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NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

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BRODIE, A. G. (1941). Growth patterns of the human head from the third month to the eighth year of life. Amer. J. Anat. 68: 209.

BRODIE, A. G. (1953). Late growth changes in the human face. Angle Orthod. 23: 157.

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LEIGHTON, B. C. (1968). Eruption of deciduous teeth. Practitioner. 200: 836.

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MOORREES, C. F. A., GR0N, A.-M., SEBRET, L. M. L., YEN, P. K. J.,

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muscles in temporo-mandibular movement. Amer. J. Orthod. 36: 481.

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MURPHY, T. R. (1964). Reduction of the dental arch by approxi­mal attrition. Brit. Dent. J. 116: 483.

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SEWARD, T. (1947). Dentistry-a study ill anatomical design. Austral. J. Dent. 51 : 223.

SILLMAN, J. H. (1938). Relationship of maxillary and mandibular gum pads in the newborn infant. Amer. J. Orthod. and Oral Surg., 24: 409.

SILLMAN, J. H. (1951). Serial study of good occlusion from birth to twelve years. Amer. J. Orthod. and Oral Surg. 37: 481.

SILLMAN, J. H. (1965). Some aspects of individual dental develop­ment: longitudinal study from birth to 25 years. Amer. J. Orthod. 51: I.

SYMONS, N. B. B. (1951). Studies on the growth and formation of the mandible. Dent. Rec. 71: 41, and Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 81.

THOMPSON, J. R. (1946). The rest position of the mandible and its significance to dental science. J. Amer. Dent. Assoc. 33: 151.

TRATMAN, E. K. (1950). A comparison of the teeth of people. Indo-European racial stock with the Mongoloid racial stock. Dent. Rec. 70: 31.

WEST, C. M. (1925). The development of the gums and their relationship to the deciduous teeth in the human foetus. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 87.

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WHILLIS, J. (1946). Movement of the tongue in deglutition. J. Anat. 80: II5.

WIDOWSON, E. M., MCCANCE, R. A. (1964). Effects of nutrition and disease on growth. Brit. Dent. J. 117: 326.

AETIOLOGY

BALLARD, C. F. (1951). Facial musculature and anomalies of the dento-alveolar structures. Trans. E.O.S., p. 137.

BALLARD, c. F. (1955). A consideration of the physiological background of mandibular posture and movement. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 117.

BALLARD, c. F. (1957). The aetiology of malocclusion: an assess­ment. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. IS.

BALLARD, C. F., and GREWCOCK, R. (1954), The clinical aspects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

and physiological mechanism of the abnormal path of closure. Trans. E.O.S., p. 273.

BIEDERMAN, w. (1962). Aetiology and treatment of tooth anky­losis. Amer. J. Orthod. 48: 670.

BJORK, A. (1950). Some biological aspects of prognathism and occlusion ofthe teeth. Acta Scand. Odont. 9: I.

BJORK, A., JENSEN, E., and PALLING, M. (1956). Mandibular growth and third molar impactions.

BREAKSPEAR, E. K. (1951). Sequelae of early loss of deciduous molars. Dent. Rec. 71: 127.

CLINCH, L. (1958). A longitudinal study of the results of premature extractions of deciduous teeth between 3-4 and 13-14 years of age. Dent. Pract. 9: 109.

DEWEL, B. F. (1949). Clinical observations on axial inclination of teeth. Amer. J. Orthod. 35: 98.

DICKSON, G. c. (1970). The natural history of malocclusion. Trans. B.S.S.O. p. 148.

DIXON, D. A. (1962). Observations on submerging deciduous molars. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 101.

EMSLIE, R. D. (1958). The incisal relationship and periodontal disease. Paradontologie 1: 15.

FANNING, E. A. (1962). Effect of extraction of deciduous molars on the formation and eruption of their successors. Angle Orthod. 32: H.

FROHLICH, F. J. (1961). A longitudinal study of untreated class II type malocclusions. Trans. E.O.S., p. 137.

GARDINER, J. H. (1955). A survey of malocclusion and some aetiological factors in 1000 Sheffield schoolchildren. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. IH.

GARDINER, J. H. (1961). Supernumerary teeth. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 15·

HUMPHREYS, H. F., LEIGHTON, B. c. (1950). Factors in the aetiology of postnormal occlusion. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 48.

HUNT, E. E. (1961). Malocclusion and civilisation. Amer. J. Orthod. 47: 406.

KIM, Y. H., SHIERE, F. R., and FOGELS, H. R. (1961). Pre-eruptive factors of tooth rotation and axial inclination. J. Dent. Res. 40 :

548.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

KRAUS, B. S., WISE, W. J., and FREI, R. H. (1959). Heredity and the cranio-facial complex. Amer. J. Orthod. 45: 172.

LEIGHTON, B. c. (1959). Early development of the deciduous dentition. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 100.

LEIGHTON, B. c. (1960). Serial models illustrating some spon­taneous changes in the deciduous dentition. Trans. B.S.S.O.,

P·55· LUNDSTROM, A. (1948). An investigation of 202 pairs of twins

regarding fundamental factors in the aetiology of malocclusion. Trans. E.O.S., p. I6I.

LUNDSTROM, AXEL F. (1935). Some evidence concerning the nature of bimaxillary crowding. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 433.

MASLER, M., MALONE, A. J. (1954). Root resorption in human permanent teeth. Amer. J. Orthod. 40: 619.

ORTIZ-MONASTERIO, F., REBEIL, A. S., VALDERRAMA, M., and CRUZ,

R. (1959). Cephalometric measurements on adult patients with non-operated cleft palates. Plast. and Reconstr. Surg. 24: 53·

POSSELT, v., EMSLIE, R. D. (1959). Occlusal disharmonies and their effect on periodontal diseases. Int. Dent. J. 9: 367.

