BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Bibliography of works of Guillaume Postel used for this study

A. Minuscripts

*Since a list of Postel's manuscripts with incipit can be found in Fran­~oi s Secret, BibliogPaphie des manuscPits de Cui Uaume Pos teZ ( Geneve, 1970: Librairie Droz), I do not give i ncipit for those manuscripts which are recorded by Professor Secret. Additi anal manuscripts not found in Secret's bibliography will be indicated by an asterisk, and incipit will be given.

Ms. 395, fols. 1-354.

*Ms. 397 (17th century).

Ai x-en-Provence

BibZioth~que Mejanes

Incipit: "Le PPime NoveZ deZ aUPo mondo cited; see below).

Antwerp

Museum PZantin-MoPetus

*Arch. 91, fol. 187.

" (same as other copies

Letter of Postel to Plantin, dated 28 July, 1569. Incipit: "Judicium Postelli de Syriaca typosyna. Censeo saluo meliori judicio recte perpenso de Christi a no Syri acoue charactere negoci o, " (autograph). A transcription of this letter is to be found in Sup­pLement a Za COPPespondance de ChPistophe PZantin by M. Van Durme (Anvers, 1955: De Nederlandsche Boekhandel) n. 90, pp. 111-112.

Basel Off entZiche BibZiothek deP UnivePsitat BaseZ

*Ms. AN.V. 12a, fol. 1-33. (17th century). Incipit: "Le PPime Nove deZ AUPo Mondo, cioe Z'AdmiPabiZe HistoPia

179

et non meno necessaria et utile da esser letta et intesa da ogni uno che stupenda intitualat a La Virgine Venetiana Parte vista , parte provata, et fideUssimamente scritta per Gulielmo Postello, prima genito della Restitutione, et Spirituale Padre di essa Vergine. Jeremiae 31. Creavit Dominus Ihovah novum super terram. Apresso del Auttore 1555. (N.B. Ex libra typis excuso deseriphis Liber Bibliothecae publicae Basil i ens is) • Incipit: "All i raggi onevo 1 i 1 ettori sa 1 ute perfettissima. Veramente egli e impossibile che Iddio possi mostrar piu chiaro •••• "

Cambridge

St. John ' s Co llege Library

*Ms. 0.4 "Le Prime Nove de l aUro Mondo •••• (same as above). (In grati amm1 testificationem, ob plurima Humanitatis officia, a Collegia Divi Joannis Evangelistae apud Cantabrigiensis multifariam col lata, Li brum hunc inter a 1 i os 1 ecti ss imos ei dem Co ll egi o 1 ega vi t Illustrissimus Vir, Dominicus Antonius Ferrari, J.U.D. Neopolitanus , 1744. Teste J. Creyk.)

Citta Vaticana

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana

*Fonda Barberiniano Latino 834 (XVI 41) misc. XVII, fols. 98-102. Incipit: "Gulielmi Postelli sacerdotis apologia et postulatio pro iis quae ab eo scripta et di cta sunt de restitutione omnium seu de naturae humanae abso 1 uta i nstaurati one. Ad Ml.rcell urn Tit. sanctae Crucis Card. Presb. et demum ad totius Consistorii Patres ad quod eo absente dirigitur." (This ms. is cited by Paul Oskar Kristeller, Iter I taUcum, (Lei den, 1967: E. J. Brill) Vo 1 • II, p. 445; Fran~oi s Secret, Bi bliographie ••• , p. 143, n. 1, citing J • Schweizer, indicates the existence of ms.)

Fonda Vaticano Latino 6147, fols. 120-123v. (Incorrectly cited as Vat. Lat. 6149 in Secret, Bibliographie ••• , p. 142) •

Fonda Vaticano Latino 6207, fol. 96. (Both of these mss. also cited by Paul Oskar Kristeller, I ter I tal­icum, Vol. II (Leiden, 1967: E. J. Brill), pp. 337-338).

Di jon

Biblioth~que municipale de Dijon . Bibliotheca publica Collegii Divio-Godranii

Ms. 1042.

