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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INDEX
abnormal resistance see wave drag accelerometer 187, 199 acoustic emissions 163 aircraft 211
Boeing-727 4, 5, 39 C-47 161, 162 C-131 162 LC-130 Hercules 164,179,211
amplification factor 206ff dependence on temperature 207 field estimates of 160-171 pas
sim, 178, 180-182 table of values 208
aspect ratio 121 axial forces see in-plane forces
base elastic see Winkler base fluid see fluid base inertia 70, 77, 93 Winkler see Winkler base
beam see elastic beam, thick, on Winkler base and elastic beam, thin, on Winkler base
bearing capacity 2, 4-6, 39, 60, 206
bending force 59, 60, 106 bending theory 57, 69 Bernoulli-Love hypothesis 53 Bernoulli (pressure) condition see
boundary conditions blowout 4 boundary conditions
bottom (lake or sea floor) 65, 105
surface
223
kinematic (noncavitation) 65-67, 105, 107, 147
ice see ice plate, various pressure (Bernoulli) 64, 65,
67, 147 bulk modulus, relationship to Lame
constants 51
caustic 113, 114-116, 145, 184 characteristic length
dynamic 156 static 91, 163, 166, 167, 170,
180, 190 compatibility condition 49 critical speed
elastic beam, thick, on Winkler base 87
elastic beam, thin, on Winkler base 72, 75, 77-84
with in-plane forces 84, 85 elastic plate, thin, on Winkler
base 89,90 free surface with surface ten
sion 100, 101 ice plate, elastic, thin 93, 95,
96, 98, 99, 107-111 passim, 114-121 passim, 121-130 passim, 132, 133, 200ff
density of ice, effect on 202, 203
density of water, effect on 202, 203
field estimates of 160ff ice thickness, effect on 201,
203-206
224 INDEX
in-plane forces, effect on 203, 204
Poisson's ratio, effect on 201, 203
water depth, effect on 202-204
Young's modulus, effect on 201, 203-206
ice plate, viscoelastic, thin 137-139, 143
viscosity, effect on 203, 204 critical wave number see critical
speed critical wavelength see critical speed current under ice 25, 86, 203 cusp 114-116, 118
dead water see wave drag deflectometer 160-176 passim deflexion see steady ice deflexion,
elastic and steady ice deflexion, viscoelastic
deflexion or strain variation with speed see also amplification factor
deflexion or strain variation with speed 78, 143, 170, 175, 182
density ice, variation 202 water, variation 202
depression see also steady ice deflexion, elastic and steady ice deflexion, viscoelastic
depression depth 170, 171, 175 width 170, 171, 174, 176
dispersion relation elastic beam, thin, on Win
kler base 71, 72 elastic plate, thin, on Winkler
base 88 ice free (open water) 66, 108
ice plate, elastic, thin stratified fluid base 147-149 unstratified fluid base 96, 106-
109, 111, 112, 117, 122, 131, 170, 178, 180, 200, 203
ice plate, viscoelastic, thin 137, 138
wave number curve 112 disturbance front 129, 130
elastic beam, thick, on Winkler base 86ff
elastic beam, thin, on Winkler base 70ff
damped 80-84 basic equation 81 deflexion, due to moving load
82,83 qualitative synopsis 82, 83 transformed equation 82
undamped 70-80 basic equation 71 deflexion, due to moving load
75-77, 79-83 transformed equation 73, 74
with in-plane forces see in-plane forces
elasticity delayed, anelastic see also me
chanical properties, ice delayed, anelastic 33-38, 41-
43,48,134-136,139,173, 204, 207, 209
instantaneous, Hookean 48ff base see Winkler base constitutive relation 50 moduli 50 solid, definition 47, 48
elastic plate, thin 52ff homogeneous equation 56 inhomogeneous equation 58
Rayleigh, with rotatory inertia 56