RANDALL, P., KROGMAN, W. M., JAMINA, s. (1965). Pierre Robin and the syndrome that bears his name. The Cleft Palate J. 2 :

237· RIX, R. E. (1946). Deglutition and the teeth. Dent. Rec. 66: 103. RIX, R. E. (1953). Some observations upon the environment of

the incisors. Dent. Rec. 73: 427. SCOTT, J. H. (1961). The role of the soft tissues in determining

normal and abnormal dental occlusion. Dent. Pract. 11: 302. SLEICHTER, C. J. (1963). Influence of premature loss of deciduous

molars and the eruption of their successors. Angle Orthod. 33 : 279·

SMYTHE, K. CORISANDE (1934). Some notes on the dentures of Anglo-Saxon skulls from Bidford-on-Avon, with special reference to malocclusion. Dent. Rec. 54: I.

SOLOW, B. (1958). The association between the spacing of the incisors in the temporary and permanent dentition of the same individuals. Trans. E.O.S., p. 287.

SUBTELNY, J. D. (1959). A longitudinal study of soft tissue facial

326

BIBLIOGRAPHY

structures and their profile characteristics. Amer. J. Orthod. 45: 481.

SUBTELNY, J. D. (1962). Malocclusion, speech and deglutition. Amer. J. Orthod. 48: 685.

WHITE, T. c., CAMPBELL, J., ANDERSON, H. (1952). Temporo­mandibular joint dysfunction. Dent. Rec. 72: 49.

DIAGNOSIS

BALLARD, C. F. (1953). Significance of soft tissue morphology in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment planning. Trans. E.O.S.,

P·143· BJORK, A. (1973). Timing of interceptive orthodontic measures

based on stages of maturation. Trans. E.O.S. p. 61.

BROADBENT, B. H. (1937). Bolton studies and technique in ortho­dontic practice. Angle Orthod. 7: 209.

DOWNS, W. B. (1952). The role of cephalometrics in orthodontics; case analysis and diagnosis. Amer. J. Orthod. 38: 162.

GARDINER, J. H., MILLS, K. MCL. (1970). The oblique lateral jaw X-ray view. Orthodontist. 2: 7.

GRABER, T. M. (1956). Problems and limits of cephalometric analysis. J. Amer. Dent. Assoc. 53: 439.

HALLETT, G. E. M. (1959). Inherent errors in cephalometric films and their reduction. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 1.

HOPKIN, G. B. (1962). A roentgenographic cephalometric analysis of treatment and growth changes in a series of cases of mesio­clusion. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 130.

HOPKIN, G. B., MCEWEN, J. D. (1957). Speech and the ortho­dontist. Dent. Pract. 7: 313.

HOWARD, R. D. (1970). The congenitally displaced maxillary incisor: A differential diagnosis. Dent. Pract., 20: 361.

JOHNSON, E. L. (1950)' Frankfort-mandibular plane angle and the facial pattern. Amer. J. Orthod. 36: 5 16.

LUNDSTROM, A. F. (1923). Malocclusion of the teeth regarded as a problem in connection with the apical base. Svensk Tand­lakare Tidskr., Stockholm 16: 147; also (1925) Int.J. Orthod., Oral Surg. and Radiol. 9: 59.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MARGOLIS, H. I. (1940). Standard X-ray cephalometries. Amer. J. Orthod. 26: 725.

RICKETTS, R. M. (1950). Variations of the temporo-mandibular joint as revealed by cephalometric laminagraphy. Amer. J. Orthod. 36: 877.

SIMON, PAUL W. (1932). The simplified gnathostatic method. Int. J. Orthod., Oral Surg. and Radiol. 18: 1081.

STIFTER, J. (1958). A study of Pont's, Howe's, Rees', Neff's and Bolton's analysis on class I adult dentitions. Angle Orthod. 28: 21 5.

SUBTENNY, H. D., SAKUDA, M. (1964). Open bite, diagnosis and treatment. Amer. J. Orthod. 50: 337.

WALLIS, S. F. (1963). Integration of certain variants of the facial skeleton in class II div. 2 malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 33: 60.

TREATMENT PLANNING

ADAMS, C. P. (1961). Orthodontic theory today. Trans. B.S.S.O., P·132.

BALLARD, C. F., WALTHER, D. P. (1953). Some cases to illustrate the relationship between aetiology, prognosis and treatment plan­ning in orthodontics. Dent. Rec. 73: 669.

JACKSON, A. F. (1947). Orthodontics: its nature and objectives. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 103.

KETTLE, M. A. (1954). The orthodontic treatment of dental deformities due to cleft lip and palate. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 46.

KETTLE, M. A. (1957). Treatment of the unerupted maxillary canine. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 74.

KROGMAN, F. (1951). The problem of timing facial growth. Amer. J. Orthod. 37: 253.

LEIGHTON, B. C. (1971). The value of prophecy in orthodontics. Dent. Pract. 21: 359.

LOGAN, W. RUSSELL (1960). The problem of the first permanent molar. Brit. Dent. J. 109: 437.

MILLS, J. R. E. (1964). The effect on the lower incisors of un­controlled extraction of lower premolars. Trans. E.O.S ..

P·357·

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MILLS, J. R. E. (1966). The long-term results of the proclination of lower incisors. Brit. Dent. J. 120: 355

NICOL, W. A. (1955). The relationship of the lip line to the incisor teeth. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 75.

NICOL, W. A. (1963). The lower lip and the upper teeth in Angle's class II division 2 malocclusion. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 81.

PRINGLE, K. E. (1955). Long term results of orthodontic treat­ment. Dent. Pract. 5: 297.

RIDLEY, D. (196o). Some factors concerned with the reduction of excessive incisor overbite in Angle's class II div. 2 type of malocclusion. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 118.

ROBERTSON, N. R. E. (1971). Recent trends in the early treatment of cleft lip and palate. Dent. Pract. 21: 326.

SEIPEL, C. M. (1948). Prevention of malocclusion. Trans. E.O.S.,

P· 2°3· TULLEY, W. J. (1952). Age factor in orthodontic treatment. Dent.

Pract. 2: 196. TULLEY, W. J. (1954), Prognosis and treatment in Angle class II.

Brit. Dent. J. 97: 135.

HISTOLOGY OF TOOTH MOVEMENT

ERIKSON, B. E., KAPLAN, H., and AINSBERG, M. s. (1945). Ortho­dontics and transeptal fibres. Amer. J. Orthod. 31: I.

HEMLEY, s. (1955). Clinical significance of tissue changes inci­dental to tooth movement. Amer. J. Orthod. 41: 5.