180

Vie de Guillaume Postel par l'abbe Joly. 1° La Vie de Guillaume Postel, Professeur Royal des langues

etrangeres et de mathematiques, fols. 1-149. 2° Vie de Postel, fols. 1-168. 3° Catalogue des ouvrages de Postel, fols. 1-114.

Notices n.o 2 (fols. 1-15}:Linguarum duodecim characteribus dif­ferentium alphabetum introductio ••• 1538; suivies (fol. 5-11} de lettres de Teseo Ambrogio

Notice 31 (fol. 67bis-70}: De Cosmographica disciplina 1636 Liste des ouvrages manuscrits de Postel, fols. 89-99 Promis par Postel, attributes a Postel, d'autres Postel, fols. 100-114. 4° Ouvrages de Postel Les Tr~s MerveiZZeuses Victoires des femmes du Nouveau monde 1553, fols. 1-30 La Doctrine du si~cZe dore, 1553, fols. 31-39 La Loi saZique, 1552, fols. 41-59

Lettres de Postel a Caspar Schwenckfeld, 1556, fols. 61-65 Lett res de Postel a Nicol as de Bauffremont ••• Baron de Senecey, fols. 67-69

Additions Additions fol. 1-9 Table analytique, fols. 11-12 Lettres de Postel a Masius, fols. 1-28v Lettre de Postel a Schwenckfeldius, fols. 29-31v Lettre de Postel au Baron de Senecey, fols. 32-34

Catalogue des Oeuvres de Guillaume Postel, fols. 35-52v. Passage qui se trouve copie dans le Catalgoue des ouvrages de Guil-laume Postel, fols. 53-61v

Ouvrages promi s par Postel , fo 1 s. 62-64 Les Tres MerveiZZeuses victoires, fols. 65-88v La Doctrine du si~cZe dore,, fols. 89-94v La Loy SaZique, fols. 95-106 Thorn. lttigii Exercitatio de Guill.mo Postello, fols. 107-109v Extrait des observationes hallenses: de Guillelmo Postello, fols. 110-125v

Notes sur Postel, fols. 126-141v Eclaircissements sur Postel par l'abbe Sallier, fols. 142-144v Guillaume Postel (Extrait de la Bibliotheque fran~aise de Du Ver-dier, fols. 145-149v

Notes pour la vie de Postel, fols. 151-154 . Duplex Elenchus 1 ibrorum manu scriptorum Guill .m1 Postell i, fol s. 155-157

Ambassade du sr· de la Forest a Constantinople - Postel l'accom­pagne, fols. 158-160v

Lettre de Joly, fol. 161

Dresden

sachsische LandesbibZiothek

*Ms. Sect. Christ. 718.

181

"Le Prime nove del aUro mondo •••• n Libro deUa divinaordinatione " 1555. (16th or 17th century)

Firenze

Archivio di Stato

Carte Cervini 33, fols. 34-37.

Hamburg

Universitatsbib'liothek

*Codex 69 in scnmo (no. 122, 128) frag. Incipit: " ... amoris gratia primo in amicorum loco pono. Bulling­herus, Gesnerus Rodolfus et ... amici non obmittentur." (autograph)

*Codex 70 in scrinio (no. 981) frag. G. Postellus Vtebatur 1566 ad 1579 duplici (?) 1;wf). Incipit: "Vita

corporea est duratio siue consistentia per al imentum, Al imentorum autem vnus gradus summus sit necesse est •• ," (autograph)

Lei den

Bib'liotheek der Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden

*Ms. BPL 157 A. De Nativitate Mediatoris uUima nunc futura. Absconditorum a Con­stitutione Mundi C'lavis et Cande'labri Typici interpretatio (circa 1660) •

*Ms. BPL 157 B. Cande'labri typici interpretatio.

Cod. Or. 231. G'lossarium Latino-Arabicum.

*Ms. BPG 25.756 A 9 (opposite p. 110). Incipit: Translation into Latin of a Greek epigram. "Gul. Postellus Barentonius Graecia habet ••• bis duo, bis duo sacra: Haec duo sunt

II

London

The British Library

Sloane ms. 1410, fols. 1-627. Sloane ms. 1411, fols. 1-439. Sloane ms. 1412, fols. 1-326v. Sloane ms. 1413, fols. 1-122.

