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Contributors

Wael Abu-‘Uksa is a Polonsky postdoctoral fellow at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute. His fields of interest are political philosophy, political thought in the Middle East, history of ideas, and discourse analysis. His publications include: Liberalism and Left in Arab Thought after 1990: A Study of the Works of Hazem Saghieh (2014, in Hebrew).

Lutz Berger is professor of Middle Eastern Studies at Kiel University, Germany. His main research interests: social and cultural history of the premodern Islamic Middle East; ideologies and identities in contempo-rary Turkey and the Arab world. His publications include: Society and the Individual in Damascus, 1550–1791 (2007, in German); Islamic Theology (2010, in German).

Michaelle Browers is associate professor of Politics and International Affairs at Wake Forest University in North Carolina in the United States. She writes on various aspects of contemporary Arab and Islamic political thought. Her publications include: Democracy and Civil Society in Arab Political Thought: Transcultural Possibilities (2006) and Political Ideology in the Arab World: Accommodation and Transformation (2009). She is also the coeditor of An Islamic Reformation? (2003).

Asher Cohen is a professor of Political Studies at Bar-Ilan University. His fields of interest: culture, state and society in Israeli politics, the secular-religious divide, and the Zionist religious society in Israel. He is the author of the Talit and the Flag: Religious Zionist and the Concept of a Torah State, 1947–1953 (1998, in Hebrew); coauthor of Israel and the Politics of Jewish Identity: The Secular-Religious Impasse (2000); and From Accommodation to Escalation: The Secular-Religious Divide at the Outset of the 21st Century (2003, in Hebrew).

Meir Hatina is professor at the Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies and the former head of the Nehemia Levtzion Center for Islamic Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research focuses on the his-tory of ideas and politics in the Middle East in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with an emphasis on Islamic politics, ‘ulama’, Sufism, Islamic pro-test movements, and liberal thought. He is the author of Islam and Salvation

264 CONTRIBUTORS

in Palestine (2001); Identity Politics in the Middle East: Liberal Thought and Islamic Challenge in Egypt (2007); ‘Ulama’, Politics and the Public Sphere: An Egyptian Perspective (2010); Martyrdom in Modern Islam: Piety, Power and Politics (2014).

Sune Haugb ø lle is associate professor in Global Studies at the Department for Society and Globalization, Roskilde University in Denmark. He is direc-tor of the research group “Secular Ideology in the Middle East.” His work deals with ideology, activism, social memory, media, and political culture in the modern Middle East. He is the author of War and Memory in Lebanon (2010); and the coeditor of The Politics of Violence, Truth and Reconciliation in the Arab Middle East (2009); and Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East: Rhetoric of the Image (2013).

Moshe Hellinger is senior lecturer in the Department of Political Science at Bar-Ilan University and a research fellow in the Israel Democracy Institute, Jerusalem. His areas of specialization are comparative politics, Jewish politi-cal thought, Orthodox Judaism, and Western culture. He is the author of The Religious Zionist Movement on the Eve of the 21st Century (2000); and editor of Jewish Political Tradition throughout the Age s (2010, in Hebrew).

Roel Meijer teaches history of the Middle East at Radboud University in Nijmegen and is head of the Arabic section of the Middle East desk at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam (IISH). He is the author of The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt 1945–1948 (2002) and editor of several anthologies, includ-ing Cosmopolitanism, Identity and Authenticity in the Middle East (1999); Alienation or Integration of Arab Youth (2000); Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement (2009); and The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe (2012).

Thomas Philipp was professor emeritus of Politics and Contemporary History of the Middle East at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. He taught at the University of Shiraz/Iran and at Harvard University. He was a leading expert on the life and thought of Jurji Zaidan as well as on Arabic social and cultural history in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He edited the English version of al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt and authored: Jurji Zaidan: His Life and Thought (1979); The Syrians in Egypt, 1725–1975 (1985); Acre, The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1731–1831 (2002); and Jurji Zaidan and the Foundations of Arab Nationalism (2014).

Clemens Recker teaches Political Science and Islamic Studies at Heidelberg. His research interests include political philosophies in Arab intellectual con-text, economic development, liberalism. He is the author of al-Libiraliyya fi ta’rikh al-fikr al-‘arabi (2010).

