135

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdullah, Larry R. (2005). The adoption and diffusion of Internet technology in the organisation and management. Walden University U.S.A.

AECT (1972). The field of Educational Technology: A statement of definition. Audiovisual Instruction, 17, 36.

AECT (1977). The definition of Educational Technology. Washington: AECT.

Agarwal, R. (1995). Comparative study of conceptual understanding by programme instruction and computer assisted instruction. Doctoral Dissertation, Rohilkhand University.

Aggarwal, Y.P. and Mohanty, Manisha (1998). Effectiveness of Multi-media, Programmed Learning and traditional method of teaching: A meta analytical study of Indian researches. Indian Educational Review, Vol. 34(2), 57-66.

Agarwalla, Sunita (1998). A study of the educational impact of television on the social and moral development of the women in the Greater Guwahati area. Doctoral Dissertation, Gauhati University.

Aitken, H. G. J. (1985). The continuous wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900-1932. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Akkoyunlu, B. (1996). Attitudes of students toward computers. Egitim ve Bilim, 20, Issue 100, 15-27. (In Turkish).

136

Akpan, J. P. (1999). The effect of a prior dissection simulation on middle school students’ dissection performance and understanding of the anatomy and morphology of the frog. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 8(2), 107-121.

Akpan, J. P. (2001). Issues associated with inserting computer simulations into biology instruction: A Review of the Literature. Electronic Journal of Science Education, 5(3).

Akpan, J. P., and Andre, T., (2000). Using a computer simulation before dissection to help student learn anatomy. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 19(3), 297-313.

Alessi, S. M. (1988). Fidelity in the design of instructional simulations. Journal of Computer Based Instruction, 15(2), 40-47.

Alexander, W., Higgison, C., and Mogey, N. (1999). Videoconferencing in teaching and learning- Case studies. Learning Technology Dissemination Initiative. http://www.icbl.hw.ac.uk

Amjad, Ali. (2004), Infomedia in Higher Education. New Delhi: Rosh Publications.

Anderson, L., Fyvie, B., Koritko, B., McCarthy, K., Murillo Paz, S., Rizzuto, M. et al. (2006). Best practices in synchronous conferencing moderation. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning [Online], 7(1).

Anderson, R. Trollip, S. (1982). A computer based private pilot (airplane) certification examination: A first step towards nationwide computer administration of FAA Certification exams. Journal of Computer Based Instruction, 8(3), 6570 .

137

Anderson, T. D. (1996). The virtual conference: Extending professional education in cyberspace. International Journal of Educational Telecommunication, 2(2/3), 121-135.

Andre, T. (1986). Problem solving and education, In G.D. Phye and T. Andre (Eds) Cognitive Classroom Learning, An Diego: Academic Press, Inc.

Andre, T., and Haselhuhn, C. (1995). Mission Newton! Using a computer game that simulates motion in Newtonian space before or after formal instruction in mechanics. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, (April 1995).

Aroyo, L., and Mizoguchi, R. (2004). Towards Evolutional Authoring Support Systems. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 15 (4), 365-387.

Asan, A. (2002). Pre-service teachers’ use of technology to create instructional materials: A school-college partnership. Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education, 21, (2), 217-232.

Asan, A. (2003). School experience course with multimedia in teacher education: An example from Turkey. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19, 21-34.

Askar, P. and Umay, A. (2001). Perceived computer self-efficacy of the students in the elementary mathematics-teaching program. Hacettepe Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 21, 1-8. (In Turkish).

Balasubramanian, N. (1993). Correlation of teacher's classroom communication patterns and personality traits. Journal of Indian Education, Vol. XVIII (95), 24-28.

Baek, Mi-Kyung (2005). Insider at border: Interactions of technology, language, culture, and gender in

138

computer-mediated communication by Korean female learners of English. wwwlib.umi.com.

Baker, Kenheth A. (2005). Educational leadership views of current and future uses of portable technology in higher education. U.S.A.

Bani Ali, Abdullah Saeed (2005). An assessment of the impact of the fit among computer self-efficacy task characteristics and systems characteristics on performance and in formation systems utilization. U.S.A.

Basalla, G. (1988). The evolution of technology. New York: Cambridge.

Bates, A.W. (1995). Technology in Open learning and Distance Education. London: Routledge.

Bates, A.W. and Poole Gary (2003). Effective teaching with technology in Higher Education foundation for success. Canada.