KVAM, E. (1972). Scanning electron microscopy of human pre­molars following experimental tooth movement. Trans. E.O.S., p. 381

MILLS, J. R. E., STRAHAM, J. D. (1971). A preliminary report on the severing of gingival fibres following rotation of teeth. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 91.

OPPENHEIM, A. (1936). Biologic orthodontic therapy and reality. Angle Orthod. 5: 159,233; 6: 5, 69, 153·

REITAN, K. (195 I). The initial tissue reaction incident to ortho­dontic tooth movement. Acta Odont. Scand. Suppl. 6.

REITAN, K. (1958). Experiments on rotation of teeth and their

BIB LIOGRAPHY

subsequent retention. Trans. E.O.S., p. 124. REITAN, K.( 1959). Tissue rearrangement during retention of

orthodontically rotated teeth. Angle Orthod. 29: 105. REITAN, K. (1960). Tissue behaviour during orthodontic tooth

movement. Amer. J. Orthod. 46: 881. STALLARD, H. (1964). Survival of periodontium during and after

orthodontic treatment. Amer. J. Orthod. 50: 584.

REMOVABLE APPLIANCES

ADAMS, C. P. (1954). Variations of the modified arrowhead clasp. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 71.

HAYNES, S., JACKSON, D. (1962). A comparison of the mechanics and efficiency of 21 orthodontic expansion screws. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 41.

HENRY, O. (1943). A modern expansion plate worn at night only (Schwarz). Dent. Rec. 63: 251.

MCCALLlN, S. G. (1961). Extra oral traction in orthodontics. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. I.

RIX, R. E. (1938). Some useful orthodontic appliances. Brit. Dent. J. 64: 13·

FIXED APPLIANCES

CLIFFORD, E. J. s. (1965). The Watkin free-sliding arch. Dent. Pract. 16: 35.

FRIEL, E. S., MCKEAG, H. T. (1939). The design and construction of fixed orthodontic appliances in stainless steel. Dent. Rec. 59:

359· GASTON, N. G. (1951). Chrome alloy in orthodontics. Amer. J.

Orthod. and Oral Surg. 37: 779. JOHNSON, J. E. (1941). The construction and manipulation of the

twin wire mechanism. Amer. J. Orthod. 27: 201.

JOHNSON, J. E. (1941). The treatment of different types of mal­occlusion with the twin wire mechanism. Amer. J. Orthod. 27:

289. KLOEN, s. J. (1961). An appraisal of the results of treatment of

class II malocclusions with extra oral forces. Trans. E.O.S., p. Il2.

330

BIBLIOGRAPHY

KREBS, A. (1958). Expansion of the midpalatal suture studied by means of metal implants. Trans. E.O.S., p. 163.

MCKEAG, H. T. A. (1935). The teaching of appliance design in orthodontia. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 260.

MADDEN, C. K. (1948). Application of the teachings of Johnson and the twin wire appliance. Trans. E.O.S., p. 88.

MILLS, J. R. E. (1959). Uses and modifications of the Johnson twin wire arch. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 34.

MILLS, J. R. E. (1970). Uses of the Watkin appliance. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 135.

TWEED, c. H. (1941). The application of the principles of the edgewise arch in the treatment of malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 11: 5.

WATKIN, H. G. (1933). Treated cases. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. J

FUNCTIONAL TREATMENT

CASELY, R. (1947). The principles and construction of the oral screen as a functional appliance. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 81.

ENDICOTT, C. L., PEDLEY, V. G., and GROSSMAN, W. (1947). Sym­posium on practical and theoretical observations on the Norwegian system. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 31.

FRANKEL, R. (1969). The treatment of Class II, Division 1 mal­occlusion with functional correctors. Amer. J. Orthod. 55: 265.

GROSSMAN, W. (1964). The Activator in class II malocclusion. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 96.

ROGERS, A. P. (1950). A restatement of the myofunctional concept in orthodontics. Amer. J. Orthod. 36: 845.

EXTRACTIONS

BROADWAY, R. T., GOULD, D. (1960). Surgical requirements of the orthodontist. Brit. Dent. J. 108: 189.

DEWEL, B. F. (1957). Serial extractions; procedures and limita­tions. Amer. J. Orthod. 43: 685.

HOLDSWORTH, W. G. (1954). Surgery in cleft lip and palate. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 29.

HOVELL, J. H. (1958). Some surgical procedures related to ortho-

33 1

BIBLIOGRAPHY

dontic treatment. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 21. KJELLGREN, E. (1948). Serial extraction as a corrective procedure

in dental orthopaedic therapy. Trans. E.O.S., p. 134. MOORREES, c. F. A., FANNING, E. A., and GR0N, A. M. (1963). The

consideration of dental development in serial extraction. Angle Orthod. 33: 44.

RICHARDSON, M. E. (1963). Extraction of lower incisors in ortho­dontic treatment planning. Dent. Pract. 14: 151.

SLAGSVOLD, o. (1970). Autotransplantation of premolars in cases of missing anterior teeth. Trans. E.O.S., p. 473.

WILKINSON, A. A. (1942). The early extraction of the first per­manent molar as the best method of preserving the dentition as a whole. Trans. B.S.S.O., p. 13.

BOOKS

ADAMS, C. P. (1964). The Design and Construction of Removable Orthodontic Appliances. Third Edition. J. Wright and Sons Ltd.

BEGG, P. R. (1965). Begg Orthodontic Theory and Technique. W. B. Saunders Co., London.

BRASH, J. C., SCOTT, J. H., MCKEAG, H. T. A. (1956). The Aetiology of Irregularity and Malocclusion of the Teeth. The Dental Board of the United Kingdom.

COOK, J. T. (1975). Transactions of the Third International Ortho­dontic Congress. Crosby, Lockwood Staples Ltd., London.

HOROWITZ, S. L., HIXON, E. H. (1966). The Nature of Orthodontic Diagnosis. The C. V. Nosby Co., St. Louis.

HAUPL, K., GROSSMAN, W. J., CLARKSON, P. (1952). Textbook of Functional Jaw Orthopaedics. H. Kimpton, London.

KEITH, A. (1948). Human Embryology and Morphology. Edward Arnold and Co., London.

