Big Bang, Black Holes, No...

IntroductionTopic 3: Going Small

Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math

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ASTR/PHYS 109Dr. David Toback

Lecture 5



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Prep For Today (is now due) – L5No one in back 3 rows and no laptops or cellphonesSend email if you need help/an extension. All this is in the lecture notes!!For iClicker: Make sure you are registered in the 2020A section, not the 2019C section (find me if you want me to check for you)• Reading:

– (BBBHNM Unit 1/Chapters 1-4)• Warmup Quizzes:

– (Warm-up Quizzes Parts 1 & 2)– Warm-up Quiz Part 3 (Requirements): Was due before class– Warm-up Quiz Part 4 (Peerceptiv): Will assign after we finish Chapter 3

• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:– (Unit 1 Quiz parts A & B)

• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:– End-of-chapter quizzes 1 and 2: Was due before class– Folder doesn’t open until you pass all of Parts 1-3 of Warmup and PLRQ

Unit 1• Honors Section:

– Be working on Stage 0, send your weekly email



Next Topic: Going Small• Finished looking at various things in the universe going from the sizes we know to the VERY big

• Next we do the very small• Why? If we want to understand the universe we need to know what’s in it and what its made of

• Then we can get to the “Why and how did it get to be the way it is?” 3



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Starting out with small things

10 centimeters, or 0.1 meters, or 10-1 meters.About 3 inches

A baseball is a size we know from everyday experience



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Getting smaller

Something smaller you can see with your eyes

0.01 meters, (10-2 m) or 1 cm, or about a 1/3 of an inch



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Much smallerA simple dust mite is barely visible with the naked eye

Into the realm of biology10-3 metersor 1 millimeter



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A human hair

Looking at the side view of a single hair

10-4 meters



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Closer still…A single red blood cell

10-5 meters



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Further still

An HIV virus which is one of the bigger known viruses

10-6 meters



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Small VirusA polio virus which is known to be one of the smaller viruses

10-7 meters



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The Double HelixA close up of the helical structure of DNA

Starting to get into Chemistry

10-8 meters



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An Atom

10-9 meters or 1 nanometer

10 million in a cm

•What we’re seeing is the electron “cloud” as it goes around the atom• Kinda like the blades of a fan

•The realm of Physics



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Inside an Atom

•Snapshot in time of 2 electrons “orbiting” the nucleus

•Atoms are “composite” things, not fundamental

10-10 meters



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The Central Part of the Atom• The electrons are outside our field of view

10-11 meters



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Homing in on The Nucleus• Still zooming into the center of the atom

• The atom is mostly empty space

10-12 meters



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The Structure of the NucleusCan just start to see the “stuff” inside the nucleus

The nucleus is not fundamental

10-13 meters



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Protons and Neutrons• A carbon atom has 6 protons (blue) and 6 neutrons (grey)

• VERY tightly packed

10-14 meters



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Inside the ProtonThree quarks inside the proton–Protons are composite

–Quarks are fundamental

10-15 meters



Other Fundamental Particles?• Electrons and quarks (as far as we know) are fundamental

• Lots of other fundamental particles

• Recently discovered the Higgs Boson

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Anti-Matter Each fundamental particle has an anti-matter

version which is also fundamental

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Prep For Next Time – L5No one in back 3 rows and no laptops or cellphonesSend email if you need help/an extension. All this is in the lecture notes!!• Reading:

– (BBBHNM Unit 1/Chapters 1-4)• Warmup Quizzes:

– (Warm-up Quizzes Parts 1-3)– Warm-up Quiz Part 4 (Peerceptiv): If we finished Chapter 3 then due

Monday before class (else, just Parts 1-3)• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:

– (Unit 1 Quiz parts A & B)• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:

– If we finished Chapter 3 then EOC 3 (else just EOC 1 and 2) – Folder doesn’t open until you pass all of Parts 1-3 of Warmup and

PLRQ Unit 1• Honors Section:

– Be working on Stage 0, send your weekly email24



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Full Set of Readings So Far•Required: BBBHNM: Chap 1-4•Recommended:–BHOT: Chap. 1-3–SHU: Chap. 1-2–TOE: Chap. 1

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