Bhangoo, Satwant ad Sidhu, Rajkarey (1997). Impact of selected audio-visual aids on food hygiene knowledge of school students. Trends in Education, Vol. XXXII (1), 89-96.

Birenbaum, M. and Tatsuoka, K. (1987). Open ended versus multiple choice response formats: It does make a difference for diagnostic purposes. Applied Psychological Measurement, 11, 385-395 .

Biswal, Ashutosh (1995). Development of computer-based Time-space-personnel Management System. Doctoral Dissertation. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya.

139

Blumenfeld, P. C., Soloway, E., Marx, R. W., Krajcik, J. S., Guzdial, M., and Palincsar, A. (1991). Motivating project-based learning: Sustaining the doing, supporting the learning. Educational Psychologist, 26 , 369–398.

Borgmann, A. (1984). Technology and the character of contemporary life. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Brant, G., Hooper, E., and Sugrue, B. (1991). Which comes first the simulation or the lecture? Journal of Educational Computing Research, 7(4), 469-481.

Bugbee, A. C. Jr. and Bernt, F. M. (1990). Testing by computer: Findings in six years of use 1982-1988. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 87-100 .

Butson, R. (2003). Learning objects: weapons of mass instruction. British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol 34, (5), 667-269.

Byrne, R. and Findlay, B. (2004). Preference for SMS versus telephone calls in initiating romantic relationships. Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 2(1).

Cagiltay, K., Cakiroglu, J., Cagiltay, N. and Cakiroglu, E. (2001). Teachers’ perspectives about the use of computers in education. Hacettepe Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, In Turkish, 21, 19-28.

California Department of Education (1990). Science framework for California public schools kindergarten through grade twelve. Sacramento.

Carpenter, S. (1974). Modes of knowing and Technological Action. Philosophy Today, 18(2), 162-168.

140

Carvalho, S. (2000). Modernizing and globalizing the learning environment:Video-conferencing in education. Proceedings of the Distance Education in Small States, Ocho Rios: Jamaica, 299-309.

Caws, P. (1979). The history and philosophy of technology. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. 227-237

Chan, H. C., Tan, B. C. Y. and Tan, W. (2000). A case study of one-to-one video-conferencing education over the Internet, In A. K. Aggarwal, (ed.), Web-based learning and teaching technologies: Opportunities and challenges (pp. 327-346). Hershey, Pennsylvania: Idea Group Publishing.

Chandrs, Arvinda and Pndya, Reameshari (1996). How effective are video films for imparting legal education? The progress of Education, Vol. LXXI (4), 90-92 & 96.

Chia, B., Pennell, R. and Sims, R. (1992). A future promised. Proceedings of the 1992 conference of the Australian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education, Sydney 359.

Clrk. I. and James, P.R. (1993). The use of concept Maps in the teaching of Structural Geology in prompting teaching in higher education (Reports from the National teaching workshop), Griffith University Press, 291-304.

Coleman, F. (1998). Using the body electronic: Students use computer simulations to enhance their understanding of human physiology. Learning and Leading with Technology, 25(8), 18.

Constant, E.W. II. (1980). The origins of the turbojet revolution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Constant, E.W. (1984). Communities and hierarchies: Structure in the practice of science and technology. In

141

R. Laudan, The nature of technological knowledge, are models of scientific change relevant? Boston: D. Reidel. 27-46.

Criscione, Christine L. (2005). An evaluation of technology staff development courses for the levels of Technology use by teachers in non public schools. ST. Johns University’ school of Education and human services.

Cristea, A. (2004a). What can the Semantic Web do for Adaptive Educational Hypermedia? Educational Technology & Society, 7 (4), 40-58.

Cristea, A. (2004b). Is Semi-Automatic Authoring of Adaptive Educational Hypermedia possible? Advanced Technology for Learning Journal, 1 (4), 227-236.

Dalelynn, Arers (2005). The effects of a laptop computer program on the teaching- learning dynamic at one physical the rapist education program. Indiana University. from: wwwlibumi.com,

Datta, S. (1998). An investigation into modification of teaching behaviour of upper primary science teachers through verbal interaction analysis feedback and its effect on scholastic achievement of pupils studying in Class BII of South Delhi schools. Doctoral Dissertation, New Delhi: Jamia Millia Islamia

De Bra, P., and Calvi, L. (1998). AHA! An open Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture. The New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 4, 115-139.