Mathias Rohe is professor of Civil Law, Private International Law and Comparative Law and the director of the Centre of Islam and Law in Europe

CONTRIBUTORS 265

at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. He has published widely on Islamic law and the legal status of Islam within European legal systems. He is the author of Muslims and the Law in Europe: Chances and Challenges (2007); and Islamic Law in Past and Present (2014). He is also the coeditor of Law, Order, and Competition (2011,in German); and Family, Religion, and Law: Cultural Encounters in Europe (2014).

Christoph Schumann was a professor of Politics and Contemporary History of the Middle East at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. His research focused on political ideologies in the Middle East, the mod-ern history of Syria and Lebanon, and Muslims in Germany and the United States. His publications include: Radical Nationalism in Syria and Lebanon, 1930–1958 (2001,in German). He also edited Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century until the 1960s (2008); and Nationalism and Liberal Thought in the Arab East: Ideology and Practice (2010).

Manfred Sing is a researcher at the Leibniz Institute for European History in Mainz, Germany. His main fields of interest are the intellectual and political history of the Middle East and the transformation of secular and religious concepts. In several publications he dealt with the metamorphoses of Arab Marxism, among them: Progressive Islam in Theory and Practice (2007, in German).

Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen is a professor at the New Islamic Public Sphere Programme, Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen. His fields of research are modern Islam, the establishment of a modern public sphere and the role of ‘ulama’ in modern Arab states, new pan-Arab television networks, and renewal of classical Islamic genres such as fatwa and khutba s. He is the author of Defining Islam for the Egyptian State: Muftis and Fatwas of the Dar al-Ifta (1997) and coeditor of Middle Eastern Cities 1900–1950: Public Sphere and Public Spaces in Transformation (2001); Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf al-Qaradawi (2009); Islam on Arab TV (2013, in Danish); and Arab Media Moguls (2015).

Index

1967 war, defeat, 3, 10, 25–6, 101, 104, 114n8, 120, 124–5, 132, 135, 139, 146, 169n8, 215, 217, 226–8

Abbas, Ferhat, 78n34‘Abd al-Malik, Anwar, 113n4, 114n9,

136‘Abd al-Quddus, Ihsan, 77n34‘Abd al-Raziq, ‘Ali, 28, 121, 123‘Abduh, Muhammad, 33, 121, 123, 131Abi Samra, Maher, 164Abu al-’Azayim, ‘Isam al-Din, 109Abu al-Majd, Kamal, 72Abu-Rabi’, Ibrahim, 137Abu al-Timman, Ja’far, 78n34Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid, 28–9, 40n60,

102, 109–10, 116n56, 116n59, 117n90

Adıvar, Adnan, 85‘adl wa-insaf (justice), 204Adonis, 114n9, 138, 140al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 33–4Ağaoğlu, Ahmet, 88, 94n21al-Akhdar, ‘Afif, 28, 31akhlaq (moral, ethics), 201‘Akif, Mahdi, 209Akyol, Taha, 91Alexandria, 68, 74Algeria, 59, 61n20, 66–70, 74, 77n31,

78n34, 168n8Algiers, 68, 74al-’Alim, Mahmud Amin, 138America, 1, 27, 86, 94n19, 127, 156,

180, 187–8, 217‘Amil, Mahdi, 139Amin, Ahmad, 32

Amin, Husayn Ahmad, 32, 40n60Amin, Qasim, 33, 121, 123, 125amir al-mu’minin (Commander of the

faithful), 69al-Ansari, ‘Abd al-Hamid, 28Antun, Farah, 33, 123, 131Arab Reason, 105, 140, 142–4Arab Spring (2011 uprisings), 1, 8, 36,

41–2, 46, 57, 59, 131–2, 148, 156, 160, 162, 167

Arab World, 1–2, 4–5, 7–11, 31, 36, 41–2, 46, 50, 59, 83–4, 92, 93n2, 121, 125, 127, 129–30, 132, 139, 145–6, 155, 158, 160, 188