INDEX
with in-plane forces see in-plane forces
elastic plate, thin, floating see ice plate, elastic, thin
elastic plate, thin, on Winkler base 88ff
anisotropic 90 basic equation 88
energy accumulation 110, 111 experiments
field 159ff qualitative synopsis of results
163, 165, 168-170, 177 laboratory 159, 176-178
flexural rigidity see rigidity, flexural and bending
floating ice plate see ice plate, elastic, thin and ice plate, viscoelastic, thin and ice plate, viscoelastic, of finite thickness
fluid 48 deflexion of surface by moving
line load 99ff fluid base (foundation) 61ff
Bernoulli's pressure equation 64, 65, 67
constitutive relation 63, 64 continuity equation 62 deep 96, 98, 99, 107, 108, 163,
178,181-183 Euler's equation 63 Laplace's equation 64,67, 105 Navier-Stokes equations 63 stratified 145ff
foundation elastic see Winkler base fluid see fluid base Winkler see Winkler base
225
Fourier transform 77-90 passzm, 94,96, 97, 111, 117, 122, 131,134-140 passim, 151, 152, 156
free surface waves 64ff boundary conditions 65 dispersion relation 65
freshwater ice 1-4 passim, 29ff, 48, 57, 59, 68, 133, 159-165 passim, 178, 206, 211
growth 31ff frazil ice 31 geometric selection 31
mechanical properties see mechanical properties, ice
structural features c-axis see also ice c-axis 31, 32 columnar ice 31 grain size 30, 31 ice-water interface 29, 30 impurities 30 liquidus 30 primary ice 31
gravity wave speed JgH, limiting 107, 108, 110, 111, 115, 117,118,121-130 passim, 134
group speed 72, 77, 80, 89, 99, 107-110,123, 128-130, 149, 150, 157
historical ice crossings 1 Gulf of Finland 1 Sea of Azov 1 trains 1-3
Lake Baikal 2 Lake Ladoga 93, 160 St Lawrence River 2 Sungari River, Manchuria 2,
159, 160 Trans-Canada railroad 2
226
Trans-Siberian railway 1 homologous temperature 33, 34,
150 Hooke's law
generalized 50, 51 uniaxial 39
hump speed see also critical speed hump speed 4
ice, atomic structure 9ff a-axis, definition 10 Bernal-Fowler rules 10 c-axis, definition 10 defects 10 hydrogen and oxygen atoms
10 ice forms 9
INDEX
ice, freshwater see freshwater ice ice plate, elastic, thin 66-68, 90ff,
105-133,146-149, 154-157 basic equations 66,67,93,105 deflexion, due to stationary load
90-92 concentrated point load 91 distributed load 91-92
steady de flexion due to moving load see steady ice deflexion, elastic
steady strain due to moving load 189
unsteady deflexion due to moving load see unsteady ice deflexion, elastic
vibrating load see vibrating load ice plate, viscoelastic, of finite thick-
ness 150ff asymptotic solutions 152, 153 basic equations 151, 152 strains, formal 152
ice plate, viscoelastic, thin 67, 68, 133ff
basic equations 59-60, 68, 135, 136
with in-plane forces 199 steady deflexion due to mov
ing load see steady ice deflexion, viscoelastic
ice, sea see sea ice inhomogeneity 56ff in-plane forces 74,84-86,90, 131,
133, 134, 199, 203, 204
kinematic (noncavitation) condition see boundary conditions
Kirchhoff's hypothesis 53 Kronecker delta 51
lag between load and largest deflexion 163, 167-174
time 173,174 lake floor condition see boundary
conditions lake ice see freshwater ice load
concentrated see steady ice deflexion, elastic and steady ice deflexion, viscoelastic
distributed see steady ice deflexion, elastic and steady ice de flexion , viscoelastic and unsteady ice deflexion, elastic
impulsively-started see unsteady ice deflexion, elastic
line see steady ice de flexion , elastic and steady ice deflexion, viscoelastic and unsteady ice deflexion, elastic