DeGarmo, E. P., Black, J. T., and Kohser, R. A. (1988). Materials and processes in manufacturing. New York: Macmillan.

142

Delisle R. (1997). How to Use Problem-Based Learning in the Classroom. Association for supervision and Curriculum Development. Alexandria, Virginia, USA.

DeVore, P. W. (1968). Toward unity and diversity in industrial arts teacher education. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 5(4), 13-26.

DeVore, P. W. (1970). Discipline structures and processes: A research design for the identification of content and method. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 7(2), 21-31.

DeVore, P.W. (1992). Introduction to transportation technology. In J.R. Wright and S. Komacek (eds.). Transportation in technology education, 41st yearbook, Council of Technology Teacher Education, Columbus, OH: Glencoe, 1-32.

Desai, D.M. (1994). Relative effectiveness of graphic and projected aids in teaching selected units of foods and nutrition to school children of Standard VII with reference to some psycho-social variables. Doctoral Dissertation, Gujarat University.

Dewal, O.S. (1997). Educational technology: trend Report. in Fifth Survey of Research in Education. New Delhi: NCERT.

Dimock, P. H. and Cormier, P. (1991). The effects of format differences and computer experience on performance and anxiety on a computer administered test. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 24(3), 119-26.

Dimock, P. H. and Cormier, P. (1991). The effects of format differences and computer experience on performance and anxiety on a computer administered test.

143

Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 119-26.

Dorman, D. (1990). Towards an Australian Broadband Network Infrastructure Telecommunication, Journal of Australia, 40(2), 3-14.

Downs, E., Clark, &Bennett, J. (1995). New directions for teacher education in the information age. In D.A. Willis, B. Robin and J. Willis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education, 6, 247-249.

Dublin, L. (2004). The nine myths of e-learning implementation: ensuring the real return on your e-learning investment. Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 36, (7), 291-294.

Eaves, R. and Smith, E. (1986). The effect of media and amount of microcomputer experience on examination scores. Journal of Experimental Education, 55, 23-26.

Ely, D. (1970). Toward a philosophy of instructional technology. Journal of Educational Technology, 1, 84-94.

Ely, D. P. (2003). Selecting media for distance education. Syracuse, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Information Technology. Emerging Technologies and Society, 3(1).

Enigo, M. Charles (1997). Effectiveness of instructor controlled interactive video as compared to conventional non-interactive video and lecture method in modifying the cognitive behaviour among farmers in agriculture. Doctoral Dissertation, Bharathiar University.

144

Erstad, O. (2002). Norwegian students using digital artefacts in project-based learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18, 427–437.

Ettinger, A. Holton, V., and Blass, E. (2005). E-learner experiences: learning from the pioneers. Industrial and Evolving New Models. Quality Assurance in Education, Vol. 10, (1), 40-50.

Finn, J. (1962). A walk on the altered side. In D. Ely and T. Plomb (Eds.), Classic writings on instructional technology, Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 47-55.

Finn, M., and Vandenham, N. (2004). The handheld classroom: Educational implications of mobile computing. Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, Retrieved July 23, 2005.

Fletcher, P. and Collins, M.A.J. (1987). Computer administered versus written tests: Advantages and disadvantages. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 6(2), 38-43 .

Frederiksen, N. and Ward, W. (1978). Measures for the study of creativity in scientific problem solving. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2, 1-24 .

Freeman, M. (1998). Video conferencing: A solution to the multi-campus large classes' problem? British Journal of Educational Technology, 29(3), 197-210.

Frey, R.E. (1989). A philosophical framework for understanding technology. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 27(1), 23-35.

Gaikwad, K.D. (1993). Effect of mastery over theory and planning skills upon teacher-trainees, performance of

145

concept attainment model. Doctoral Dissertation. Shivaji University.

Gagne, R.(1978). Educational Research and Development-Past and Future. In R. Glaser and W. Colley (Ed), Learning, Research and Development, New York: Halsted Press.

Gary A. Berg, (2003). The Knowledge Medium: Designing Effective computer-based learning Environments. Information Science Publishing, University Press.

Gaston, J. (2006). Reaching and Teaching the Digital Natives. Library Hi Tech News, Academic Research Library, 23 (3), 12-13.

Gatto, D. (1993). The use of interactive computer simulations in training. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 9(2),144-154.