Arabian Peninsula, 4, 46, 48–9, 108Arkoun, Mohammed, 102, 105,

109–10, 115n22, 116n56‘asabiyya (group solidarity), 48asala (authenticity), 103, 135–8ashkenazi (Jew of European descent),

15, 217, 235n74al-Ashmawi, Muhammad Sa’id, 28, 32al-Assad, Bashar, 42, 71, 187al-Assad, Hafiz, 69, 101, 192atheism, 25, 3, 166Awadh, Louis, 78n34al-’Awwa, Muhammad Salim, 72, 199Ayyad, Shukri, 138al-’Azm, Sadiq Jalal, 140, 147, 163, 210

Baghdad, 74al-Baghdadi, Ahmad, 28, 35Baha al-Din, Ahmad, 77n34Bahrain, 8, 46, 48–50, 61n26,

62n41, 71al-Banna, Hasan, 178, 198, 202

268 INDEX

Ba’th Party (Socialist Arab Party), 3, 53–4, 57, 71, 121, 133n46, 162, 168n8

bay’a (pledge of allegiance), 67Bayar, Celal, 86Beirut, 68, 74, 171n43, 171n47, 177,

183, 186Ben ‘Ali, 42, 71, 73, 120, 132Ben Barka, Mehdi, 78n34, 140Ben Bella, Ahmad, 68–9Berbers, 68, 74, 77n31Berlin, Isaiah, 15, 216, 219–20, 230,

236n86al-Bishri, Tariq, 72, 136, 141–2, 199Bourguiba, Habib, 69al-Bustani, Sulayman, 121, 123Butrus Ghali, Mirrit, 66, 77n34

Cairo, 66, 73–4, 123, 138, 195Charfi, Abdemadjid, 28–9civil rights, 2, 4–6, 9, 23, 25–6, 36,

45, 55–6, 58, 64–5, 68–9, 71, 73, 75, 78n34, 112, 161, 216

civil society, 1, 4, 10, 36, 41, 63, 66, 71, 89, 156, 165, 201. See also al-mujtama’ al-madani

Codben, Robert, 126Cold War, 43, 86, 101, 158, 167, 192Copts, 34, 68, 74, 85, 90,

95n26, 95n27

da’at torah (the view of the Torah), 228

al-Da’if, Rashid, 165al-Dajani, Ahmad Sidqi, 136Damascus, 140, 159, 161, 163darura (necessity), 72da’wa (preaching), 70dawla madaniyya (civil state), 201Demolins, Edmond, 88, 125, 133n23derash (the homiletic mode of

interpretation of biblical and rabbinic texts), 218

din (religion), 204diwaniyyat (cultural salons), 4Dubai, 49

Eczacıbaşı, Nejat, 88effendiyya (middle-class urban

sector), 26Egypt, 1, 3–4, 6, 8, 11–14, 16n3, 24–5,

27–30, 32, 34–6, 37n12, 42, 44, 46, 51–8, 61n20, 62n41, 66–75, 77n31, 77n34, 79n59, 84, 101, 103–8, 110, 112–13, 116n59, 124–5, 129–32, 138, 147–8, 160, 168n81, 191, 195–204, 207–10

Erdoǧan, Recep Tayyip, 10, 14, 90–2Erzabakan, Necmettin, 92, 97Europe, 1–3, 27, 35, 41, 45, 47, 64,

67–8, 84–6, 90, 93n3, 95n24, 121–4, 126–7, 137, 141, 143, 145, 157, 197, 215

al-Farabi, 11, 122, 144, 150n26fard ‘ayn (personal obligation), 73Foucault, Michel, 102Fuda, Faraj, 28, 30, 32, 35Fukuyama, Francis, 156–60, 167,

169n12

Germany, 3, 45, 58, 65, 93n5, 216Ghabriyal, Kamal, 34al-Ghannushi, Rashid, 72al-ghazw al-fikri (cultural invasion

from the West), 207Goyim (non-Jews), 224

hadatha (modernity), 135, 141–2Hadj, Messali, 78n34al-Hafiz, Yasin, 157, 167, 168n8al-Hakim, Tawfiq, 32–3Hala, Mustafa, 35Halakhah (Jewish law), 216–18, 220–1,