182

Mldri d

Biblioteea Naeional

*Ms. 2169817 (N.A. 127), Carta de Postel a Granvela, 21 Ag. 1549. Ineipit: 11 Guillelmus Pos­tellus al Cardinal Granvela. 21 Agosto, 1549. Reuerendissimo in Christo patri et Domino. Domino Episcopo Attrebatten ( s i) a pri­mariis Caesaris Consiliis. Ex. Syria. Quum secundum rationis vsum, Antistes clarissime, nil ipso loquendi vsu sit communi us hominibus, •••• 11 (autograph) This 1 etter has been pub 1 i shed by Mlri on L. Kuntz,

11 A New Link in the Correspondence of Gu i 11 aume Pos te 1 , 11 BibliotMque d'Humanisme et Renaissanee 41 (1979) pp. 575-581.

Mmich

Bayerisehe Staatsbibliothek

Ms. Oefe 1 eana 262. Incerti Auctoris Demonstratio quod, quae sunt in secretioribus et credit () difficilioribus verorum sacrorum traditionibus et auctor­itatibus scriptis, sint necessariis argumentis probatissima, ad. J. A. Widmestadium data ca. 1552-1556. (The ms. is in the hand of Gu i 11 aume Pos te 1 and is entitled "Clarissima et ex Aristotelis verbis sententiisque hoe est maxime Naturalibus Rationibus dedueata Demonstratio ••• ", fols. 1-16.

Paris

Biblioth~que l'Arsenal

*Ms. 8560, fols. 1-89 (18th century). Le Prime nove del aUro mondo .... (same title and ineipit in all mss. of this work).

Biblioth~que nationale

Fonds fran~. 2115, fols. 1-118v. Fonds fran~. 2116, fols. 1-169. Fonds latin 3401, fols. 1-70v. Fonds latin 3402, fols. 1-116v. *Fonds latin 3224, fols 1-416.

Ineipit: "De Saero Jesuehristi Triumpho .. . Auctore Chr. Hericurtio Laudunensis ecclesiae decano. Deo et summo Jesu Christi vicario haec omnia de preciosissimi corporis domini nostri Jesuchristi victoria Contra Bee 1 zebub scripta • • • di cat Joe' hannes Boul aese presbyter sacrarum et Hebraicarum literarum professor habituatus et ciuis Laumdenensis et pauper collegii montis actui Parisiensis ad dei gl ori am et toti us mundi ad veram connes ion em. 1570 11 Anno domini ••• Nicolea Oria Laudunensis patre nata Petro Obrio ••••

Fonds latin 3398, fols. 1-58.

Fonds latin 3399, fols. 1-48. Fonds latin 3677, fols. 1-120. Fonds latin 3678.

Rimini

Biblioteca Civica Gambalunga

*Ms. SC. 689 (4.F.II.35, D.IV. 184) (18th century)

183

La Fleau de la foi ••• ; Le Prime nove; De tribus impostoribus. (This ms. is listed in Paul Oskar Kristeller, Iter ItaUcum, Vol. II (Leiden, 1967: E. J. Brill) p. 87.

Rome

Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu

*Ms. 9 ( 1562) IV, fol s. 248-250. Incipit: "Summa Probitate et doctri na vi ro D. Iacobo Laynez Soci e­ta tis Iesu Praeposito doct. theologo. in legati aedibus Parisiis aut in aula." (autograph) Incipit: "Iampridem uero optabam certior fieri, Lainesi clarissime, vbinam ageres in nostra Gallia postquam te illuc cum Legato aduen­tasse •••• " (autograph)

Venice

Archivio di Stato**

*Santo Uffizio Busta 12. 1 o Incipit: "Con sci entia humanae, et maxi me propri ae i nfi rmitati s

impul sus, sponteque et a nullo ( quum s i a 1 iter senti rem • • • • Ego Guilielmus Postellus sacerdos sic ex animo sentiens scripsi ea lege ut si quid postea contra fecero aut dixero in poenam a iure consti­tutam decidam." (autograph) (sine pag.) 2° Guglielmo Postello 1550, fols. 5-13.