MOORREES, c. F. A. (1959). The Dentition of the Growing Child. Harvard University Press.

SHEPARD, J. (1961). Technique and Treatment with the Twin Wire Appliance. C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis.

TALLGREN, A. (1957). Changes· in Adult Face Height due to Ageing, Wear and Loss of Teeth and Prosthetic Treatment. Acta Odontol. Scand. 15; Suppl. 24-1957.

33 2

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THUROW, R. C. (1962). Technique and Treatment with the Edgewise Appliance. The C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis.

TULLEY, W. J., CAMPBELL, A. c. (1965). Manual of Practical Ortho­dontics. J. Wright and Sons.

WALKER, D. GREER (1961). Malformations of the Face. E. and S. Livingstone Ltd.

WALTHER, D. P. (Editor) (1966). Current Orthodontics, J. Wright and Sons, Bristol.

333

Index

A point 277

Absence of teeth lateral incisors 87 prevalence of 86 second premolars 87 third molars 87 treatment for 296

Activator 219-30 action of 227 application of 227 bite-taking for 22 I

construction of 220-6 indications for using 220 instructions to patient 229 labial bow for 224 retainer, use of as a 318 trimming of 228

Adams, C. P. 207 Adams' crib 207 Aetiology of malocclusion 81-II3 Age, chronological 96

dental 258 physiological 96

Age, for treatment 3 I I

for treatment by extraction 131 Aims of orthodontic treatment 3 Alginate impression material 268 Alloy, chrome see Steel, stainless Alveolar bone, growth of 15, 17 Anchorage 165-?1

cervical 171 definition of 165 extra-oral 171 failure of 212 intermaxillary 170 occipital 171 reciprocal 167

reinforced with anterior sloping bite plane

167, 191 with cervical traction 171 with fixed appliance 170 with labial bow 168, 191 with occipital traction 171 with Sved anterior capping

168 simple 167 slip 305

Anchylosis of deciduous teeth 95 Andresen appliance see Activator Angle, Frankfort-Mandibular plane

255, 280 Angle of mandible and its changes with

growth 17 Angle, E. H. and his classification of

malocclusion 73 Anodontia, partial or complete 86

see also Absence of teeth Anomalies see Malocclusion Anterior occlusal X-ray view 273 Anterior open bite see Open bite Apical base see Dental base Appliances

Activator 219-30 Andresen see Activator definition of 163 design of 178 expansion 186-9 fixed 231-48

advantages of 177 functional 213

definition of 163 inclined plane incisor capping

2 1 3

INDEX

materials used for 179 mechanical, definition of 163 multiband Z47 Norwegian see Activator passive removable appliances for

space maintainers 1# Pin and Tube, full z45

local Z47 removable, advantages of 177

bite planes on ZII

construction of Z04-10 definition of 163 fitting of ZIO trimming of ZIO waxing up of Z09 with screws 186-96 with springs I 96-zo3

retention 317 Schwarz 191 Twin-Wire Arch Z#

Approximal contact and forces of occlusion 54

Arches collapse of 109 development of normal ZI effects of muscular forces on, 98-

104 examination of, clinically Z57 in infant 35-4Z Johnson twin-wire z# labial see Labial bow lingual see Lingual bow malrelation of 64-71 Twin-Wire Z# whisker Z4Z width estimation 4Z wire see Bow

Arrowhead Crib, modified z07 Aryepiglottic folds and swallowing 5 I Asymmetry of face Z5Z Attachments on orthodontic bands

Z36 Auxiliary springs I 96-z08 Axial inclination of lower incisors to

the mandibular plane z80 of upper incisors to the Frankfort

plane z80

B point Z79 Backward path of closure 107 Balanced extractions 151 Ballard, C. F., and abnormal swallow­

ing 99 and skeletal assessment Z53

Band(s), orthodontic attachments Z36 formers, Visick Z33 incisor Z35 molar Z31 pre-formed Z35, Z36

Basal bone, disproportion in size compared with teeth 84

tooth movements and 161 see also Dental base

Basal relationship see Skeletal rela-tionship

Base-formers for models z70 Base of modei z70 Base, plastic, of appliance 179 Baume, L. J., on spacing of deciduous

teeth Z9 Bite planes IZ7, 165, 168, 189, 191,

199 Bite, wax, for an Activator ZZI

for study models Z70 Black's dimensions of deciduous

molars 94 Blood pressure, capillary 156, 173

and tooth eruption 45 Bone, basal 8z, 161

bundle 158 changes in, during tooth move­

ment 158, 16z growth of 10 mandible, growth of 17

maxillary growth of 15 Bow, facial 164

flexible Z43-7 labial 164, 179, 199, zoo, ZOI lingual Z37

Bow for inter-maxillary traction Z39 Bow in Activator ZZ4 Bow in re-inforcing anchorage 168 Box, for springs on removable plate

197, z08 impression tray z68

Brash, J. C., on alveolar growth 15, 54

on growth of zygomatic arch 16 Breast feeding 50 Breathing through mouth 50 Breitner, C., on temporomandibular

joint changes during orthodontic treatment 161

Broadbent, B. H., on cephalometries z75

Brushing of teeth 145, 149 Buccal, definition of 6z

335

INDEX

Buccal tube(s) 196, 236 Buccinator muscle 48 Bundle bone, and tooth eruption 45 Burke, P. R., on extraction of first

permanent molars 133 Burner, gas-compressed air, for sold­

ering 181

Calcification of deciduous teeth 26 Calcification, defective, of perm­

anent teeth 35 determination by X-ray 271

Canin'e(s), and displacement of perm­anent lateral incisor(s) 39, 115, 2 83

deciduous, indications for extract­ing 128

effect of early loss of permanent 113

extraction of, in treatment 128 misplaced, palpation when un­

erupted 257 indications for extracting 128 surgical treatment of 141 surgical uncovering of 142

retraction spring for 202

transposition of 128 Cap, head and chin 171 Capillary blood pressure 156, 173 Capping, full 165

half 165 incisor, inclined plane 167 Sved-type 168

Care of, deciduous teeth 144-permanent teeth 149, 289

Caries, in clinical examination 258 malocclusion and 5 treatment of 145

Carpal index 96 Cassette for X-ray films 273 Casts see models Cementoblasts 160 Cementum, changes in, during tooth

movement 160 Centric occlusion, definition of 53

methods of ensuring 260 Cephalometry 275-81 Changes, histological, accompanying

tooth movement 155-62 Chapman, R., on malocclusion of the

deciduous teeth 33 Chrome alloy see Steel, stainless Classification of dental arch relations