223–4, 226–9, 234n37, 235n74Halevi, Hayyim David, 15, 215, 217,

224–31, 235n50, 236n86al-hall al-Islami (Islamic solution),

136al-Hamad, Turki, 28Hanafi, Hasan, 102, 106, 119–20, 147haredi (“God-fearing,” Jewish ultra-

orthodox community), 15, 216–17

INDEX 269

Hartman, David, 15, 215, 217–25, 231, 232n10, 233n32, 234n37, 234n40

Hasan II, King, 4, 69Hashemites, 48, 108–9Hawi, Jurj, 161–2, 171n52hazima (defeat), 124–5, 127, 132hijab (veil), 102al-hikma (philosophy), 145Hizb al-Hurriyya wa’l-’Adala

(Freedom and Justice Party, in Egypt), 14, 196

Hizballah, 1, 156, 171n48, 178, 186–7hizbiyya (partyism), 67, 202al-Hudaybi, Hasan, 70, 199human rights, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 27, 31,

33, 45, 58, 71, 87, 89, 111, 142, 145–6, 148, 156, 159, 172n60, 188, 206, 216, 222, 225

Huntington, Samuel P., 2, 47, 157–8hurma (sanctity), 56hurriyya (freedom), 13, 58, 122, 129,

189, 206Husayn, Lu’ay, 163Husayn, Saddam, 69, 187Husayn, Taha, 32–4, 105, 121–3, 130Huwaydi, Fahmi, 109, 112

‘ibada (religious practice), 205‘Ibn al-’Aas, ‘Amr, 105Ibn Bajja, 144Ibn Khaldun, 48–9, 119, 122, 124,

140, 165Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 11, 122, 144–5,

150n26Ibn Sina, 11, 122, 144Ibrahim, Sa’d al-Din, 28, 33ijma’ (consensus), 198ijtihad (personal inquiry into the

sacred sources), 72, 198, 204‘ilm (knowledge), 129‘ilmaniyya (secularism), 102. See also

secularismiltizam (commitment), 180‘Imara, Muhammad, 102, 114n9imtilak (appropriate), 143infitah (economic liberalization), 70, 161

inhitat (decline), 144İnönü , İsmet, 86Iran, 93, 101, 140, 144, 147Iraq, 1, 3, 8, 34, 47, 51, 53–4, 57–9,

61n20, 62n41, 66–70, 74–5, 77n31, 77n34, 104, 110, 124, 158, 160–1

Ishaq, Adib, 121, 123, 131islah (reform), 67Islamism, Islamists, 1–3, 6–7, 10–15,

19n23, 25, 19, 31–2, 36, 61n19, 66, 72–3, 87, 89, 90–2, 96, 102–3, 105–6, 108–13, 114n8–9, 117n90, 125–6, 132n3, 134n64, 135–6, 140, 143, 145, 147–8, 149n5, 155, 160, 163, 165, 178, 187, 191, 195, 199, 203, 209

Israel, Israeli(s), Israelites, 1, 3, 8, 13, 15–16, 23, 25, 104, 117n90, 120, 138, 161–2, 167, 173n73, 175n97, 186–7, 189, 212n35, 215, 217–18, 220–1, 224–31, 232n8

Istanbul, 9, 84, 91, 93n2istibdad (despotism), 129, 198istiqlal (independence), 189i’tiqad (belief), 204–5

al-Jabri, Mohammed Abed, 12, 102–3, 105–6, 113n3, 114n11, 119–20, 135–6, 139–48, 150n26

jahiliyya (pre-Islamic society), 70, 105jahl (ignorance), 129al-Jazeera, 73, 104Jerusalem, 220, 223Jewish, Jews, 13, 15, 28, 68, 104,

114n15, 215–31, 231n5, 234n37, 236n86

jihad, 6, 27, 67, 110Jihad movement (in Egypt), 110jinsiyya (formal membership of a

nation-state), 64, 68Jordan, 8, 25, 36, 48, 61n28, 62n41,

66–7, 70, 96Judaism, 15, 107, 216–21, 223

kafir (heretic, blasphemer), 109, 185. See also takfir

Kamil, Mustafa, 33

270 INDEX

karama (dignity), 63, 165, 206al-Kawakibi, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 33, 121,

