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![Page 1: Big theme in biology: Structure and function are related! This is true at all levels of organization: at the levels of molecules, organelles, cells, tissues,](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062619/55159d85550346486b8b5d11/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Big theme in biology:
Structure and function are related!
This is true at all levels of organization: at the levels of molecules, organelles, cells,
tissues, organs, and organisms.
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Note log scale.
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Types of Cells1. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Bacteria Animals
Archaea Plants
Fungi
Protists
2. Categories based on differentiation
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Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic cell
Nucleoidregion
Nucleus
Eukaryotic cell Organelles
TE
M 1
5,00
0
Col
oriz
ed T
EM
15,
000
Fig 4.3A
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Fig 24.1A. Engulfment of bacteria by macrophage
Comparing sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
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NucleusSmooth endoplasmicreticulumRough
endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes
Golgiapparatus
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Flagellum
Not in mostplant cells Lysosome
Centriole
Microtubule
CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament
Microfilament
Peroxisome
Figure 4.4A A “typical” animal cell
Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
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Cell Organelles in Cytoplasm
Organelle (part) Function (job)Mitochondria “powerhouse” converts food energy in to
usable energy (ATP)
ER Carries proteins throughout the cell.
Ribosomes Makes proteins
Golgi Bodies Receives, packages & sends materials.
Chloroplasts(plant only)
Captures light energy to make food energy
Vacuoles storage
Lysosomes Chemicals for breakdown.
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Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center.
NucleusChromatin
Nucleolus
Pore
Ribosomes
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Two membranesof nuclearenvelope
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Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclearenvelope
Rough ER
Ribosomes
Smooth ER
TE
M 4
5,0
00
Figure 4.7
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER has a variety of functions, eg making lipids.Rough ER makes membranes and proteins.
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Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food.
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Organization of a “typical” plant cell
Centralvacuole
Not inanimalcells
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Golgiapparatus
Nucleus
Microtubule
CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Figure 4.4B
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Fig 4.14
TE
M 9
,75
0
Chloroplast
Stroma
Intermembranespace
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy.
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18
Human Cells: Organelles & Subcellular Structures
Genetic headquarters: Nucleus
Manufacturing:Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi.
Breakdown of materials (digestion):Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Energy Processing: Mitochondria
Support, Movement, and Communication:Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions
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Cellular and sub-cellular levels
• Cell membrane has surface area of 1/30 the surface area of period on typical page. • Nucleus has a surface area of 1/10 of cell membrane.
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Organelles and Subcellular Structures
ManufacturingNucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus. (Connected through endomembrane system.)
Breakdown:Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles
Energy Processing:Chloroplasts, Mitochondria
Support, Movement, and Communication:Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions