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A 1

Appendix 1: Key interlocutors

Oundjo

Raymond Hauli Diela, born on 11 December

1940, is Oundjo’s deacon for the Free

Evangelical Church. Married to Madeleine Diela

(née Wabealo), he is a father of five (two

biological and three adopted) and has many

grandchildren. A retired schoolteacher, he is

also a member of the village’s Council of Elders.

Because of his relatively high level of formal

education and willingness to speak openly, he

provided extremely helpful information and

explanations.

Henriette Cae Diela, née Nyadoune, was born

on 2 March 1956 and has always lived at

Oundjo. She regularly goes fishing and also

harvests crabs, trochus, and giant clams both to

eat and to sell. A member of the Free

Evangelical Church, she is an active participant

in the Women’s Group. Mother of four, she is

also a grandmother.

Jules Josaia Diela, Raymond’s adopted brother and Henriette’s husband, was born on

13 July 1950. He goes fishing three days a week and sells his catch to various itinerant

merchants. He studied welding in Nouméa and worked there for a while before

returning to the village. Like most Oundjo residents, he is a member of the Free

Evangelical Church. Married to Henriette Cae Diela (née Nyadoune), he is a father of

four and a grandfather.

A 2

André Noël Pwahmo Diela, born on 18 September 1962, is the eldest son of Raymond

and Madeleine Diela. He grew up in Oundjo where he has lived all his life. After

obtaining an eighth grade education, he began work as a fisherman and now possesses

his own boat. Married to Annette Diela, he is a father of six. A member of the Palika

party, he is deputy mayor and town councillor at Voh, where he is charge of the Youth,

Sports and Culture Office.

Dipiba Henri Fouange was born on 29 June

1946 and grew up in Oundjo. After pursuing his

studies at Houaïlou until the 7th grade, he

performed his military service and then held

various jobs around Grande Terre until he began

work as a house supervisor at the psychiatric

hospital in Nouméa. He worked there for 27

years and retired in December, 2001.

Herve Tia Fouange, born on 17 June 1975, is Dipiba’s son. Having obtained a 10th-

grade education in Nouméa, where he grew up, he worked as a contractual truck driver

at a mine at Canala until returning to Oundjo. Since 2000, he has been contractually

employed with a public works company at Voh where his clients include Falconbridge.

A 3

Hélène Phoea Goa, née Diela, was born on 16

June 1949. Married to Billy Goa, she is the

mother of two adopted children. She has always

lived at Oundjo, where she often gathers crabs

and other shellfish to sell to itinerant merchants.

An active member of the Free Evangelical

Church Women’s Group, she is known for her

dexterity as a seamstress.

Odile Didin Goa, née Voudjo, was born on 16

April 1937. She grew up at Népou where she

attended school until about age 16. At 20, her

father was pressured into giving her hand in

marriage to Joseph Camwa Hipi Goa. She

reluctantly left for Oundjo, where she has resided

ever since. Mother of six, she has many

grandchildren. She often harvests crabs and

other shellfish from nearby mangroves, and is

famous for her humorous stories about her

fishing adventures.

Tone Daniel Goa, born on 26 September 1927,

is Odile’s brother-in-law. He worked as a

manual laborer in Nouméa until retiring to

Oundjo, where he works in his yam garden. He

never married and has no children but has an

active role as a grand-uncle.

A 4

Alice Kaleine Kahmene, née Wabealo1, was born on 20 March 1967 and grew up at

Baco. She studied until her teenage years when, during the course of the Events, her

father was imprisoned and the family no longer could afford to send her to school. She

is married to Wright Kahmene, her cross-cousin, and has adopted two young daughters.

A Child of God, she was a member of the Cell until 2001 when she stopped attending

meetings and instead joined her family’s prayer sessions, held at the home of her step-

father, Pwa Kahmene.

Henri Cip Pu Kahmene, born on 30 November

1935, has been the president of Oundjo’s council

of elders since 1997. Having worked for most of

his life in Nouméa as a manual laborer, he retired

to Oundjo in 1992 where he cultivates his yam

garden. Married to Antoinette Kahmene, he has

adopted one daughter and five sons. He is a

member of the Free Evangelical Church and

attends services every Sunday.

José Ujie Kahmene, born on 6 September 1982,

is Pwa Kahmene’s biological son but was

adopted by his paternal uncle, Henri. Having

grown up at Oundjo, he is now a professional

fisherman and often goes fishing with Pwa.

1 The Wabealo from Baco, Alice’s birth clan, are not closely related to the Wabealo of Oundjo and do not share their conflicts with the Caunyan.

A 5

Pwa Millot Jemes Kahmene, born in 1931, is

Henri’s brother and the eldest member of the

Xahmen. He has always lived as a fisherman at

Oundjo, where he takes his boat out almost every

day in search of large pelagic fish as well as

trochus and sea cucumbers which he gathers

from the reef. Married to Jacqueline Kahmene

(née Gounéboadjane), he is a father of five and

has nine grandchildren. A Child of God, he was

a member of the Cell until 2001.

Roda Rose Kahmene, born on 1 September

1960, is Pwa’s eldest child and only daughter.

She is single, and has adopted a daughter. She

sometimes accompanies her father on fishing

trips. An active member both of the Cell and of

her family’s prayer group, she often has visions

from God.

Wright Kahmene, born on 10 July 1966, grew

up at Oundjo and has never lived in Nouméa. He

has worked at SMSP’s mine at Ouaco for the

past 13 years, and goes fishing on the weekends.

He is Pwa’s son and is married to Alice

Kahmene, with whom he has adopted two

daughters. A Child of God, he participates in the

family’s regular prayer meetings.

A 6

Marguerite (Maguy) Troyko Leack was born

on 9 February 1969. She grew up in Baco but

currently lives with the petit chef’s brother,

Jacob Tapwat Tchaounyane, with whom she has

had four children, two of whom she has given to

family members for adoption. She has worked

in Koné at various jobs such as that of cashier,

dormitory supervisor, and pre-school assistant.

She has never gone fishing at Oundjo, although

she used to do so as a child at Baco. Neither she

nor Jacob has any cattle, at Pinjen or elsewhere.

Susanne Wae Poadataba, born on 27 July 1968, grew up in Oundjo and Nouméa,

where she obtained a seventh grade education. She lives with Jacky Mwagolo

Tchaounyane with whom she has four young children. Like her partner, she is a Child

of God but stopped attending the Cell’s meetings in 2001.

Paulette Tuaga Poeni was born on 13 August

1962. A professional fisherwoman ever since

she left school with a fifth-grade education, she

fishes in the lagoon and also gathers crabs,

trochus and sea cucumbers for sale to itinerant

merchants. She is a divorcée with no children.

A 7

Albert Wenei Tchaounyane was born on 20

October 1944. After having grown up at

Oundjo, he worked in Nouméa as a policeman

for twenty years. He has been to France three

times, once for his military service and twice

with the police force. Now retired, he

occasionally goes fishing or works in his yam

garden. A Child of God, he hosts the Cell’s

meetings which occur four times a week.

Bernard Mwao Tchaounyane was born on 8

November 1959. He grew up in Oundjo and

completed high school at Voh. Since then, he

has earned his living from fishing and gathering

trochus. Married to Marianne Tchaounyane (née

Dianai), he has three young children. A militant

member of the Palika party, he participated in the

1980s Events and is currently deputy mayor at

Voh. In May 2001, Bernard led a group that

occupied Pinjen in order to prevent fellow

villagers from hindering Falconbridge’s

feasibility studies.

François Tratrae Tchaounyane was born on 28 December 1955, at Oundjo, where he

grew up. He attended school until the sixth grade, after which he remained at the

village to cultivate yams and go fishing. He occasionally worked in the shipyard at

Nouméa for a few months at a time, and received professional training as a cattle farmer

in 1981. He participated in the Events, at first as a member of the UPM party and later

with Palika, and became Oundjo’s petit chef in 1986. He was the manager of the cattle-

farming co-op, GEO 6, from that time until 1999.

A 8

Frankie Cawa Tchaounyane, born on 24 February 1975, is Albert’s biological son.

Although he was officially adopted by family members at Tiéta, he was raised by his

biological parents. Having grown up in Nouméa, with holidays spent at Oundjo, he

attended the agricultural high school at Pouembout until the end of his sophomore year,

and once had the opportunity to visit Australia with his classmates. Since that time, he

has lived at Oundjo where he often goes fishing with line or net in the lagoon near the

village.

Georgette Nyai Tchaounyane, born on 23 May 1976, is Albert’s daughter. She grew

up in Nouméa until the age of 15 when her father retired and the family returned to

Oundjo. She successfully completed a cooking course at a professional school in

Bourail, but is currently unemployed. She occasionally goes fishing or crab-gathering

in the mangroves around Vwavuto.

Rémy Tubwi Tchaounyane was born on 1 October 1960. He grew up at Oundjo and

obtained a fifth grade education before becoming a fisherman and, later, a mason. Since

1994 he has worked at Népoui for SLN where he is in charge of detonating explosives.

A member of UPM, he participated in the Events. Having separated from his partner

many years ago, he recently moved to the outskirts of the village with his adolescent

daughter, who attends boarding school on the east coast. A Child of God, he acts

informally as a preacher in nearby villages that have no minister.

Steeve Wewe Tchaounyane, born on 2 June 1978, is the nephew (sister’s son) of

Oundjo’s petit chef. He grew up at Oundjo and has never held salaried employment.

Instead, he often goes fishing near Pinjen and Gatope. He began to occupy Pinjen in

June, 2001, along with other members of his extended family.

Thierry Tea Tchaounyane, born on 27 September 1970, is Albert’s son. He grew up

at Nouméa and Oundjo, and at the age of 21 obtained a mechanic’s diploma. After

spending two years in the army in Metropolitan France, he was unemployed until he

found work on a cattle farm at Koné and then with SMSP’s Koniambo Project, where

he has been employed since 1998. With his partner, Adèle Peu, he has six young

children.

A 9

Alfred Baca Tein, born on 13 January 1962, is the eldest son of Berthe and Millot Tein.

He grew up at Nouméa and at his father’s various posts around New Caledonia. Since

the 1980s he has been a schoolteacher, and currently works at the preschool at Tiéta. A

Child of God, he was a member of the Cell until 2001. With his wife and five children,

he lives on the outskirts of the village.

Berthe Owhane Tein was born in February,

1940 on Ouvéa, where she grew up. She

worked as a schoolteacher at various villages,

including Oundjo where she met her husband,

Millot Tein. In 1996 she retired to the village.

During the Events of the 1980s, she participated

in demonstrations in Nouméa and helped to set

up road blocks at Oundjo. She has travelled to

France, Australia, PNG, the Philippines,

Singapore, and Vanuatu, among other places.

Millot Jirimwa Tein was born on 12 July 1934 and grew up at Oundjo. As an assistant

policeman, he worked at several villages, in Nouméa, and in Wallis-and-Futuna.

Married to Berthe Tein, he has five children and many grandchildren. In 1971 he

returned to Oundjo where he became an itinerant merchant, transporting fish caught by

villagers. In 1982, he helped to create a local fishermen’s association. Millot was a

member of the Multiracial Union party from 1970 onwards, and helped to create the

Melanesian Progressive Union (UPM) in 1979.

Matthieu Thaxou (pseudonym), was born in 1962. In his early twenties he performed

his military service in France and remained there for two years, where he trained and

worked as a mechanic before returning to New Caledonia during the Events of the

1980s. He lived in Nouméa and then returned to Oundjo. He is currently involved in a

pro-independence political party and is in charge of an association that assists young

people in finding employment by sponsoring training programs and various other

activities. Although he did not receive an extensive formal education, he makes an

effort to educate himself by watching television documentaries and attending lectures.

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Abel Vua Wabealo was born on 23 May 1962.

Married to Chantal Hike Wabealo (née Tein), he

has seven children. After obtaining a sixth-grade

education and performing his military service in

France, he worked as a manual laborer in

Nouméa until 1983 when he returned to Oundjo.

He often goes fishing on the weekends, in the

lagoon or on the reef, and has been the president

of the village’s cattle-farming association,

GEO6, since 1999.

Bwahnu Wabealo was born in 1942. After

having obtained a fourth-grade education, he

worked as a manual laborer in Nouméa from

approximately 1970 to 1985, at which point he

returned to Oundjo where he works in his yam

garden and occasionally goes fishing. Married

to Delila Xaloe Wabealo (née Diela), he has six

adult sons and daughters.

Léopold Xawhana Wabealo was born on 16

October 1968. He left school in the mid-1980s

to participate in the Events through actions such

as setting up road blocks. He has always lived in

Oundjo. Now a professional fisherman, he sells

fish and trochus to itinerant merchants or to

clients in nearby villages. Léopold lost his 28-

year-old partner, Salomé Tein, in September

2001. She also left four young children.

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Noël Pwahmo Wabealo was born on New

Year’s Day, 1939. He grew up at Oundjo but

also attended school in Nouméa and Houaïlou.

He held a variety of jobs, working at mines and

on docks, and since his retirement in 1997 has

lived in Oundjo where he cultivates yams in his

garden. A widower, he has four children and a

grandson.

Tiéta

Félix Yeiwene Wetep Foawy was born on 4 March 1937. He is the head of the Fwawi,

one of a group of clans that claims customary ownership of the Koniambo Massif. He

grew up at Tiéta, obtained a fifth-grade education at Houaïlou, and began working at 16.

After retiring at 53, he continued to work in his garden and fish in the local river.

Married to Odette Cilo Foawy, Félix has ten children and many grandchildren. Along

with his wife and daughters, he is a member of the loyalist RPCR party.

Ouélisse

Georges Bouigou Goa-Bealo was born on 15

January 1951 at Ouélisse, where his parents had

moved from Ouengo. After the fifth grade, he

worked at Nouméa’s docks for a few years

before returning to Ouélisse. He currently

cultivates yams and goes fishing in local rivers.

A member of Palika, he is in charge of

Ouélisse’s Economic Development Committee

and also manages the village association for

developing commercial interests.

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Émile Boanou Kahaïa Tein-Boanou is the

president of Ouélisse’s council of elders. He

was born on 13 November 1956, at Ouengo,

where he grew up, but he attended school at

Ouélisse through the fifth grade. After studying

to be a mechanic in Nouméa, he performed his

military service in France and obtained a license

to drive heavy trucks. Since 1979 he has

worked in the public transportation business,

and currently drives a bus to and from Nouméa.

Voh

Jacob Janan Couthy, born on 1 January 1964, grew up at Gatope, Tiéta, and Voh. He

has worked for the merchant marine and currently works on a contractual basis for

companies such as SMSP and Falconbridge. He is also involved with an association

that helps to find work for unemployed people. With his partner, Rosianne, he has

adopted a daughter.

Koniambo

Samuel Aouta, who passed away in 2002 while in his early 50s, was the head of the

Auta clan at Koniambo. This clan is the spokesman clan for the Kaea, who are the

chiefs at Koniambo. Both clans claim joint rights to the Koniambo Massif.

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Baco

Antoine Cano Poady was born on 7 December 1959. He worked at a variety of jobs

until the 1990s when he became co-manager of a construction company that went

bankrupt in 1994. He was active in the independence movement during the 1980s

Events. In 1997, he helped to draft a petition against the Koniambo Project and later

became involved in Koné Avenir, a political party that defends local citizens’ right to a

clean environment.

Népou

Bea Voudjo, born on 26 October 1949, is Odile Goa’s younger brother. He grew up at

Népou and attended school at Poya and Houaïlou. He worked in the shipyard at Poya

until becoming a minister for the Free Evangelical Church in 1982. He is also the

manager of a shipping company based at Népou, called SOMANE. Married to

Jacqueline Vume Voudjo, he has three children.

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Appendix 2: An oral history of Pinjen

The Causes of the Immigration of Our Ancestors

by Tapao Wabealo and Dina Poatiba

(recorded and translated from Bwatoo to French by Jean-Claude Rivière)

The cause of the exodus of the clans resident at Foadjae, Zhanyala, Pijan Ca

Thitake, Poadapoa, Pai and Wate.

When the colonists (whites) arrived, our elders lived on the Koniène islet. These

were the Wabealo, Voudjo, and Tchaounyane clans. Brother clans that were the

landowners of the islet.

The elders of the Pumali clan, now called Tein, lived in the village of Cathete

ma Pimoaneane in the Goyetta region (name given by the first colonist of the region).

The landowner clan of the mountain chain Kopeto, name given by the whites to

the place called, in Bwatoo, Xapetro, is that of the Poacido, which were called Poany

upon arrival here.

The other clan that settled at Poawai is the Nyadoun clan.

The above-mentioned clans often made the journey to meet each other,

sometimes at the place of one, sometimes at the place of the other, sometimes at the

Koniène islet, belonging to the ‘Moa Xabate’ clans: Wabealo, Voudjo, Tchaounyane.

The Nyadoune clan then left to settle on the Poaxhene islet, on the leeward side

of the Koné river. Some of its members continued on to go live at Zhanyela.

Among these clans there was an inseparable brotherhood: sometimes they

travelled from Zhanyela to Poaxhene, from Poaxhene to Poatraneane (Foae) which the

whites named Fouet. From Poatraneane, they came to Xapeta (named ‘Bay of Gardens’

by the whites). They crossed towards Koniène or went up towards Poawai, Cathete and

to Pimoaneane.

That’s how our elders lived before the arrival of the whites.

Half the clan went down to prepare the Koné coast, from the point called

Poajone. The Tchaounyane chiefdom went to settle there, naming this place Pijan Ca

Thitake. Further on the chiefdom called ‘Moadhma Poadatraba’ settled, and named this

place Poadapoa.

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Further on from there the Tidjite chiefdom went to settle, calling this place Pati.

Next to that, the Gouneboadjane chiefdom established itself, at the place that it named

Wate.

During that period, the clans and chiefdoms lived in harmony on their new

territories, thanks to customary practices: they fished there and cultivated the soil in

perfect tranquillity until the moment when the first white man arrived.

The latter constructed his first house which he baptised Pijan, which

subsequently became the station called Pijan. This colonist was named Coujol2. He

also asked the elders for a piece of land where he could raise his cattle. The elders

having accepted, he thanked them by handing over, by way of payment, a quantity of

tobacco and a bottle of wine.

However, the cattle increased in number and, as there was no barrier, they began

to consume the crops. The elders then went to complain to him, but in response he

threatened them with a whip. Nonetheless the elders came back, at a later point in time,

to protest again. He then took out a gun and threatened them again. Seized with fright,

the elders went back home. The situation became such that they could no longer

cultivate their lands.

At the same time, in 1898, the gospel was making its entry at Xatrope, in the

Voh region. Thus, when the elders heard about it, some of them began to emigrate to

settle at Xujo (Oundjo), the name of which derives from ‘xu nani jo’ (the new yam of

the year).

As Coujol did not change his behaviour towards the elders, letting his cattle

ravage their cropland, the latter therefore decided, together with all the clans, to go

settle at Xujo. It was said at the time that the second reason for their departure was the

arrival of the gospel.

Here are the names of the concerned clans: Wabealo, Tchaounyane, Tidjite,

Poadatraba, Gouneboadjane, Diela, Nyadoun, Tein (Pumali), Poeny (Poacido). While

the rest of the inhabitants of the Koniène islet went up, the Vujo and Nyadoun clans

went down to settle at Hnepu (Népou). The Wate chiefdom stayed for a while at Xujo,

before establishing itself definitively at Webuihone: this is the Gouneboadjane clan.