123, 198Kedourie, Elie, 21Kemal, Mustafa, 10, 85Kemalism, 9–10, 28, 85–8, 90–1, 93n8,

94n19, 94n21Khalid, Muhammad Khalid, 28Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 92al-khassa (privileged classes), 67Khouri, Elias, 160, 164, 169n24khutba (sermon), 195al-Kindi, 122Koç, Vehbi, 88Kotku, Mehmed Zahid, 92, 97Kurds, 47, 68, 74, 85, 90, 95n26, 95n27Kuwait, 4, 8, 48–9, 61n26, 62n41, 96,

102, 104, 113n5, 138–9, 158

Laroui, Abdullah, 119, 124, 140Lebanese Communist Party (LCP),

156, 159, 161–2, 164, 171n48, 172n54, 180, 183, 185

Lebanon, 11–13, 27, 55, 59, 62n41, 67, 70, 74, 122, 155–6, 158, 160–2, 164, 167, 171n43, 171n52, 177–8, 180, 182–90

leftist(s), 7, 12–13, 24, 26–7, 31, 36, 87, 90–1, 93n3, 95n25, 101–3, 106, 114n9, 116n48, 149n5, 156–9, 161–3, 165–7, 169n12, 170n28, 178, 180–92. See also yasariyyun

libiraliyya (liberalism), 103, 113, 187al-libiraliyyun al-judad (“the new

liberals”), 7, 32Libya, 1, 42, 51–3, 57–8, 61n20, 67,

69–72, 74–5, 132, 205lifnim mi-shurat ha-din (beyond the

line of legal requirement, or beyond the letter of the law), 219

MacIntyre, Alasdair, 137, 146Mahmud, Zaki Naguib, 102, 106, 138Maimonides, 218, 220–1, 225, 228, 230makhzen (royal court), 69mal (property), 204

maqasid al-shari’a (the higher objectives of the shari’a), 204

Marnisi, Fatma, 28Marrash, Francis, 123Marx, Karl, 156–7, 165, 181Marxism, 5, 13, 102, 155–7, 159,

163–4, 167Marzouki, Moncef, 66al-Masir, Muhammad Ahmad, 109al-maslaha, maslaha ‘amma (common

good, public welfare), 72, 197–8Menderes, Adnan, 86–7, 90, 95n25Mestiri, Ahmad, 78n34Middle East, 1–5, 7–10, 16, 24, 34, 42,

63–7, 70, 75, 77n29, 83, 93n2, 156, 158, 160, 165, 168, 178–80, 182, 187, 189, 191

Morocco, 4, 8, 12, 34, 48, 59, 61n28, 62n41, 66–70, 72, 74, 77n31, 77n34, 136, 140, 144

mu’asara, al-mu’asira (contemporary era, modernity), 101, 135, 142

Mubarak, Husni, 42, 44, 57, 71, 132, 195–6, 210

al-mujtama’ al-madani (civil society), 201. See also civil society

Muqallid, Muhammad ‘Ali, 160, 162Murqus, Elias, 157, 167, 168n8Muruwwa, Husayn, 102, 139Musa, Salama, 121musawa (equality), 204Muslim Brotherhood, 6, 12–14, 25,

35–6, 46, 57, 68, 70, 73–4, 148, 156, 168n5, 170n27, 196, 198–200, 202, 208–10, 213n43, 213n58

Muslims, 2, 6, 26, 28–30, 73, 104–6, 108, 110–12, 115n22, 141, 183, 185, 197–8, 200–1, 204, 207, 211n16, 22

muwatana, muwatin (citizenship, citizen), 9, 63, 71, 112

al-Nabulsi, Shakir, 28, 30–4Naguib, Muhammad, 51Nahda (awakening), 12, 26, 31, 33,

37n12, 39n41, 40n60, 102–3,

INDEX 271

119–32, 132n2, 133n44, 138, 141, 143, 146–7, 188

al-Nahda movement (in Tunisia), 13, 15, 36, 72, 120, 132n3

al-Najjar, Sayyid, 28naskh (abrogation), 109–10Nassar, Nasif, 11–12, 34–5, 119–32,