73-9

Cleft lip and palate 85 Clinch, L. M., on gum pads 25

on space loss 110 Clinical examination of patient 249-

65 Closure, path of 262 Coil spring 245 Collapse of lower dental arch 110 Condyle of mandible, anatomy and

growth of 16 hypertrophy of 263 result of damage to 83

Congenital absence of teeth 86 treatment for 296

Conservation of deciduous teeth 145 Constrictor muscles 49

action during deglutition 52 Continuous force 173 Co-operation, of patient 252, 265

of parent 252, 265 Coronoid process, growth of 17 Cranial growth II

Cribs, Adams 207 description of 164 full 207 Liverpool 207 modified arrowhead 2,07 three-quarter 207

Cross bite, anterior 69 buccal 67-9 description of 66, 106, 262 in incisor region 69 in molar region 84, 106 treatment of, by removable appli-

ance 186~1, 198 Crowding of teeth, in deciduous

dentition 149 in incisor region 84 in premolar region 258 prediction of 28

Cuspal, guidance 53 interference 148

Deciduous teeth 26 anchylosed 95 arch width 33 brushing 145 care of 144-changes in relationship 33 conservation of 145 crowding of 29 development of 26 early loss of 109 eruption dates of 27

INDEX

in new-born infant 27 incisor overbite in 32 malocclusion of 27 normal variations in the occlusion

of 28,33 overbite of incisors 32 persistent 93, 146 premature eruption of 27 premature loss of 109, 198 prolonged retention of 93, 146 spacing of 28, 34 'submerged' 95 width of, medio-distally 94

De Coster and use of 'S-N' plane 277

Deglutition 49 see also Swallowing

Delayed eruption of permanent teeth 89

Delayed resorption of deciduous teeth

93 Dental age 258 Dental arch relations, classification

74 Dental arches see Arches Dental base, antero-posterior mal­

relationships of 82 classification of 79

lateral malrelationships of 84 vertical malrelationships of 83

Dental groove of gum pads 22 Dentine, changes in, during tooth

movement 160 Deviation of mandible on closing 53 Diagnosis, aids to 266-81

clinical 282 Diastema see Space Dickson screw plate 310 Diet and the enamel 35, 145 Digastric muscle 167 Digit sucking 104 Dilaceration of developing tooth 37,

97 Displacement of teeth, definition of

60 Disproportion between base size and

tooth size 84 Distal mclination (transitional) of

upper lateral incisors 39, 115, 283 Distoclusion see Post-normal occlu­

sion Drifting of teeth following extraction

of, first permanent molars I I I

permanent incisors I 12

Ear-eye plane see Frankfort plane Edge-to-edge occlusion of incisors

72, 79, 101 Elastic traction 170, 175 Eminentia articularis 79 Enamel hypoplasia 35 Endocrine imbalance see Hormonal

imbalance 43 Epiglottis, action of, in swallowing

52 Epithelial coils and tooth eruption 45 Eruption of teeth, blood pressure and

45 bundle bone and 45 ectopic 44 epithelial coils and 45 eruption ages of deciduous denti­

tion 27 eruption ages of permanent denti-

tion 36 failure of 44 growth of root and 45 hammock ligament and 45 muscle forces and 46 theories of 45

Etiology see Aetiology Examination of the patient, clinical

249-65 facial 252 general 251 intra-oral 256

Excessive force in tooth movement 162

External auditory meatus 254 Extra-oral

anchorage 171 radiographs 273 traction 193, 242

Extra teeth see Supernumerary teeth and Supplemental teeth

Extractions, and abnormal tooth form 92, 118

arch relationships and I 16 as an aetiological factor 109-13 balanced extractions 121 of canines 128 choice of teeth for 122 in Class I malocclusions 116 in Class II malocclusions 116 in Class III malocclusions 117 in crowded dentitions I I 5 indications for II 5 of extra teeth 88 of incisors 122

337

INDEX

jaw relationships and 121 in late treatment 122 of molars 131 of molars in Class II cases 134 of premolars 128 of unerupted premolars 138 racial characteristics and I 14 root apex position and II8

serial 135 size of teeth and II 8 symmetry and 121

Face, asymmetry of 252 bow for extra-oral traction 194,

242 comparison of infant and adult

10 growth of 13

Fetal see foetal Films, X-ray 273 Finger, pressure to correct mal­

erupted tooth 46 springs on removable appliances

201 sucking of 104, 153

Fixed appliances 231-48 advantages of 177, 231 definition of 165, 231 disadvantages of 23 I

Flasking, of Activator 225 of removable appliances 209

Flat-beaked pliers 204 Fluoride as a caries-preventive mea­

sure 145 Flux, fluoride 181 Foil, tin, and removable appliances

2 0 4 Foramen, mental, changes in position

with growth 18 Force(s), continuous, in tooth move­

ment 173 extreme, in tooth movement

162 intermittent, in tooth movement

171 of mastication 55 of occlusion 53

Forward path of closure 106 Fraenum see frenum Frankfort-Mandibular plane angle

(cephalometric) 280 Frankfort-Mandibular plane angle

(clinical) 255 estimation of 255

Frankfort plane (cephalometric) 279 Frankfort plane (clinical) 254 Freeway space 49

descriptIOn of 49 increased 71

Frenectomy 141 Frenum, large, lingual 96

lower labial 141 upper labial 96, 139

differential diagnosis of 256 resection of 141

Friction stop 240 Friel, E. S., on eruption of upper

lateral incisors 39 Friel spring 237 Full capping 165 Functional appliances 213-29

definition of 163 Fused. teeth 92

Gardiner, J. H., on mid-line spaces 153

on prevalence of crowding II 5 on prevalence of sucking habit

104 on supernumerary teeth 88

Geminated teeth see Fused teeth Genetics see Heredity Geniohyoid muscle, action of, in re-

inforcing anchorage 167 Gingival groove in gum pads 22 Gingival health and malocclusion 5 Gingival tissue changes during tooth

movement 161 Gingivitis, marginal 256 Glenoid fossa 79, 161 Gonion 279 Growth, appositional 10

interstitial I I

occlusal forces and 53 of alveolar process 15 of bones 10 of cranium I I

of dental arches 20 of face 13 of head 9 of mandible 16 of maxillary antrum 13 of roots and eruption of teeth 45 surface apposition 13 sutural 13