Those are the reasons for the exodus of our elders, from their houses and their

lands, at the arrival of the whites in the country.

2 actually Caujolle

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Appendix 3: Villagers’ protests against mining operations

In 1956 an entrepreneur from Koné named Maurice Magnier, in association with

the Pentecost Company run by a Caledonian businessman named Édouard Pentecost,

commenced prospecting activities for a nickel mining operation on the mountain just

above the village’s yam gardens. Starting in January 1957, this operation was to continue

for a few months before being abandoned.

Oundjo’s petit chef, Bom Fouange, addressed two letters to the Bureau of

Indigenous Affairs, on 21 and 23 December 1956 respectively, demanding protection for

the spring that provided drinking water for the village. On 29 January 1957, a report by

the gendarme Girold, who also held the administrative position of Agent of Native Affairs

(Syndic des affaires autochtones) at Voh, states that Oundjo villagers had expressed their

concerns about the mining activities’ proximity to the village’s source of fresh water.

They were especially worried that these activities threatened to contaminate a nearby

spring on which the villagers had built a small dam, with their own volunteer labour and

materials provided by the administration, in October 1955. According to this report,

The community of Oundjo requests that a fairly large protective zone be created and protected by an official decree, around the said spring, against prospecting, fires, nickel extraction and expropriation. […] The indigenous community of Oundjo protests against a possible expropriation and requests that their reserve be respected, for fear of seeing their spring dry up and that the village would thus be once again without drinking water. (Girold 1957)

This report also mentions that Bom had pointed out that the area of operations was

officially within the village reserve’s boundaries. The same report observes that the

‘Council of Notables’ had mentioned that another mining company, Ballande, had three

months previously opened a mine called ‘Oundjo’, which encroached on the reserve.

Bom claimed that he had not been consulted before the opening of this mine and that the

village received no compensation. According to the report,

He demands that such a situation not be reproduced, especially on the mountain where the spring that provides the village of Oundjo with drinking water is located. (Girold 1957)

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On the 31st of January, the colonial government’s general secretary addressed both issues

in a letter to the head of the Department of Mines:

If the current springs were to dry up, the community of Oundjo established along the coast would no longer have any drinking water. In addition, the conditions under which the ‘Oundjo’ mine was opened should be studied. Although it is a special type (collective property, untransferable and inalienable) it is certain that the reserve is the property of the indigenous people. In view of the above-mentioned considerations, I draw your attention to the urgency that exists in regulating the indicated situation. (Compain 1957)

However, on 25 June of that year the head of the Subdivision (a representative of the

French state) wrote to the Director of Public Works to report that Mr Briot, an engineer

from the territory’s Department of Mines, had stopped by the office at the beginning of

that month. This letter related that, according to Mr Briot,

a) he had just returned from the Oundjo mines b) the mining activities were taking place outside the protected zone around the

spring feeding the catchment area. c) in consequence, there was no danger concerning the provision of water to the

village. (Therond 1957)

Nonetheless, Bom did not give up. Two years later, when the Pentecost Company

commenced prospecting activities in a nearby area, he sollicited the assistance of the

Republic’s High Commissioner in the Pacific to address the threat of pollution. The latter

addressed a letter, dated 9 October 1959, to the vice president of Nouméa’s Government

Council for the Ministry of Finances, Economic Affairs and the Civil Service. The High

Commissioner transmitted Bom’s request that the Pentecost Company

be careful with the creek that provides drinking water for the village. In fact, it appears that the residents of Oundjo have noticed, for some time, that this watercourse carries the rubble from the prospecting activities. (Pechoux 1959)

Exactly two weeks later, on 23 October, the Minister of the Interior wrote to the Voh

gendarme, who was also the Agent of Native Affairs, requesting him to look into this

problem which he qualified as ‘presenting a certain urgency’ (Goutal 1959a). However,

on 27 October, the gendarme reported that he had visited the site with the petit chef, and