133n35Nasser, Jamal ‘Abdul, 3, 14, 44, 53, 69,

122, 178, 198Nasserism, Nasserist, 3, 24, 70–1, 101,

113, 157, 163nationalism, 5–7, 12, 24–5, 27, 29,

36, 46, 52–7, 59, 67–8, 75, 83–4, 90, 103, 108, 111–13, 117n90, 119–22, 124–7, 129, 135–7, 140, 147, 160, 168n8, 179, 182, 189, 191–2, 195

nidal (struggle), 189al-nizam al-bayani (the art of

rhetoric), 144al-nizam al-burhani (system of proof),

144nizam al-’irfan (system of

illumination), 144non-Muslims, 2, 25, 111, 203–5, 207,

209, 211n14, 213n58North Africa, 4, 27, 63, 121Nuwaihi, Muhammad, 138

Öcalan, ‘Abdullah, 95n26Özal, Turgut, 10, 87, 89–90, 94n15, 97

Palestine, 1, 15, 67, 83, 162, 171n47, 177, 183–4, 212n35, 221, 224

Pan-Arabism, 32, 71, 102–8, 112–13, 117n90, 121, 158

Persian Gulf, 4, 27, 47, 66, 101piku’ah nefesh (preservation of life),

227Political Islam, 5–6, 11, 46, 84, 91, 93,

101–5, 107–8, 111–12, 147, 156posek (decider), 217, 224, 227–30,

235n74post-Marxists, 12–13, 130, 155–7, 159,

161, 188

Prophet Muhammad, 2, 10, 18, 33, 77n29, 109–10, 116n48, 136, 143, 198

al-Qa’ida, 27, 110Qaddafi, Mu’ammar, 42, 53, 57, 132al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, 112, 195Qasim, ‘Abd al-Karim, 69Qasir, Samir, 162, 171n52qawmiyya (nationalism), 46, 55, 59,

104al-Qimni, Sayyid, 11–12, 28–9, 101,

103–13, 114n14, 114n15Qur’an, 8, 10, 28–9, 109–11, 116n56,

120, 136, 144, 209, 211n16Qutb, Sayyid, 70, 198–9

ra’aya (flock), 67Raf ’at, Wahid, 77n34al-Rahbani, Ziad, 13, 177–92, 192n1Rashidun (the “rightly guided”

caliphs), 28Rawls, John, 25ra’y (personal opinion), 143al-Razi, 122Rechtsstaat (rule of law), 67Rida, Rashid, 33, 121, 198ruwwad al-nahda (pioneers of the

Nahda), 123ruwwad al-tanwir (pioneers of

enlightenment), 32

Sabahattin, Prens, 88, 94n17, 94n19Sabancı, Sakıp, 88al-Sadat, Anwar, 6, 44, 101Safadi, Muta’, 158Saghiya, Hazim, 28, 30, 114n9, 165–6,

187al-salaf (the pious ancestors), 136salafiyya (Salafism), 27, 46, 61n19, 73,

121, 136, 141, 195, 210, 213n58Salamé, Ghassan, 124Sandel, Michael, 137Saudi Arabia, 4, 44, 46, 71, 140, 188,

214n60al-Sawah, Firas, 106

272 INDEX

Sawah, Wa’il, 165al-Sayyid, Ahmad Lutfi, 32–3, 105,

121, 123, 130secularism, 6, 23, 25, 31, 56, 102, 104,

109, 112, 116n48, 119, 123, 131, 134n64, 135–7, 145–7, 187, 191, 197. See also ‘ilmaniyya

sephardic (Oriental Jew), 15, 217, 224, 232n8

sha’b (people), 1, 51–3, 58–9, 63, 66, 74, 178

shafa’a (intercession), 110Shahrur, Muhammad, 28Sharara, Waddah, 164shari’a (Islamic law), 4, 6, 11, 14, 32,

67, 70, 72, 77n29, 92, 96–7n37, 111, 145, 163, 197–206, 209, 211n16

she’at ha-dehak (time of emergency), 227

Shi’is, 50, 68, 74, 144, 171n48Shukri, Ghali, 102Shumayl, Shibli, 33, 121shura (consultation), 35, 49–50, 111,