Gubernaculum 46 Gum pads, anatomy of, 22

in infant 22

INDEX

occlusion of 25

Habits and malocclusion digit sucking 104 lower lip 103, 263 mouth breathing 104, 264 open mouth habit 104 swallowing habits 99 thumb sucking 104 tongue thrusting 100

Half capping 165 Hallett, G. E. M., and Burke, P. H.,

on extraction of first permanent molars 133

Hammock ligament and tooth eruption 45

Harelip see Cleft lip Harvold palatal expansion bow 243 Head, and chin cap 171

growth and development of 9 Helical spring 245 Heredity, extra teeth and 90

in Angle Class III malocclusions 79

missing teeth and 86 parents and 265 relation of skeletal bases and 43,

83 shape of facial bones and 83 tooth-jaw size and 84 tooth positioning and 44, 85

Histology of tooth movement 155-62 Hormonal imbalance 43 Howship's lacunae 158 Hunter, John, on growth of jaws 10

on position of mental foramen 18

Hygiene, oral Hypoplasia in

teeth 35

144, 149 enamel of permanent

Imbrication, definition of 63 in lower incisors 42

Impression(s), for Activator 220 for study models 268 selection of impression tray for

268 Incisor(s), band forming for 235

deciduous, results of premature loss of 109, 198

edge-to-edge occlusion of, 72, 78

effect on, of swallowing 100 imbrication of 42

inclination of, to Frankfort plane 280

inclination of, to mandibular plane 280

lateral, absence of 88 peg-shaped 92

lower, indication and contra-indications for extracting 124

overbite 32,4°,7°,71,261 overjet 25, 70, 260 permanent eruption of 38, 39 upper, indications and contra-

indications for extraction 122 Inclination of teeth, definition of 62

during orthodontic treatment 159

treatment of, by extraction 121 Inclination of lower incisors to the

mandibular plane 280 Inclination of upper incisors to the

Frankfort plane 280 Inclined bite plane 167, 191, 199,

218 on plate 127,165,168,189,191,

199 Inclined plane incisor capping 2 I 3-1 6

contra-indications for 214 Index, carpal 96 Infant arches 22 Infraclusion, bone changes during

treatment of 16o definition of 62

Injuries and malocclusion, to teeth 97

to temporomandibular joint 83 Interception of malocclusion 143-54 Intermaxillary, anchorage 170

traction 194, 239 Intermittent force 171 Interocclusal clearance, description of

49 increased 7 I

Intracapillary blood pressure 156 Intra-oral, examination 256-62

X-ray views 271 Irregularity of teeth see Malocclu­

sion

Jackson, A. F., on objectives of treatment 59,73, 319

James, W. Warwick, on nose-breathing in new born child 50

on tooth eruption 45 Johnson twin-wire arch 244

339

INDEX

Joint, temporomandibular, effect of damage to 83

Kraus, Wise and Frei, on analysis of triplets 83

Labial bow 164,199,200,201 Labial frenum, large 96, 139

persistent 96 differential diagnosis of 140 resection of 139

Labial inclination, definition of 60 Lamina Dura, changes in, during

tooth movement 158 Large individual teeth 92 'Large teeth-small jaws', and extrac­

tions lIS clinical evidence of 84

Larynx, in swallowing 5 I Lateral incisors, upper, absence of 88

displacement of, by erupting permanent canines 39

indications for extraction of 122 peg-shaped 92

Lateral path of closure 106 Lateral sulcus of gum pads 25 Leighton, B. C., on prediction of

crowding 29 on prevalence of digit sucking

104 Ligament, hammock and tooth

eruption 45 pterygomandibular 49

Lingual bow 237 Lip(s), action of, in swallowing 52,

99 cleft 85 effect of, on incisor position 100,

103 examination of 263

Lisp (interdental sigmatisim) 100 Loss, early, of permanent tooth III

premature, of deciduous teeth 109

Lower lip and malocclusion 103

McKeag, H. T. A., on action of springs 174

McKeag lock 236 Malocclusion, aesthetics and 282-4

aetiology of 81-113 caries and 5 classification of 73 congenital absence of teeth and

86 cuspal interference and 53, 106,

148 definition of 58, 60-3 delayed resorption of deciduous

teeth and 93 early loss of permanent teeth and

III

endocrine imbalance and 43 inherited causes of 43, 44, 79,

84,85,90 injuries and 97 lip(s) and 100 mouth breathing and 104 nature of 2

of deciduous teeth 27 of individual teeth 60 of newly erupted deciduous

incisors 35 periodontal disease and 5 persistent deciduous teeth and

93 premature loss of deciduous

teeth and 109 prevention of see Interception of psychological effects of 7 retained deciduous teeth and 93,

146 and speech defects 101 sucking habits and 104 supernumerary teeth and 88 swallowing habits and 100 thumb sucking and 104 trauma and 5 treatment of 114-248 unbalanced extractions of per-

manent teeth and I I I

Malpositioning of individual teeth 60-3

Malrelation of the dental arches 64-71

Mandible, growth of 16 resection of 142 rest position of 262 suture in mid-line 17 unilateral growth of 83

Mandibular angle, changes in, with growth 17

Mandibular paths of closure 53, 105-8,262

Mandibular plane 255, 280 Mandibular resection 142 Mandibular suture 17 Masseter muscle 49

INDEX

Mastication, and forces of occlusion 55

movements of 55 muscles of 49

Maxilla, growth of 15 Maxillary antrum, growth of 15 Maxillary-mandibular plane angle