stationary see ice plate, elastic, thin
vibrating see vibrating load Lupin gold mine, Canada 4
material description 47
INDEX
Eulerian 47, 48, 50 Lagrangian 47, 52
mathematical model, simplest acceptable 52,66, 70,81, 105, 110, 130, 150, 157, 158
mechanical properties, ice 33ff activation energy 42 anelasticity see elasticity, de
layed cracks and crack density 36-
38 creep see also viscosity, irrecov
erable creep 34-38, 42, 134, 136, 160
constant load test 34 steady state 34 tertiary 34, 35, 136
dislocations 10, 39, 41, 42 elasticity, delayed 33-39, 41-
43 grain boundary relaxation 41 grain boundary sliding 37,
41,42 elasticity, instantaneous 33-41,
43 hysteresis see also inelasticity hysteresis 166, 182, 193 inelasticity 33, 34, 43, 68, 70,
105, 114, 133, 150, 163, 166, 171, 196, 199, 206, 207, 209
internal friction 173 microcracks 34, 36 thermodynamic and microme-
chanical 35, 36 viscosity, irrecoverable 34-38,
43, viscosity, recoverable see also
elasticity, delayed viscosity, recoverable 34
moments bending 55, 56
twisting 55, 56 momentum equation 50
elastic plate 54, 55
227
moving reference frame 73, 89, 117, 122, 131, 137, 156
neutral surface 58
phase speed 71-73,75,89,99-101, 107-110,112,115,118,123, 126, 129, 137, 149, 150
minimum see critical speed physical parameters 67, 105 plate acceleration, neglect of 107,
111, 122, 123, 136, 148, 149, 200, 201
plate of finite thickness 60ff, 68 floating see ice plate, viscoelas
tic, of finite thickness Poisson's ratio, variation 41, 57,
201, 203 relationship to Lame constants
51 portage 4 pressure (Bernoulli) condition see
boundary conditions
resonance equation, damped 160 response
classification scheme 163, 165, 168, 170, 175-177, 180
evolving see unsteady ice deflexion, elastic
lag see lag between load and largest deflexion
steady state see steady ice deflexion, elastic and steady ice deflexion, viscoelastic
transients 73, 78, 79, 86, 87, 89,99,110,124,126-130, 132
rigidity, flexural and bending
228
homogeneous 56, 71, 73, 88, 90
INDEX
from critical speed 204~206 partially relaxed 153
inhomogeneous 58, 59, 67 partially relaxed 137, 148,
179, 180, 199~201,206,207 river ice see freshwater ice rotatory inertia see elastic plate,
thin
sea floor condition see boundary conditions
sea ice 1, 4, 5, 9ff, 48, 57, 59, 67, 86, 136, 146, 150, 162, 164, 178, 179, 193, 196, 201, 205~208 passim, 211
brine content and desalination 26~29
brine drainage channel 19~ 21, 27~29
brine expulsion 26 brine pocket 17~19, 26, 29,
30, 33, 40, 42 brine pocket migration 26 brine volume 26~29 flushing 26, 28 gravity drainage 27 salinity and salinity profile 9~ 15 passim, 19, 26ff, 28, 29,39
c-axis see also ice c-axis 10, 16, 18, 20~24, 25ff,
44 convection 15, 20 gas content see also brine con
tent and desalination gas content 28~ 29 growth 20ff
geometric selection 22~24 solute entrapment 26
macroscopic features and types congelation ice 12
first year ice 12 frazil ice 21 grease ice 10 land fast ice see shore fast
Ice lead 10, 11 multiyear ice 12 pack ice 12 pancake ice 10, 13 polynya 11 pressure ridge 12 rafting 11 rubble field 12 shore fast ice 12, 86, 178,
209 mechanical properties see me
chanical properties, ice phase diagram see brine con
tent and desalination structural features
bottom ice 25 columnar zone 24, 25 grain size 19, 22, 24, 25 ice-water interface 12, 15~
18, 22, 25, 26, 43 infiltrated snow ice 22 liquidus 15, 16 orientation of c-axes see c-
axis platelets 16~ 19, 36 skeletal layer 15~ 18, 20, 26 supercooled layer 21 transition layer 22, 24