Incipit: "Ex libello mediatoris natiuitate ultima nunc futura, et toti orbi terrarum, in singulis ratione praeditis manifestanda. Guillelmi Postelli excerpta." 3° Incipit: "Scripsi autem et edidi ista opera hoc ordine •••• " (fol. 14) (autograph)

4° Incipit: "Apologia pro ratione articulorum inuidiose exlibris

**I have listed all the proceedings in Santo Uffizio, Processi, Buste 12, 14, 159, even though all of the processi are not works by Postel. Some corrections of ms. indications, clarification of folio, and ms. incipit are presented. See also Fran~oi s Secret, BibUograhie des manuscrits de GuiUaume Postel, p. 144, and Apologies et Retractions. Manuscrits in~dits pubU~s avec une introduction et des notes (Nieuwkoop, 1972: B. DeGraaf), pp. 187-225.

184

detortorum. Aut neg are fundi tus sacras scri pturas necesse est, aut cum illis asserere: Qvod ante omnia creata est sapientia. fols. 17-24. (sig) 1555 Della Cason alle 2 Sette. Il vostro humile Guilielmo Postello." (autograph)

5° Al Signore Auditor Miccazzuolo Guidice equissimo. Inaipit: Redarguito et messo in estremo stupor per le lettere del mio signor et singular amico misser Antonio Thiepolo, come se io fossi anchora piu ostinato nelle mie opinioni •••• " fols. 26-28. (sig) "Della casone alli 2 Settemb. 1555. Il seruitor affettiona­tissimo alle dignita et persone vostre Guilielmo Postello." (auto­graph)

6° Al Signor mio molto honorando il Signor Auditore Micca ZUola Guidice della Inquisitione. Inaipit: "Credo me errasse in eo quod scripsi Animam Christi creatam ante omnia et verbo aeterno vni tam, et quod per earn Deus omnia creauit •••• " fols. 30-36. (autograph)

7° In nomine Domini. Amen. Inaipit: "Ego Guilielmus Postellus sacerdos quia reuera nunc primum perpendo et iudico esse illud dictum Diui Aug. verissimum, non po­test habere Deum Patrem qui non habuerit Ecclesiam Mitrem " fols. 37-42. (autograph) 8° Contra Gulielmum Postellum Confessio.

Inaipit: "Signor mio charissimo hauendo inteso di qualche mio amico, come voi pensate secondo che dicete, chio per le lettere scritte a monsignor il legato, intendendo schiuar il guidicio del vostro Tribunale •••• fols. 44-46. (Sig.) Di Casone alli 8 Settembris 1555. Il vostro abiettissimo seruo Guilielmo Postello. (autograph)

9° Al clarissimo Misser Missio Veniero Mignifico Signore la Here­sia. (autograph) fol. 48 10° Inaipit: "In dei nomine Amen. Cuncti s pateat euidenter et ••• sit qual i um ego L iuius Mirius de Treui o •••• " fol s. 49-50. llo Gulielmm Postellum et Juliani Nerini ()pro il ••• die 12 Sett. 1555 fol. 52.

Santo Uffizio Busta 14 1° Die Sabbati 21 men. Miii 1547 (fol. 1) 2° Contra Thomaso Englesio Constituto di Vicenzo Valgrisio Contre Thomam Englesium uenditore librorum hereticorum 1547.

(fols 4-5) 3° Die mercurii 9 mense augusti 1559 4° Contra Vincentium Valgrisium librarium 1559.19 Agosto Zacharia

libraro al segno della fontana Bernardin Basello Aluise Valuasor Zuane Guarisco

5° Obedientia et praesentation de libri prohibiti fatta per (Li­brari -- 1559. ll mens Augusti Vincenzo Valgrisio Zacharia Zenaro Bernadi n Bose 11 o Aluise Valuason Zuan Gua rico Hi eronomo Scoto