280 Maxillary plane 279 Median diastema 61,89,96

in deciduous dentition 149 in permanent dentition 153

causes of 153 Mental foramen, changes with bone

growth 18 Mentalis muscle and incisor pro­

clination 103 Menton 279 Mesioclusion see pre-normal occlu­

sion 78 Mid-line space 61, 89, 96, 149, 153 Migration forward of posterior teeth

54 Misplaced upper canine(s), extraction

of 128 movement of 141

Missing teeth 86 Mixed dentition 22 Model(s)

base formers 270 basing 270 for making removable appliances

2 0 4 plaster study 266 trimming of 270

Molar(s), band forming 231 first deciduous, premature loss of

109, 198 first permanent, extraction of

13 1-4 first permanent, occlusion of 21 forward movement of 3 I normal occlusion of 21 second deciduous, premature loss

of 109 second permanent, indications for

extraction 134 third, absence of 88

indications for extraction 134 Moorees, C. F. A., on the growing

child 94 Mouth, examination of 256-62

screen see oral screen Mouth breathing 7, 104

and malocclusion 104 clinical test for 264 prevalence of 7

Movements of teeth, histological changes accompanying 155--62

Multiband appliances 247 Muscle(s), and tooth positioning 98

in retention 3 I 5 of deglutition 48 of expression 48 of mastication 48

Muscle exercises 213 Muscle tonus 47,49 Mutilation of dental arches see Space

loss Myofunctional therapy 213

Nasion 277 Natal teeth see Deciduous teeth 27 Nordin-Dickson screw plate 310 Norwegian appliance see Activator Nose breathing in infant 50

Occipital anchorage 171 Occlusal contact, premature 53 Occlusal plane, inclination of in model

trimming 267 Occlusion, adult 21

centric 53 determination of 260

edge-to-edge 72, 79, 101 forces of 53--6 in retention 313 normal 21, 58, 72 normal deciduous 26 normal for the individual 59 normal variations of, in deciduous

dentition 33 post-normal 65 pre-normal 65

Oligodontia (partial anodontia) 86 Open bite, description of 70

due to lower lip and tongue activity 100

due to skeletal anomaly 83 due to thumb sucking 104 due to tongue thrusting 100,

264 effect of, on speech 100 in gum pads 26 true 83

Open mouth habit 7,50 Oral hygiene Iff, 149 Oral screen 216

341

INDEX

construction of :ZI6 Orbicularis oris 48 Orbitale 277 Orthodontics, aims of 3

definition of 58 history of 2

need for 5 Osteoblasts 157 Osteoclasts 158 Overbite, clinical examination of 261

complete 71 deficient 261 definition of 70 incomplete 70 of deciduous teeth 32 of permanent incisors 40,261

Overcrowding, due to disproportion of tooth and base size llS

prediction of 29 treatment of 290-5

Overjet, definition of 70 effect of, on speech 265 of gum pads 25

Palatal suture, expansion of 7 Palate, examination of 256

expansion of 7 Parallax in X-ray views 273 Parents, discussion with, on treatment

plan 289 viewpoint of treatment 283

Paths of closure 53, 105-8, 262 Paths of eruption 46 Peg-shaped lateral incisors 92 Pericision 317 Periodontal lesions and malocclusion

5 Periodontal membrane, changes in,

during tooth movement 157, 158 changes in, during the application

of severe pressure 162 Permanant teeth, absence of 87,296

arch width increase 41 care of 149, 289 delayed eruption of 89 development of 35 drifting of Ill, ll2

early loss of II I, 149 eruption dates of 36 incisal overbite 40 mIssmg 87, 296 separation of with ligature 232 supernumerary teeth and 88 trauma to 37

unbalanced extraction of III,

149 Pharyngeal muscles 49 Pin and Tube appliance, Watkin type

245 Planning treatment 290-3II Plaster models 266, 270 Plastic base 164, 179 Plate, bite 165

expansion 186 Norwegian see Activator removable 164 retention 317 Schwarz 191 screw 186-96 spring 196-203

Platinized gold 179 Pliers, band forming 234

flat-beaked 204 Point(s), ear (porion) 277

eye (orbitale) 277 gonion 279 menton 279 nasion 277 sella 279

Porion 277 Post-normal occlusion, close bite in,

75,77 definition of 65 treatment by extractions II6 treatment of, with Activator 220

Postural pre-normal occlusion 79 Premature eruption of deciduous

incisors 27 Premature loss of deciduous teeth

109, 198 Premature occlusal contact 53 Premolars, absence of second 87,

296 indications for extraction II6,

128 results of early loss II3

Pre-normal occlusion, definition of 65

postural or pseudo- 65, 79, 107 treatment of, by extractions 117 true 65,78

Preventive treatment see Interceptive treatment

Primitive tooth band 26 Process(es), alveolar, growth of 15,

17 coronoid, growth of 17 zygomatic, growth of 17

342

INDEX

Proclination 62 Psychological results of orthodontic

treatment 7 Pterygoid medial muscle 49 Pterygomandibular ligament or raphe

49 Pulp, changes in, during tooth move­

ment 160 changes in, during excessive

pressure 162

Radiographs, anterior occlusal view 273

cephalometric 275 extra-oral 273 in examination of mouth 270

intra-oral 271 parallax, use of 273 rotated oblique lateral view 273 vertex occlusal view 273

Raphe, pterygomandibular 49 Rate of tooth movement 162 Reciprocal anchorage 167 Record models see Study models

266 Registration point 276 Reinforced anchorage 167 Removable appliances, advantages of,

177 definition of with springs with screws

164 196- 203

186-96 Resection, of frenum 141

of mandible 142 Resorption of bone, during normal

growth 16 during tooth movement 158

Resorption of deciduous root 93 Respiration, nasal 50

through mouth 104 Rest position of mandible 253 Retention, Activator as retainer 318

appliances, fixed 319 appliances, removable 317,318 bone changes in 312 influence of soft tissues on 3 I 5 muscular 3 I 5 occlusal 313 of deciduous teeth 93

treatment of 146 pericision and 3 17

Retraction spring for canine 203 Retro-clination 62 Ripple bracket(s) 236, 244

Rix, R. E., on abnormal swallowing 99

on extraction of molars 134 Roberts retractor spring 200

Roentgenograph see Radiograph Rogers, A. P., on muscle exercises

2 1 3 Root growth and the eruption of

teeth 45 Rose, J. S., on missing teeth 86 Rotated oblique lateral X-ray VIew

273 Rotation of teeth, definition of 63

de-rotation of incisors 237 de-rotation of molars 237 retention of 317 tissue changes, during 160, 312