sea water see water shear, transverse see also ice plate,
viscoelastic, of finite thickness
shear, transverse 55, 69, 86, 87 shearing forces, large scale 11 steady ice deflexion, elastic
concentrated point load 93, 96, 97
INDEX
distributed load 97, 98, 111ff, 117-121
asymptotic solution 113, 114, 118, 189
numerical solution 118 shadow zone 115-118, 129,
169, 180 wave crest patterns 114-121,
185-187 width of depression 170, 171,
174,176 line load 93-96
part of unsteady solution 124-126 passim, 132
steady ice deflexion, viscoelastic 135ff, 150ff
concentrated point load 142 distributed load 141
asymptotic solution 144 wave patterns 145, 146
Green's functions 152, 153 line load 137-141
strain bulk 51 definition 49 deviatoric 51 plane 52 principal, angle of 187-195 principal, maximum and min-
imum 187-195 rate of 33-45 passim, 49
strain gauge 164, 165, 177, 180-190 passim
strain gauge rosette 187ff four-gauge 45° fan 187, 188 three-gauge 45° star 187, 188
stress bulk 51 definition 48-49 deviatoric 51 inhomogeneous plate 59 intergranular shear 41
multi axial 34, 36 plane 52 resultant 55 uniaxial 34, 37
supercaustic 114-116 surface tension 99ff
tandem vehicle tests 160, 161 tensor, Cartesian 47
deformation gradient 49 strain see strain
229
strain rate see strain, rate of stress see stress
thin elastic plate see elastic plate, thin
thin viscoelastic plate see ice plate, viscoelastic, thin
unsteady ice deflexion, elastic distributed load 130ff line load 99, 121ff
leading to steady state 124-126, 128, 129
not leading to steady state 127, 129, 130
shadow zone 126
vibrating load 154ff viscoelastic 48, 59ff, 133ff
anelastic 33, 37, 41, 42, 48, 134-136,141,158,172,203, 204, 207, 209
bending force 59 Burger's unit 134 creep 34-38, 42, 59, 60, 90,
134-136,160,172,203,207 decay (damping) factor 138,
144, 145, 162, 209 hereditary integral 59, 60, 136,
158, 199 Maxwell unit 134-136, 139, 172 memory function 59, 60, 136,
141, 200
230
phase factor 138 solid, definition 47, 48 standard model 136
INDEX
Voigt unit 134, 136, 139, 141 viscoelastic plate, thin, floating see
ice plate, viscoelastic, thin viscous damping see also mechan
ical properties, ice viscous damping 80ff, 103, 133, 135,
141, 150, 152, 161, 162, 171, 172, 204
memory function see viscoelastic
water see also fluid base water
fresh impurities 30 supercooling 31
sea 12, 14 constitutional supercooling
16 impurities 14, 26 salts 14, 19, 28 salts, effect on freezing point
14 salts, effect on temperature
of maximum density 14 temperature of maximum den
sity 14, 29, 30 wave crest 112, 114-116, 126, 134,
144-146,166,175,177,178, 182, 184-187, 189, 193
wave drag 149, 158 wave number curve see also dis
persion relation wave number curve 112, 181-183 wave pattern, steady state 111-
113, 114ff, 119-121, 126, 133, 135, 142, 144
waves development 105, 118, 129 far field 209ff
free plane 65,71,88,105-107, 147
free surface see free surface waves hybrid 72, 73, 100, 106-108,
137, 145, 149 internal 145, 146, 148, 149, 158 modulation time scale 124 shadow zone 115-118, 126, 129,
169, 180 surface flexural-gravity
short leading, long trailing 72,78-80,83,99,100,109, 114, 126, 128, 129, 139, 144, 163, 166, 170, 178, 180,185-187,190-196,209
wave train 71, 78, 79, 80, 82, 88, 89, 100, 103, 126, 128, 129
Winkler base (foundation) 52, 61, 62, 70-72, 73-92 passim, 101, 106, 110, 131, 171
x-ray crystallography 9
Young's modulus effective see partially relaxed high frequency 39, 40, 43, 45,