Gibbs, G. Habeshaw, S. and Habeshaw, T. (1988). Fifty-three interesting things to do in your lectures. Technical and Educational Services Ltd.

GLEF, (2001). Project based learning research. Edutopia Online, The George Lucas Educational Foundation, Retrieved June 12, 2008.

Goel, D.R.; Joshesh, S. and Shinde, L. (1994). Development of computer software for assessing research aptitude. Psycho-Lingua, Vol. 24 (2),83-91.

Goel, D.R. and Sarangi, Dibakar (1995), The IGNOU ETV: Different telemodes. The progress of Education, Vol. LXIX(8), 148-152.

Goggin, G. (2005). Mobile learning Professional Educator, 4(1), 35-37.

146

Gould, S.J. (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

Greenberg, A. (2004). Navigating the sea of research on video conferencing-based distance education. Retrieved March 31, 2006. From: www.polycom.com

Gustafson, K. L. and Reeves, T. (1990). A platform for a course development expert system. Educational Technology. 30(3), 26-31.

Habeshaw, S. and Steeds, G. (1987). Fifty-three interesting communication exercises for science students. Technical and Educational Services Ltd, Bristol, 235.

Habeshaw, T., Habeshaw, S. and Gibbs, G. (1989). Fifty-three interesting ways of helping your students to study. Technical and Educational Services Ltd. Bristol, 197.

Hale, M., Okey, J., Shaw, E. and Burns, J. (1985). Using computer animation in science testing. Computers in the Schools, 83-90.

Halverson, R. and Collins, A. (2006). Information technologies and the future of schooling in the United States. Journal of Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 1(2), 145–156.

Hathi, Urmil H. (1994). A study of the audio visual aids in secondary schools of the Gujarat State. Doctoral Dissertation, Saurashtra University.

Harasim, L. (1995). Learning Networks a Field Guide to Teaching and Learning Online. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

147

Henry, P. (2001). E-learning technology content and services. Education and Training, Vol. 43, (1) 4, 249-255.

Hizal, A. (1989). Computer education and assessing teacher views toward computer aided instruction. Anadolu Universities Yayinlari, 338, (11), Eskisehir. (In Turkish).

Hodas, S. (1993). Technology refusal and the organizational culture of Hotel. Montreal, Canada.

Howkridge D. (1993). Challenging Educational Technology. London Athlone Press.

Ilangovan, K.N. (19998). Effectiveness of audio-video intervention in developing listening comprehension in English at higher secondary stage. Doctoral Dissertation, Bharathiar University.

James, P.R. and Clark, I. (1991). Computer animation and multimedia presentation software as an aid to tertiary geological education in the Earth Sciences. In Simulation and Academic Gaming in Tertiary Education, Godfrey, R. 8th ASCILITE Conference, Launceston, 339-348 .

Januszewski, J. (2001). Educational Technology: The development of a concept. New York: Libraries Unlimited.

Jarvie, I.C. (1966). The social character of technological problems. Technology and Culture, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House , 7(3), 384-390.

Jasont, Abbitt (2005). The development of an evaluation framework for a web-based course management system in Higher Education, Hong Kong.

Jennings, M. and Bronack, S.C. (2001). The use of desktop video conferencing as a medium for collaboration

148

between beginning instructional designers and intern teachers. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 7(2), 91-107.

Johnson, D.W. and Johnson, R. T. (1994). Learning together and alone: Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. Boston.

Jonassen, D.H. (2006). Technology as cognitive tools: Learners as designers, instructional technology forum. Retrieved March 10, 2008. From:http://itech.coe.uga.edu.

Joshi, Anuradha and Mahapatra, B.C. (1995). Effectiveness of computer software in terms of higher mental ability in science. Indian Journal of Psychometric and Education, Vol. 26 (2), 105-108.

Kahle, J. B. and Meece, J. (1994). Research on gender issues in the classroom. In D. L. Gabel, Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning, 542-557. New York, Macmillan.

Kannan, V.S.S. (1998). A study of Education technology inputs I B.Ed. Curriculum in Tamil Nadu. Doctoral Dissertation. Alagappa University.

Kapoor, Peony and Verma, Prem (1997). Aggression in relation to television viewing. Psycho-Lingua, Vol. 27(1), 41-46.

Karandikar, C.M. (1997). Evolving video instructional package to teach balanced diet to the students of Standard BII and studying its effectiveness in terms of the students' achievement. Doctoral Dissertation, Baroda: The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

Karampiperis, P. and Sampson, D. (2004). Adaptive Learning Object Selection in Intelligent Learning Systems. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 15 (4), 389-409.

149

Kaswakar, P. Arattee (1996). Construction and effectiveness of multimedia package to develop population awareness in the trainees of primary teacher training institutions. Doctoral Dissertation, Gujarat: Gujarat Vidyapith.

Khemchandami, Beena S. (1998). A study of the use of technological devices of academic counselors at IGNOU study centers of Ahmedabad District-A case study. Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 21 (2), 273-277.

Khan, B.H. (2005). Learning features in an open, flexible, and distributed environment. AACE Journal, 13(2), 137-153.

Kibby, M.R. and Hartley, R.J. (1994). CAL into the mainstream: Computer Assisted Learning. Selected contributions from the CAL 93 symposium, York, Pergamon Press, 204.

Kinzie, M. B., Strauss, R., and Foss, M. J. (1993). The effects of an interactive dissection simulation on the performance and achievement of high school biology students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30(8), 989-1000.

Klausmeier, H.J., and Allen, P.S. (1978). Cognitive Development of Children and Youth. New York, Academic Press.

Knipe, D., and Lee, M. (2002). The quality of teaching and learning via videoconferencing. British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(3), 301-311.

Kothari, Saroj and Choudhary, Manju (1995). Impact of television programme on behaviour of students of various age levels. Psycho-Lingua, Vol. 25(1&2), 43-50. Kulkarni, S.S. and Kapadia, G. 91974). Programmed

150

learning Trend Reports in Buch, M.B. (Ed), First Survey of Research in Education. Case Baroda, 1974.

Kulkarni, S.S. (1986). Introduction to Educational Technology New Delhi, Oxford & IBH.

Kumar K.L. (2001). Educational Technology. New Delhi, New AGE International Limited.

Kumar, Niraj (1998). Prospects and Problems in the Use of Educational Media: Case Study of an Agriculture University. Indian Educational Review, Vol. 34(2), 90-98.

Kulahci, S.G., and Gurol, M. (1991). Views and attitudes of teachers toward computers. Egitim ve Bilim, 15 Issue 80, 28-35, (In Turkish).

Landies, D. (1980). The creation of knowledge and technique: Today's task and yesterday's experience. Deadalis, 11-120.

Laurillard, D. (2001). E-university–what have we learned? International Journal of Management Education, Vol. 1.

Layton, E. T. (1974). Technology as knowledge. Technology and Culture. 19(1), 31-41.

Lechner, U. and Schmid, B. (2000). Community and Media – Towards a Reconstruction of Communities on Media. In Sprague, E. New Jersey, IEEE Press.

Lee, K. (1997). Enhanced learning environment for teachers: What next? In J. Willis, B. Robin, and D.A. Willis (Eds.). Technology and Teacher Education Annual, 1997, 376-381. Charlottesville.

151

Lewis, T. and Gagel, C. (1992). Technological literacy-A critical analysis. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 24 (2), 117-138.

Luke, T., and Tuathail, G. O. (2000). Thinking geopolitical space: The spatiality of war.

MacDonald, S. (1983). Technology beyond machines, the trouble with technology. London: Frances Pinter.

MacIntosh, J. (2001). Learner concerns and teaching strategies for video-conferencing. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 32(6), 260-265.

MacKenzie, D. and Wajcman, J. (1985). The social shaping of technology. Milton Keynes: Open University.

Mahajan, Sanjay L. (1994). Effectiveness of computer-assisted instructions for teaching singular and plural at II Grade. Bharatiya Shiksha Shodh Patrika, Vol. 13, 29-32.

Malik, J.S. (1993). Technology transfer model: An analysis of linkage. Doctoral Dissertation, Hissar: Agricultural University.

Mallick, P.K. (1995). Evaluation of educational television programmes for Oriya medium primary school children in terms of presentation, achievement with and without talkback, school achievement and attitude towards educational television. Doctoral Dissertation, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya.

Maarthandavarm, K. (1998). Effectiveness of instructional media in modifying cognitive and affective behaviour in prevention and control of Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Doctoral Dissertation, Bharathiar University.

152

Mangal S.K. (2002). Educational technology, India, Tandon Publications.

Marx, R. W., Blumenfeld, P. C., Krajcik, J.S., Blunk, M., Crawford, B., Kelly, B., and Meyer, K. M. (1997). Enacting project-based science. The Elementary School Journal, 97 (1), 341–358.

McCannon, M., and Crews, B.T. (2000). Assessing the technology training needs of elementary school teachers. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 8, Issue 2, 111-121

McGinn, R.E. (1978). What is technology? Research in Philosophy and Technology, 179-197.

McKinney, W. J. (1997). The educational use of computer based science simulations: Some lessons from the philosophy of science. Science and Education, 6(6), 591-603.

Meehl, P. E. (1967). Theory testing in psychology and physics: A methodological paradox. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13, 12-34.

Mesthene, E.G. (1979). The role of technology in society. In A.H. Teich, Technology and the future, New York: St. Martin's Press, 77-99.

Minervam, Ladores (2005). Across cultural study of two teacher education technology classes: United States and the Philippines. wwwlib.umi.com.

Mitcham, C. (1978). Types of technology. In P. T. Durbin (Ed.), Research in philosophy and technology, 1, 229-294 Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

153

Mishra, C.H.K. (1984). Educational technology: Trend Report, in Buch, M.B. (Ed), Third Survey of Research in Education. New Delhi: NCERT, 1984.

Moon, B. (1997). Open Learning and new technologies in teacher education: New Paradigms in development. European Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 20 (1), 7-31.

Moe, K. C. and Johnson, M. F. (1988). Participants' reactions to computerized testing. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 4, 79-86.

Moles, R. (1993). Computer aided learning in Law, Campus Review: Higher Education. News, 3, September 1993 .

Monroe Paul (1923). Source Book of the History of Education. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Morgan, R. M. (1978). Educational Technology-adolescence to adulthood. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 26, 142-152.

Mukhopadya, Marmar and Others (Eds). Educational technology: Third Yearbook. New Delhi: AIAET, 1991.

Mukhopadya, Marmar (ed). Educational technology: Challenging Issues. New Delhi: Sterling. 1990.

Murray, Thomas R. and Kobayashi, Victor N. (1987). Educational technology its creation, development and cross-cultural transfer, U.S.A.

Narin, F. and Olivastro, D. (1992). Status report: Linkage between technology and science. Research Policy, 237-249.

154

Neal, L. (2001). Learning from e-learning. e-Learn, Vol. 2001, (10), 3, Sarojni Choy.

Neo, T. K. and Neo, M. (2004). Integrating multimedia into the Malaysian classroom: Engaging students in interactive learning. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 3(3).

Neera. Chetan Lai (1996). The production and validation of video teaching-learning material in home science for senior secondary students of Delhi. Doctoral Dissertation, Jamia Millia Islamia.

Novak J, Gowin D.B. (1984). Learning how to learn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Novak J. (1990). Concept Mapping: A useful devise for Science Education. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol. 27 (10), 937-47.

Odabasi, S.Y., Namlu, F. (1997). Classroom teachers’ uses of instructional materials, National 3rd Conference of Classroom Teaching, Cukurova University, October 23-24, Adana.

Orhun, E. (2000). Computer innovation in education in Turkey, Third International Summer School on Computer-Based Cognitive Tools for Teaching and Learning, 34-35, 17-28 July 2000, Cesme, Izmir.

Panda, B.B. (19994). Effect of advance organizer and set induction on learnings. Experiments in Education, Vol. XXII (9), 194-199.

Patanyak, S.P. and Mohanan, N.K. (1993). Achievement in History: Effect of advance organizers. Journal of Asian Education, Vol. 19(2), 37-42.

155

Parha, M. (1994). A study of effect of medial on student learning. Doctoral Dissertation, Jamia Millia Islamia.

Parayil, G. (1991). Technological knowledge and technological change. Technology and Society, 13(2), 289-304.

Pattillo, R. E. (2007). Decreasing transactional distance in a Web-based course. Nursing Educator, 32(3), 109-112.

Perrin, J (1990). The inseparability of technology and work organizations. History and Technology, 7(1), 1-13.

Pittman, T. M. (2003). Can interactive video conferencing contribute to increased online exemplary learning practices? From:http://students.cna.nl.ca.

Polanyi, M. (1967). The tacit dimension. New York: Doubleday Anchor.

Polman, J.and Fishman, B. (1995). Electronic communication tools in the classroom: Student and environmental characteristic as predictors of adoption. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA, 40-50.

Rapp, F. (1974). Technology and natural science-A methodological investigation. In F. Rapp, Contributions to a philosophy of technology 93-114 Boston: D. Reidel.

Reiser, R. (1987). Instructional technology: A history. In R Gagne (Ed.), Instructional technology: Foundations, Researcher, 18 (1), 32–42.

Rheingold, H. (1993). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. New York: Addison-Wesley.

156

Richter, M. N., Jr. (1982). Technology and social complexity. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Ring, G. (1992). Computer administered testing. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Information Technology for Training and Education, 502-508, Brisbane: University of Queensland

Roblyer, M. D., Edwards, J. and Havriluk, M. A. (1997). Integrating educational technology into teaching. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Rocklin, T. and Thompson, J. (1985). Interactive effects of test anxiety, test difficulty and feedback. Journal of Educational Psychology, 368-372 .

Rockware, (1994). The scientific software catalogue, Wheat Ridge, Denver, 125.

Roffe, I. (2002). E-learning: engagement, enhancement and execution. Quality Assurance in Education, Vol. 10, No. 1, Rosenberg, inside the black box: Technology and economics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Routledge, Yeaman, A., Hlynka, D., Anderson, J., Damarin, S., and Muffoletto, R. (1996). Postmodern and poststructuralist theory, In D. Jonassen, Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology, New York.

Rowntree, D. (1992). Exploring open and distance learning. London: Kogan Page.

Sabine George H. (1937). A History of Political Theory. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc.

157

Sandys Sir John Edwin (1920). A History of Classical Scholarship from the 6th Century B.C. to the End of the middle ages. London: Cambridge University Press; Wahl Jean.

Savage, E. and Sterry, L. (1990). A conceptual framework for technology education. Reston: VA: International Technology Education Association.

Scarbrough, H. and Corbett, J.M. (1992). Technology and organization power, meaning and design. New York: Routledge.

Schacter, J. (1999). The impact of educational technology on student achievement: What the most current research has to say. Milken Exchange on Education Technology, Santa Monica, CA.

Scott, C., Biggar, M. and Dorman, D. (1990). Getting the Picture-Integrated Video Services in B-ISDN. Telecommunication Journal of Australia, 40(2), 21-25.

Seufert, S. and Seufert, A. (1999). The Genius Approach: Building Learning Networks for Advanced Management Education. New Jersey: IEEE Press.

Sharan, S. and Shaulov, A. (1990). Cooperative learning, motivation to learning, and academic achievement. In Sharan, S. (Eds.), Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice, New York: Praeger Publishers, 173–202.

Sharma. B.M. (1994). Media and Education. Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi.

Siddiqui, Mujibul Hasan (2004). Challenges of Educational Technology. New Delhi, APH Publishing.

158

Skolimowski, H (1972). The structure of thinking in technology. In C. Mitcham and R. Mackey, Philosophy and technology: Readings in the philosophical problems of technology, New York: Free Press, 42-49.

Slavin, R.E. (1985). An introduction to cooperative learning research. In R. Slavin, S. Sharan, S. Kagan, R. Hertz-Lazarowitz, C. Webb and R. Schmuick et al, Learning to Cooperate, Cooperate to Learning, New York: Plenum Press, 5–15.

Sleeter, C and Tettegah, S. (2002). Technology as a tool in multicultural teaching. Multicultural Education, 10 (2),3-9.

Smith, A. (2005). Using integrated enterprise systems to achieve strategic goals: A case study of a dual mode university. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning.

Smyth, R. (2005). Broadband videoconferencing as a tool for learner-centered distance learning in higher education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 36(5), 805-820.

Staudenmaier, J.M. SJ. (1985). Technology's storytellers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Suppe, F. (1974). The structure of scientific theories. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Teng, T.L. and Taveras, M. (2004-2005). Combining live video and audio broadcasting, synchronous chat, and asynchronous open forum discussions in distance education. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 33(2), 121-129.

Thomas, J. W. (2000). A review of research of project-based learning. From: www.k12reform.org/foundation/pbl.

159

Townsend, A. M., Demarie, S.M. and Hendrickson, A. R. (2001). Desktop video conferencing in virtual workgroups: anticipation, system evaluation and performance. Information Systems Journal, 11, 213-227.

