Big Data and Big Cities - Portland State University edited.pdf · Big Data and Big Cities Ed...
Transcript of Big Data and Big Cities - Portland State University edited.pdf · Big Data and Big Cities Ed...
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Big Data and Big Cities
Ed Glaeser
(joint work with Nikhil Naik, Mike Luca and Scott Kominers)
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Detroit
Houston
Las Vegas
New York
Phoenix
DC
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Change in Housing Prices, 2001-2006 vs. 2006-2011
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Change in FHFA, 1996-2012by Quintile of Population Density, 2010
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Single Family and Multi-Family Permits Over Time
Multi Family Permits Single Family Permits
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Per Capita Income, 2000
Population Change, 2000-2010
Source: U.S. Census
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Will the last person to leave Seattle (and Milan) please turn out the lights?
Photo by PostdilArtist’s Impression by Daniel Libeskind Studio
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Average Population Growth by Share with BA in 2000(Quintiles)
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Share of Adults with B.A.s 2000
Per Capita GDP 2010 .
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Chinitz: Contrasts in Agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh
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1 2 3 4 5Smallest firms are in Quintile 1
MSA Employment Growth (1977-2010)by Average Firm Size (1977) Quintiles
Economic Growth and Firm Size
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South BostonWaterfront
Innovation District
Logan
Airport
Downtown
Rich and Poor Innovation Districts
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Local Regulation: Chamber of Commerce Red Tape (Higher is Less)
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Subjective Well-Being Across Space
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Subjective Well-Being and Population Growth
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Using Big Data To Solve City Problems
• The Economic Agenda: Education and Entrepreneurship, and Incomes.
• The Demons of Density: Contagious Disease, Crime, Congestion and High Housing Prices.
• The Forms of Big Data – Much finer geographic records (the IRS data)– Similar data from private providers (corelogic)– Novel data sets on traditional outcomes (Zoona)– Novel data sets on relatively new things (Yelp)– Completely different data on things we had barely
thought about before (Google Streetview)
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What’s It Good For
• Big data does not intrinsically solve any of the causal inference issues that we have long worried about.
• It does make it possible to measure more things (hygiene, streetscapes) in more places in more ways.
• IRS records provide the mother-of-all-panel sets, which is particularly useful for spatial interventions– The right way to judge empowerment zones, for
example, would be to use the panel structure
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Led Astray By “Bigger” Data (.3)
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Big Data and Education in the US
• Early Childhood Interventions (Heckman)
• Teacher Quality (Chetty, Friedman, Rockoff)
• Charter Schools (Angrist, Pathak, Walters)
• Science and Math (Joshua Goodman)
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Zoona in Zambia
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Restaurant hygiene inspections
• Data and technology have changed– Policy has remained the same
• Disclosure side– Market with very little information – Early success story of disclosure (Jin and Leslie 2003), so
known potential impact
• Ideal setting for information design questions– What conditions cause posting to work?– What are the behavioral factors underlying customer
response?
• Scope for improving policy– Dai and Luca 2016
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Tournaments and Hygiene Inspections
• Process and scoring varies (sometimes a lot) by city• In SF:
– restaurants inspected roughly 2X per year.– violations classified as major (lots of rats) and minor (a rat)– final score between 0 and 100
• In Boston:– Restaurants inspected at least once per year – Violations classified as minor, major, and severe– Until now, no grades
• Goal:– Identify risks– Shut down worst offenders, enforce clean up
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Essentially a prediction problem
• Which restaurant is most likely to have a violation?
• By targeting inspections, can be more efficient:
– Identify more risks, or,
– Reduce number of inspections
• Eg: 1 random annual inspection for each restaurant, plus targeted
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Tournament:
• Cosponsored with Yelp
• Supported by City of Boston
• Combined Yelp data with Boston inspection results:
– Objective to predict violations.
– Weights chosen by city (minor = 1, major = 2, severe = 5).
– Evaluated using RMSLE
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Yelp Ratings Predict Hygiene Scores
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Tournament: Rewards
PlacePrize
Amount
1st $3,000
2nd $1,000
3rd $1,000
Prize money provided by Yelp
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Competition Process
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Results
• > 500 signups
• Development phase:
– ~55 completed at least one entry
– ~450 sets of predictions
• Evaluation phase:
– 23 submitted final algorithms
– During this time, Boston inspected 364 restaurants
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Gains for Boston: ~40%
To catch 3,604 weighted violations, inspect this many restaurants:
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Crime: NYC Homicides per 100,000
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Ray Kelly vs. Ed Davis: Technology and Community Policing
Ed Davis by Michael CummoRayKelly by David Shankbone
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Engineering vs. Economics
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The Curitiba Innovation
Picture by Mariordo
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Photo by Mario Roberto Duran Ortiz
Bottom Up Innovation: Zipcar
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The Physical City: NIMBYism vs. Monumentalism
Astana by ChelseaFunNumberOne -
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Training Sample – New York Income
R^2 = 0.85
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Testing Sample – New York Income
R^2 = 0.81
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Image by QuarterCircleS
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