162, 179 inhomogeneous plate 57, 179 partially relaxed 43ff, 48, 56,
179 from critical speed 204-206
relationship to Lame constants 51
Mechanics
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Materials. Proceedings of the IUT AM Symposium held in Aalborg, Denmark. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3427-2
38. M.I. Friswell and J.E. Mottershead: Finite Element Model Updating in Structural Dynamics. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3431-0
39. D.F. Parker and A.H. England (eds.): IUTAM Symposium on Anisotropy, Inhomogeneity and Nonlinearity in Solid Mechanics. Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held in Nottingham, U.K. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3594-5
40. I.-P. Merlet and B. Ravani (eds.): Computational Kinematics '95. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3673-9 41. L.P. Lebedev, 1.1. Vorovich and G.M.L. Gladwell: Functional Analysis. Applications in
Mechanics and Inverse Problems. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3849-9 42. I. Mencik: Mechanics of Components with Treated or Coated Surfaces. 1996
ISBN 0-7923-3700-X 43. D. Bestle and W. Schiehlen (eds.): IUTAM Symposium on Optimization of Mechanical
Systems. Proceedings of the IUT AM Symposium held in Stuttgart, Germany. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3830-8
Kluwer Academic Publishers - Dordrecht / Boston / London
Mechanics SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Series Editor: G.M.L. Gladwell
44. D.A. Hills, P.A. Kelly, D.N. Dai and A.M. Korsunsky: Solution of Crack Problems. The Distributed Dislocation Technique. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3848-0
45. V.A. Squire, R.I. Hosking, A.D. Kerr and P.I. Langhorne: Moving Loads on Ice Plates. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3953-3
Kluwer Academic Publishers - Dordrecht / Boston / London
Mechanics
From 1990, books on the subject of mechanics will be published under two series: FLUID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICA nONS
Series Editor: R.I. Moreau SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICA nONS
Series Editor: G.M.L. Gladwell
Prior to 1990, the books listed below were published in the respective series indicated below.
MECHANICS: DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS
Editors: L. Meirovitch and G.lE. Oravas
1. E.H. Dowell: Aeroelasticity of Plates and Shells. 1975 ISBN 90-286-0404-9 2. D.G.B. Edelen: Lagrangian Mechanics of Nonconservative Nonholonomic Systems.
1977 ISBN 90-286-0077-9 3. J.L. Junkins: An Introduction to Optimal Estimation of Dynamical Systems. 1978
ISBN 90-286-0067-1 4. E.H. Dowell (ed.), H.C. Curtiss Jr., R.H. Scanlan and F. Sisto: A Modern Course in
Aeroelasticity. Revised and enlarged edition see under Volume 11 5. L. Meirovitch: Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics. 1980
ISBN 90-286-0580-0 6. B. Skalmierski and A. Tylikowski: Stochastic Processes in Dynamics. Revised and
enlarged translation. 1982 ISBN 90-247-2686-7 7. P.C. MUller and W.O. Schiehlen: Linear Vibrations. A Theoretical Treatment of Multi-
degree-of-freedom Vibrating Systems. 1985 ISBN 90-247-2983-1 8. Gh. Buzdugan, E. Mihailescu and M. Rade§: Vibration Measurement. 1986
ISBN 90-247-3111-9 9. G.M.L. Gladwell: Inverse Problems in Vibration. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3408-8
10. G.I. Schueller and M. Shinozuka: Stochastic Methods in Structural Dynamics. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3611-0