Penitentiati per esser incorsi nella iscomunica et nella disobedientia

6° 1559 14 mens Augusti Contra Impressores librorum

7° Inventario delli libri ritrouai nelli magazini di Zuane Guarisio Ludouico Auanto Vincenzo Valgrisio 1570 (fols. 32-44)

185

(This inventory is very interesting. Note especially, fol. 39, "A die 18 Agosto 1570. In magazen de nostro Vincenzo Valgrisi libraro posto nel monasterio di Reverendissimi padri de S. Zuane Polo." Vincenzo Valgrisio was buried in the Church of Saints John and Paul in 1575. See Biblioteca-MJseo Civio Correr, Cicogna Isc. #502, n. I., fol. 14 (Busta Gio. Paolo)) 8° 1570 A die 17 Agosto in magazen de nostro Zuane Uarisco libraro

A die dito in magazen di nostro Lodouico Auanzo libraro A die 18 dito in magazen de nostro Vincenzo Valgrisio 1 ibraro (fol. 46)

9° Contra Vincentium Vadrisium et non nullos alios venditores li­brorum prohibitorum 1570 -- (fin. sett. 1570). fol. 47 Incipit: "Perche 1' ecce 1 so Consiglio di x. con 1 a gi unta con forme alla ottima et santa intentione •••• " fols. 49-83. (Note, fols. 58-59, where the names of Elia Pandocheo (Postel) Osi­ander, Agrippa, Carion, Gualtiero appear among others. Also note fols. 60-61, where we read: "Item referiscono esser stato nel magazeno di sig. Luca Zonta, et haver trouar tre casse di libri di di uerse fauitta cosi 1 ati ne, come grece, hebree, ca 1 dee, et Turche, nelle qual casse, et tra liquali libri hanno trouato li in­frascritti libri parte dal Postello composti, et parte d'altri casse sue, et diuerse altre scritture et lettere famigl iari scritte da diuerse ad esso Postello, quale lettere sono appresso il R. P. Ing.ae et parte delli libri sono gli infrascritti vz.

Theodora Bibliandro Sebastian MJnstero Henrico Glareano Guglielmo Postello A 1 cora no di Mlumeth Joan. M.lnstero Paulo Fagio Conrado Ghislerio Paulo Frigio"

Note also, fol. 66, where we read: "Libri prohibiti Postelli et Theodore Bibliandro (etc., see above, fols. 60-61), ••• iusserunt eosdem libros comburi, et sic fuerunt combusti penes sanctum offic-ium."). . 10° Illm1 e Sanm1 Patres. cum mihi fuerit demandatum per Illmas et Sanmas D.D.V .V. ut in casu Vincentii Valgrisii M:!rcatoris librorum ac Typographi Veneti •••• fo 1 s. 91-95. 11 o Contra Vincenti urn Val grisium 1 ibrarium ••• die 4 Novemb. 1570 Allegationes. fol. 98 12° Rm1 et Illm ss Deputati al Santo Officio della Inquisitione di Venetia.

Io Vicenzo Valgrisio Libraro et Mercante di Libri in Venetia ••• 13° Faccio indubitata fede io per Thomasa Rumno Piouan •••• fols. 99-118 (Documents regarding the case of Valgrisio).

186

*Santo Uffizio Busta 159. Incipit: "Die M:!rcuri i 3 mens Juni i 1555. ( fo 1 • 206) (The name of Postel appears on fols. 211, 278, 284v, 285v, 287, 288vff. Fol. 287 contains an account of the questions asked of Postel by the In­quisitor concerning the publication of n Libro deUa divina ordi­natione and Le Prime Nove del altro mondo.

B. Books

*The libraries from which I secured copies of Postel's books are indi­cated after each citation.

Guilielmi Postelli Baren. Doleriensis de Originibus seu de Hebraicae linguae et gentis antiquitate, de que variarum linguarum affinitate, Liber. In quo ab Hebraeorum Chaldaeorumve gente traductas in toto orbe colonias vocabuU Hebraici argumento humanitatisque authorum testimonio videbis: literas, leges, disciplinasque omnes inde ortas cognosces: communitatemque notiorum idiomatum aliquam cum Hebraismo esse. Prostant Parisiis apud Dionysium Iescuier, sub Porcelli signo, e regione D. Hilarii. (On the final page, note Excedebat P. Vidovaeus Vernoliensis, Typis ac Characteribus suis vigesima septima Martii, Anno a partu virgineo. 1538. Ad calculum Romanum. (Location, The British Library).