Rubber bands, traction with 176

Schwarz appliance 191 Screws, force of 173

glen ross 208

investing 208 plates 186-96

Seipel, C. M., on space loss 109 Sella Turcica 277 Sella-Nasion plane 277, 279 Sella Point 279 Selmer-Olsen buccal tube 236 Separation of teeth prior to fitting

bands 232 Serial extractions 135-8 Sicher, R., on free-way space 71

on the hammock ligament 45 Sigmatism 264 Sillman, J. R., on gum pads 25 Simple anchorage 167 Sinus, maxillary, growth of 15 Skeletal morphology 82, 83, 84, 161

classification of 79 clinical assessment of 253

Smythe appliance for rotating molars 237

'S-N' plane 279 S.N.A. angle 280

S.N.B. angle 281 Soft tissue examination 256, 263,

264 Solder for stainless steel, its composi­

tion and flux 181 Soldering, free hand 181

on plaster model 181 Space, between upper central incisors

34,38,88,89

343

INDEX

causes of 140 loss of, 109, I II clinical assessment of 258

Space maintainers 144 Spacing of deciduous teeth 28

and prediction of future crowd­ing 29

Speech, abnormal 101 and malocclusion 101 in cleft palate patients 265 in patients with excessive overjet

265 sigmatism 100, 264 significance of 265

Sphenoid bone 12 Spheno-occipital synchrondrosis 13 Split labial bow 201 Spot welding 182 Spring tension gauge 173 Springs, action of 174

Adams canine retractor 202 appliances incorporating 196 attachment of, to labial bow

201, 207 to plastic base 201, 207

auxiliary 196-203 box cavities for 197, 208 buccal cantilever spring 201 canine retractor spring 202 finger 201 Friel 237 helical 245 Roberts Retractor 200 split labial bow 201 T -spring 198 whip spring 237 Z-spring 198

Steel, stainless, Austenitic 179 '18-8' 179 Martensitic 180 soldering of 181

composition of flux 181 composition of solder 181

tape 180 tube 180 welding 182 wire 180 work-hardening 180

Stone plaster 270 Study models see Models 'Submerged' deciduous molars 95 Sucking habits, and malocclusion

104 of digits 104

treatment of 153-4 Suckling 50 Sulcus, lateral, of gum pads 22 Superior constrictor muscle 49 Supernumerary teeth, aetiology of

89 conical 89 in deciduous dentition 149

treatment of 148 in permanent dentition 88

treatment of 138, 152 inheritance of 90 multicusped 89 space between upper central

incisors and 89 treatment of 138

Supplemental teeth, in deciduous dentition 148

in permanent dentition 89 Supraclusion, definition of 62

tissue changes during treatment of 160

Surface apposition of bone growth II

Surgical treatment, for extra teeth 138

for persistent frena 139 for misplaced upper canine 141 for prominent mandible 142

Sutural growth, in cranium 13 in mandible 16

Swallowing, abnormal 99 effect on incisors 99 in adult 51 in breast feeding 5 I in infant 50 muscles involved in 99

Symmetry, of extractions 121 of face 252

Synchondrosis, spheno-occipital 12

Tardy eruption see Delayed eruption Teeth, abnormal, size of 92

brushing 145 in new-born infant 27 large 92 separation of 232 unerupted 152

surgical treatment of 138 Temporalis muscle 167 Temporomandibular Jomt, facial

asymmetry and 252 movements of 106 results of damage to 83

344

INDEX

tooth movement and 161 Tension gauge 173 Therapy see Treatment Thumb sucking 104

and digital changes 126 Tin foil, for working model 204 Tissue changes during tooth move­

ment 155-62 Tone, muscle, description of 47

occlusion and 46 position of mandible and 49

Tongue, action in infancy 51 and lisping 100 clinical examination of 264 in swal!owing 99 size 104 thrusting habit 100, 264

and open bite 100 Tonus, muscle, description of 47

occlusion and 46 position of mandible and 49

Tooth band, primitive 26 Tooth brushing 145, 149 Tooth germ, effect of malposition 85 Tooth movement, pressure required

162 rate of 162 results of using excessIve force

162 retention period fol!owing 3 I 2

tissue changes during 155-62 Tooth-tissue ratio, abnormalities 84

treatment of, by extractions I 15 Traction, extra-oral 193, 242

intermaxillary 194,239 Tragus of ear 254 Transposition, definition of 63

example of 86 Transverse groove(s) 22

Trauma, to developing roots (dil­aceration) 97

to incisors 37 to temporomandibular joint 83

Treatment, age to commence 3 I I

aims of 3 dental surgeon's views 285 extractions in 114-39 functional 213 interceptive 143 need for 5 parent's views on 283 planning 286, 290-3 I I

surgical 138 tissue changes during 155-62 with fixed appliances 231 with removable appliances 185

Trimming, Activator 228 plaster models 270 removable appliances 209

Tube(s), buccal 236 Twin-wire arch 244

'Ugly duckling' stage in positioning of lateral incisors 39, II 5, 283

U-loops on labial or facial bows 164 Unbalanced extractions and malocclu­

sions 151 Unilateral post-normal occlusion 74

Variations, in eruption ages of per­manent dentition 36

normal, in deciduous dentition 33

Version see Inclination Vertex occlusal X-ray view 273 Vestibular, definition of 62 Visick band formers 233

W -locks 236, 244 Watkin Pin and Tube appliance, ful!

245 local 247

Wax bite, for Activator 221 for study models 270

Waxing up, Activator 224 oral screen 2 16 removable appliances 209

Welding stainless steel 182-4 'Whip' spring(s) 237 'Whisker' arch 242 Width of dental arches, increase in

41 Wilkinson, A. A., on the extraction of

the first permanent molars 131 Wilkinson, F. C., on thel6ss of the

first permanent molars 151 Wire, bending 204

separators 232 Wooden tongue spatula as bite plane

146

X-Ray see Radiograph

Z-Springs on plate 198

345