turtles are endangered. Approximately how many nesting females are there worldwide? Why is it diffi cult for us to determine the size of the male population?

There are approximately 35,000 nesting females. We do not know the size of the male

population because they do not come to shore, making it difficult to tag and count them.

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Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________

Vocabulary ReviewComplete the chart below as you read pages 75–85 of your textbook. Write the defi nition of each vocabulary term in your own words. Then, write a note to yourself on how you can remember the meaning of each term. Use the chart to review key concepts after you have fi nished the lesson.

Term Defi nition How I Will Remember

UplinkA transmitting signal sent up to a satellite

Answers will vary. Some sample responses are shown.

DownlinkA connecting signal sent down from a satellite to a ground station

Natural satelliteA planet or moon that orbits another celestial body

Natural means coming from nature.

Artifi cial satelliteA human-made object that orbits a celestial body; satellite used to gather data

Artificial means fake or human-made.

Remote sensing satellite

A satellite that provides data needed to track and study marine animals

ExplainExplainExplainExplainExplainExplain

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Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________


Term Defi nition How I Will Remember

Polar satelliteA satellite that orbits around Earth from pole to pole Polar means by Earth’s poles.

Geostationary satellite

A satellite that remains fixed above one location and orbits Earth at the same speed of Earth’s rotation

I see the word stationary in Geostationary. Stationary means to stay in one place.

Pop-up archival tag

Tracking devices used for large marine animals that spend most of their time below the ocean surface

Satellite relay data logger (SRDL)

A bulky, box-shaped tag that compresses a lot of data and is used to measure conditions of the ocean

Remote sensingThe science of gathering and interpreting data from human-made satellites

PixelA data point on a digital image

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Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________

Remember that taking notes when you read is an important tool that can help you remember key concepts. One way to take notes and keep new information organized is by using a concept map such as the one below.

As you read about satellites on pages 76–79 of your textbook, use the concept map below to record the key ideas of the text.

Reading Strategy: TAKING NOTES

Artifi cial satellites are:

satellites created by humans and are used to gather informa

tion about weather and conditions of Earth, as well as for communication, navigation, and military and scientific purposes.

Natural satellites are: satellites

found in nat

ure.

Satellites are:

objects that orbit, or go around, another object.

2 types of satellites

Examples of natural satellites:

1. The Moon orbiting Earth2. Earth orbiting th3.4.5.6.7.8. e Sun

Examples of artifical satellites:

Remote se

nsing satellites that track and study marine animals

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Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________


On pages 80–81 of your textbook you will read about three kinds of satellite transmitters that are used to track animals and conditions of the ocean. Comparing and contrasting technologies such as these can help you better understand their uses and limitations. Remember when we compare, we tell how things are alike. When we contrast, we tell how things differ.

Complete the Compare and Contrast Matrix below as you read pages 80–81 of your textbook.

Smart Position Tags (SPOT)

Pop-up Archival Tag (‘Pop-up Tag’)

Satellite Relay Data Logger (SRDL)

How is it used?To study animals that breathe at the ocean’s surface

To study animals that spend most of their time below surface

To study large animals that dive; to measure salinity, temperature and depth

What are some animals it is

used to track?

Sea turtlesSealsWhales

TunaSharks

Southern Elephant Seals California Sea LionsLeatherback Sea Turtles

How is the data collected?

When an animal comes to the surface to breathe and the antenna is out of the water, information is uplinked.

The tag is scheduled to release from an animal at a specific time. It floats to the ocean surface and sends a signal so that scientists can retrieve the tag and record data.

The bulky, box-shaped tag compresses a great deal of data that scientists use to better understand how ocean conditions affect animal movement.

Reading Strategy: COMPARE and CONTRAST

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Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________

Review What You LearnedAfter reading pages 82–85 of your textbook, answer the following questions about satellite imagery and scientifi c discoveries to review what you learned.

1. Defi ne remote sensing in your own words. Remote sensing is the science of gathering and

interpreting data from human-made satellites.

2. What can be seen about an animal in a satellite image? What cannot be seen? You can

see the animal’s location and the associated information. You cannot see the animal moving.

3. What type of scientists work together to interpret the information from satellite images?

What do they each specialize in? Geologists, meteorologists and biologists work together

to read satellite images. Geologists specialize in Earth’s land features; meteorologists in

weather and climate; and biologists in living things and their environments.

4. What is a pixel? What two words is it a combination of? A pixel is a single data point that

represents a portion of Earth’s surface. The word is formed from the terms picture and

element.

5. Study the images in Figure 4.29 on page 83 of your textbook. What do the images

represent? How do they diff er from one another? The images show high resolution vs. low

resolution imagery. Higher resolution images display more pixels and have a clearer picture

than lower resolution images, making them easier to read and interpret.

6. How did satellite imagery and the tagging of the Black-footed Albatross lead to a

surprising discovery? It was once believed that the Black-footed Albatross migrated from

California to Hawaii. It was only after tagging the birds, that scientists discovered that they

travel much farther; they travel throughout the Pacific Ocean to Alaska, Canada and Japan.

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Visual Literacy: Reading MapsEarlier in the lesson you practiced plotting data on a map. Plotting maps are useful tools in Marine Science to track animals and show their movement.

Look at the map below. Then answer the questions that follow to practice your map reading skills.

1. Read the caption. What does the map show? The map shows the movement of a Black-

footed Albatross.

2. Where did the Albatross start its journey? How can you tell? The Albatross started its

journey off the coast of California. I can tell because this location is the earliest date on the map.

3. Where did the Albatross end its journey? How can you tell? The albatross ended its

journey on the coast of Japan. This location is the latest date on the map.

4. On what date did the Albatross’ journey end? It ended on September 26.

5. How long did it take the Albatross to make this journey? It took 49 days, or about one

and a half months.

ElaborateElaborateElaborate

Satellite tagging of a Black-footed Albatross resulted in the discovery that these animals travel throughout the North Pacifi c.

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Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________

Lesson Summary

• Many marine animals travel great distances through Earth’s ocean, while others move on a much smaller scale.

• Polar and Geostationary Satellites are human-made satellites that provide scientists with data used to track and study marine animals.

• Scientists collect data about an animal’s location, how deep it dives, and conditions of the water such as temperature and salinity as a means of studying and learning about animal movement and behavior.

• Scientists attach satellite transmitters, or tags, to diff erent marine animal species to help learn about their travels as they migrate across the ocean. Diff erent transmitters are placed on marine animals according to the animal’s behaviors.

• Researchers from various backgrounds (i.e. geologists, meteorologists and biologists) study and draw conclusions about the movement of marine animals. Researchers consider conditions such as water temperature and weather patterns as they analyze migratory data.

• Advancements in technology have provided scientists with the opportunity to study marine animals that they otherwise could not observe. Th is has lead to the revision of original hypotheses and ideas.

Organize Your ThoughtsThe activity on page 87 of your textbook asks you to teach others about the Nature of Science. Before you begin creating your final product, organize your thoughts and ideas using the table that follows on the next page. The characteristics of science are listed in the fi rst column. Explain each of these in your own words. Then provide examples from this lesson to illustrate your points.

EvaluateEvaluateEvaluateEvaluateEvaluateEvaluate

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Name __________________________________________ Class ________ Date ________

Characteristics of the Nature of Science

What does this mean to you?

Examples from Lesson 4

Science is based on observations, which lead

to inferences.

Science is a cyclical process.

Science is a creative process.

Science is subject to change.

There is a relationship between science and

culture.

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