197, 201silsila (chain of spiritual

transmission), 33Six-Day War, 215, 217, 226–8. See also

1967 warsiyadat al-qanun (rule of law), 202socialism, 5, 7, 12, 24–5, 30, 32–3,

51–4, 56–9, 69–71, 121, 124, 126, 129, 136, 140, 147, 157, 159, 161, 163, 166, 168n8, 172n61, 179–81, 187–8, 190–2, 198, 203, 236n86

softas (low-ranking members of the Islamic learned hierarchy in Turkey), 84

Soviet Union, 30, 43, 45, 65, 86, 155, 157–8, 162–4, 167

Sudan, 8, 47, 59, 61n20, 62n41Sufi, Sufism, 9, 28, 33, 96n37, 144, 213Sulayman, Hikmat, 78n34Sultan, Wafa, 28Syria, 3, 12–13, 27, 34, 42, 47, 53–5,

57–8, 61n20, 62n41, 66–71, 74–5, 101, 106, 124, 155–9, 161–5, 167,

168n8, 170n26, 170n28, 171n43, 171n47, 172n52, 187, 191–2, 210

Syrian Communist Party (SCP), 157, 161–3, 165–6, 168n8, 169n24, 170n28, 171n43, 171n44, 172n56, 172n57

taghiya (tyranny), 198Taha, Mahmud Muhammad, 28tahdith (renewal), 34tahrir (liberation), 34al-Tahtawi, Rafi’ Rifa’a, 33, 125ta’ifiyya (sectarianism), 112tajdid (renewal), 141takfir (accusing other Muslims of

apostasy), 6. See also kafirtakhalluf (backwardness), 129, 157Talbi, Mohammed, 29taqaddum (progress), 129taqlid (imitation), 141Tarabishi, Jurj, 28, 102–3, 146–7Tarabulsi, Fawwaz, 160, 164, 182Taylor, Charles, 137thawra (revolution), 102, 124–5, 132Third World, 3, 23, 88, 158tikkun olam (king’s duty to promote

public welfare), 229Tizini, Tayyib, 102, 139al-Tunisi, Khair al-Din, 122, 125Tunisia, 1, 4, 8, 13, 15, 36, 42, 51–3, 58,

61n20, 62n41, 66–74, 78n34, 120, 132, 148, 160, 191

turath (heritage), 11–12, 15, 101–8, 110–13, 113n1, 122, 125, 135–7, 139, 143–7

turathiyyun judad (new partisans of the heritage), 146

Turkey, 6, 8–10, 14, 16, 45, 83–92, 92n1, 93n2, 93n3, 94n12, 94n13, 94n19, 95n24, 95n26, 95n27, 96n37, 163

‘ulama’ sing ‘alim (Muslim religious scholars), 4, 27–8, 77n29, 110

umma (Islamic community), 67, 103, 198

INDEX 273

umma (nation), 48, 53, 59, 121, 126, 129, 202, 204–5, 211n16

Umma-Jarida group (in Egypt), 67–8United Arab Emirates, 46United States, 64–5, 86, 93n3, 97n37,

158, 160–1, 217

Volk (people, German word parallel to the Arabic sha’b), 58

wahda wataniyya (national unity), 205Wannous, Sa’dallah, 163, 165Wasat (Center) movement, 25wasatiyya (legal doctrine of the

“middle path”), 72watan (homeland), 112women rights, 14, 72, 111, 206

World War I, 12, 45, 67, 93n2, 123, 198World War II, 3, 44, 70, 83, 86, 93n2,

119, 187

Yafeth, Ni’ma, 122yasariyyun sing yassari (leftists), 180,

184. See also leftist(s)Yemen, 1, 42, 51, 61n20, 192Young Turks, 10, 84, 88, 94n17

Zaghlul, Ahmad Fathi, 125Zaghlul, Sa’d, 129Zakariyya, Fareed, 65Zakariyya, Fu’ad, 24, 102, 104, 138,

140, 147Zionism, 15, 108, 112, 156, 216–17,

223, 225