11. E.H. Dowell (ed.), H.C. Curtiss Jr., R.H. Scanlan and F. Sisto: A Modern Course in Aeroelasticity. Second revised and enlarged edition (of Volume 4). 1989
ISBN Hb 0-7923-0062-9; Pb 0-7923-0185-4 12. W. Szemplirlska-Stupnicka: The Behavior of Nonlinear Vibrating Systems. Volume I:
Fundamental Concepts and Methods: Applications to Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0368-7
13. W. Szemplmska-Stupnicka: The Behavior of Nonlinear Vibrating Systems. Volume II: Advanced Concepts and Applications to Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. 1990
ISBN 0-7923-0369-5 Set ISBN (Vols. 12-13) 0-7923-0370-9
MECHANICS OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Editors: 1.S. Przemieniecki and G.lE. Oravas
1. L. Fryba: Vibration of Solids and Structures under Moving Loads. 1970 ISBN 90-01-32420-2
2. K. Marguerre and K. W6lfel: Mechanics of Vibration. 1979 ISBN 90-286-0086-8
Mechanics 3. E.B. Magrab: Vibrations of Elastic Structural Members. 1979 ISBN 90-286-0207-0 4. R.T. Haftka and M.P. Kamat: Elements of Structural Optimization. 1985
Revised and enlarged edition see under Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, Volume 1 5. J.R. Vinson and R.L. Sierakowski: The Behavior of Structures Composed of Composite
Materials. 1986 ISBN Hb 90-247-3125-9; Pb 90-247-3578-5 6. RE. Gatewood: Virtual Principles in Aircraft Structures. Volume 1: Analysis. 1989
ISBN 90-247-3754-0 7. B.E. Gatewood: Virtual Principles in Aircraft Structures. Volume 2: Design, Plates,
Finite Elements. 1989 ISBN 90-247-3755-9 Set (Gatewood 1 + 2) ISBN 90-247-3753-2
MECHANICS OF ELASTIC AND INELASTIC SOLIDS
Editors: S. Nemat-Nasser and G.1E. Oravas
1. G.M.L. Gladwell: Contact Problems in the Classical Theory of Elasticity. 1980 ISBN Hb 90-286-0440-5; Pb 90-286-0760-9
2. G. Wempner: Mechanics of Solids with Applications to Thin Bodies. 1981 ISBN 90-286-0880-X
3. T. Mura: Micromechanics of Defects in Solids. 2nd revised edition, 1987 ISBN 90-247-3343-X
4. R.G. Payton: Elastic Wave Propagation in Transversely Isotropic Media. 1983 ISBN 90-247-2843-6
5. S. Nemat-Nasser, H. Abe and S. Hirakawa (eds.): Hydraulic Fracturing and Geother-mal Energy. 1983 ISBN 90-247-2855-X
6. S. Nemat-Nasser, R.I. Asaro and G.A. Hegemier (eds.): Theoretical Foundation for Large-scale Computations of Nonlinear Material Behavior. 1984 ISBN 90-247-3092-9
7. N. Cristescu: Rock Rheology. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3660-9 8. G.I.N. Rozvany: Structural Design via Optimality Criteria. The Prager Approach to
Structural Optimization. 1989 ISBN 90-247-3613-7
MECHANICS OF SURFACE STRUCTURES
Editors: W.A. Nash and G.1E. Oravas
1. P. Seide: Small Elastic Deformations of Thin Shells. 1975 ISBN 90-286-0064-7 2. V. Panc: Theories of Elastic Plates. 1975 ISBN 90-286-0104-X 3. J.L. Nowinski: Theory ofThermoelasticity with Applications. 1978
ISBN 90-286-0457-X 4. S. Lukasiewicz: Local Loads in Plates and Shells. 1979 ISBN 90-286-0047-7 5. C. Fili: Statics, Formfinding and Dynamics of Air-supported Membrane Structures.
1983 ISBN 90-247-2672-7 6. Y. Kai-yuan (ed.): Progress in Applied Mechanics. The Chien Wei-zang Anniversary
Volume. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3249-2 7. R. Negruliu: Elastic Analysis of Slab Structures. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3367-7 8. J.R. Vinson: The Behavior of Thin Walled Structures. Beams, Plates, and Shells. 1988
ISBN Hb 90-247-3663-3; Ph 90-247-3664-1