Tylinski, J.D. (1995). The effect of a computer simulation on junior high students understanding of the physiological systems of an Earthworm Dissection. Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.

Ullah, L. (2003). Global project-based learning. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, San Jose State University, USA.

UNESCO (2003). Developing and Using Indicators of ICT Use in Education. Bangkok.

Usha Rao (2006). Educational Technology, Mumbai: Himalaya publishing House.

Venkataiah. V. (1996). Educational Technology, New Delhi: S.B. Nangia.

Vincenti, W. G. (1982). Control-volume analysis: A difference in thinking between engineering and physics. Technology and Culture, 23(2), 145-174.

Vincenti, W.G. (1984). Technological knowledge without science: The innovation of flush riveting in American airplanes. Technology and Culture, 540-576.

Ward, W., Frederickson, N. and Carlson, S. (1990). Construct validity of free response and machine score-able forms of a test. Journal of Educational Measurement, 11-29 .

Warren, Adam and Brunner, David (1998). Technology in Teaching and Learning: An introductory Guide. London.

160

Wartofsky, M. W. (1968). Conceptual foundations of scientific thought. New York: Macmillan.

Wilkinson, K. L., and Hemby, K. V. (2000). An examination of perceptions of the use of virtual conferences in organizations: The Organizational Systems Research Association (OSRA) and the Association for Business Communication (ABC) members speak out, Information Technology. Learning, and Performance Journal, 18(2), 13-23.

Willoughby, K.W. (1990). Technology choice a critique of the appropriate technology movement. San-Francisco: West view press.

Winch, P. (1990). The idea of a social science and its relation to philosophy. London.

Wise S. and Plake, B. (1990). Computer based testing in higher education. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 3-10.

Wise, S., Plake B., Pozehl, B. Barnes, L. and Lukin, L. (1989). Providing item feedback in computer based tests: Effects of initial success and failure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 479-486.

Woolf, B., and Hall, W. (1995). Multimedia pedagogues: Interactive systems for teaching and learning. IEE Multimedia, 2(3), 74-80.

Young, K. (2002). Is e-learning delivering ROI? Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 34, No. 22, 54-61.

Zhongmin, L. and Merrill, D. M. (1991). Design theory and process. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53-69.

161

Internet Sites

http://www. acm.org/sigs/sigchi/chi97/

http://www.agocg.ac.uk/reports/mmedia/video3.pdf

http://www.azeri.irib.ir

http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/ict

http://www.coco.edfac.usyd.edu.au.

http://www.crystal.uah.edu/~carter/papers/multimed.PDF

http://www.edutopia.org/project-based-learning-research.

http://www.edutopia.org/start-pyramid.

http://www.ejel.org ISSN 1479-4403 19

http://www.epaa.asu.edu/epaav1n10.html

http://www.idea-group.com

http://www.Indianchild.com

http://www.indiantelevision.com/indianbrodcast/history/

http://www.irphe.ir

http://www.irrodl.org/content/v6.1/smith.html

162

http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view

http://www.Japanese.irib.ir

http://www.k12reform.org/foundation/pbl/research/.

http://www.lib.umi.com

http://www.lib.umi.com, Indiana University

http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/huckboyd/internet.htm

http://www.pashtu.lirib.ir

http://www.portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php

http://www.russian.irib.ir

http://www.swin.edu.au/sbs/ajets/journal/issue2/abstract_handheld.htm

http://www.swin.edu.au/sbs/ajets/journal/issue2/abstract_sms.htm

http://www.swin.edu.au/sbs/ajets/journal/issue4/abstract-104finn.htm

http://www.unr.edu/homepage/crowther/ejse/ejsev5n3.html

http://coco.edfac.usyd.edu.au.

http://epaa.asu.edu/epaav1n10.html

163

http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php

http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigchi/chi97/

http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/ict

http://www.crystal.uah.edu/~carter/papers/multimed.PDF

http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/PDFs/04_Norms_Flyer.pdf

http://www.indiantelevision.com/indianbrodcast/history/historyoftele.htm

http://www.irrodl.org/content/v6.1/smith.html

http://www.nib.unicamp.br/recursos/distance_education/evaluating-cbe.html

http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/huckboyd/internet.htm

http://www.swin.edu.au/sbs/ajets/journal/issue2/abstract_handheld.htm

http://www.swin.edu.au/sbs/ajets/journal/issue4/abstract_104Finn.htm