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that the Pentecost Company’s prospecting works ‘were not very significant, the

prospectors are no longer in the area of the spring, and there is currently no risk at all of

pollution of the water that is used by the village of Oundjo,’ (Coustou 1959). On 4

November 1959, the vice president of Nouméa’s Government Council for the Ministry of

Finances, Economic Affairs and the Civil Service, to whom the High Commissioner’s

letter had been addressed, sent the file on to the head of the Department of General

Administration, noting,

At the present time, no particular measure is to be taken; the attention of the village chief and of the Agent of Native Affairs has been drawn to the reservations that should be formulated in the event that the prospecting activities have good results and that a large-scale mining operation is undertaken in this region. (Rouleau 1959)

This did not satisfy the Oundjo villagers, however; the Council of Elders complained that

the river that irrigated their crops had become contaminated with sediment from the mine.

On 2 August 1960 they lodged a complaint, signed by Bom and 29 other village men,

with the State Prosecutor and the Minister of the Interior ‘for deterioration and

sterilisation of our cultivatable lands’.

We live from fishing. If the process of accelerated sterilisation of our crops by Nickel deposits were to continue, we would be obliged to purchase all our food from outside the village, which would place us in a desperate situation. (Fouange 1959)

They demanded a compensation of two million Pacific francs and requested that the

responsable parties make an effort ‘to limit the extent of the process of progressive

sterilisation of our soil’ (Fouange 1959).

Ten days later, the Minister of the Interior wrote a letter to the Commander-in-

Chief of the Gendarmerie, who also held the administrative position of Agent of Native

Affairs for Voh, requesting him to study the situation and report the villagers’ complaints

as well as the decisions that the mining operators would be willing to take ‘to compensate

for this situation and to indemnify the village for the damages they have already

experienced,’ (Goutal 1959b). On 24 August 1960, the Staff Sergeant responded that

after each heavy rain, eroded soil from the former mine site was indeed deposited on the

villagers’ yam gardens. In addition, the mining operators had never asked the petit chef

for authorisation to conduct their activities and had built a road within the reserve without

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paying a fee for the right to enter. However, the police force had been unable to contact

those responsible for the damages as both men resided outside of the district (Coustou

1960).

References for Appendix 3

Compain, J. 1957. Lettre du Secrétaire général du gouvernement au Chef du service des mines. MS. Nouméa, 31 January 1957. Service des archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.

Coustou 1959. Rapport du Maréchal des logis-chef. MS. Voh, 27 October 1959. Service des archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.

Coustou 1960. Rapport du Maréchal des logis-chef, Syndic des affaires autochtones, Voh. MS. Voh, 24 Août 1960. Service des archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.

Fouange, Bom 1959. Lettre du Conseil des anciens et de la population d'Oundjo au Procureur de la République. MS. Oundjo, 2 Août 1959. Service des archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.

Girold 1957. Rapport du gendarme Girold, Syndic des Affaires Autochtones à Voh. MS. Voh, 29 January 1957. Service des Archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.

Goutal, R. 1959a. Lettre du Ministre de l'Intérieur au Chef de Poste de Gendarmerie, Syndic des Affaires Autochtones, Voh. MS. Nouméa, 23 October 1959. Service des Archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.

Goutal, R. 1959b. Lettre du Ministre de l'Intérieur au Commandant de la Bridage de Gendarmerie, Syndic des Affaires Autochtones, Voh. MS. Nouméa, 12 Août 1959. Service des Archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.

Pechoux, L. 1959. Lettre du Haut-Commissaire de la République dans l'Océan pacifique et aux Nouvelles-Hébrides, Gouverneur de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances au Vice-Président du conseil de gouvernement, Ministre des finances, des affaires économiques et de la fonction publique. MS. Nouméa, 9 October 1959. Service des archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.

Rouleau, T. 1959. Note pour le Chef du service d'administration générale. MS. Nouméa, 4 November 1959. Service des archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.

Therond, C. 1957. Lettre du Chef de subdivision au Directeur des travaux publics. MS. Bourail, 25 June 1957. Service des archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Box 37W69, Nouméa.