Grammatica Arabria. Venaevnt Parisiis Apvd Petrum Gromorsum sub Phoeni­cis signo, prope Collegium Remense.

Lingvarum duodecim characteribus differentivm Alphabetvm, Introdvctio Guilielmi Postelli Barentonii diligentia. Prostant Parisiis

apud Dionysium Lescuier, sub porcelli signo, vico Hilario, e regione diui Hilarii. 1538.

Syriae descriptio Gvilielmo Postello Barentonio avthore. Apud Hieronymum Gormonti urn, sub ins i gni Tri urn Corona rum, 1540. (Location, The Fire­s tone Library, Princeton University).

De RepvbUca, seu magistratibus Atheniensivm Liber. Lvgdvni Batavorum, Ex Officina Joannis Maire, 1635 (original edition, 1541) (Location, private collection, M. Kuntz).

De Rationibus Spiritus-sancti Lib II. (Parisiis, 1543: Excudebat ipsi authori Petrus Gromorsus, sub Phoenicis signo, iuxta scholas Remenses). (Location, The Firestone Library, Princeton University).

De Orbis terrae concordia Ubri IV (s.d., s.l.) (However, date (1545) ascertained from BN fonds franc;. 2115, fol. 103v) (Location, Stamp. Barb. V, X, 76, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.

Absconditorvm a constitutione mundi Clauis, qua mens humana tam in divinis quam in humanis pertinget ad interiora uelaminis aeternae ueritatis. Gvlielmo Postello ex diuinis decretis ex scriptore. Lec­tor Qvisqvis es, aut perlege, etsi potes perpende, et intellige: aut abstine a censura. (s.l., s.d.) (Location, Biblioteca Apostolica

187

Vaticana, R.G. Teologia VI 775; Bibliotheque nationale, Paris. Note same edition, published with Les Tr~s MerveiHeuses Victoires des Femmes ••• Paris, 1553. Location, The British Library.)

Absconditorum a Constitutione Mundi Clavis • • • Vna awn appendice Pro Pace Religionis Christianae edi tore A. Franc. de f.bnte S. Amstero­dami, anno 1646: Apud Ioannem Ianssonium. (Location, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Stamp. Chigi VI. 429; Bibliotheque nationale).

De Natiuitate Mediatoris Ultima, nvnc fvtvra, et toti orbi terrarum in singulis ratione praeditis manifestanda, Opus: in Qvo Totius naturae obscuritas, origo et creatio, ita awn sua causa illustratur, exponiturque ut uel pueris sint manifesta, quae in Theosofiae et Filosfiae arcanis hactenus fuere, Autore Spiritu Christi: Ex Scrip­tore Gvlielmo Postello, Apostolica professione sacerdote. (Location, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Palatina IV, 1241).

ITavee:vwa-6. Compositio Omnivm Dissidiorum circa aeternam ueritatem aut uerisimilitudinem uersantium, quae non solum inter eos qui hodie infidelium, Iudaeorum, haereticorum, et catholicorum nomine uocan­tur, orta sunt et uigent, sed iam ab admissis per peccatum circa nostrum inteHectum tenebris fuere inter ecclesiae peculiaris et communis membra. Scriptore Elia Pandocheo. Tubae penultimae stridor. Solus erit Iudex, qui meliora dabit. (s.l., s.d.) 1547?. (Location, Bibliotheque nationale. (On this copy we read: "Ex testamento Gab. Naudaei); University Library, Cambridge).

Descriptio Alcahirae Urbis Quae Mizir et Mazar Dicitur. Angela Codazzi, "Una 'Descrizione' del Cairo di Guglielmo Postel" in Studi in Onore di Cesare Manaresi. Tipografia, A. Poggi, Varese, 1952, pp. 169-206. (Location, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, R. G. Miscell. IV. 701. (1-18)).

Candelabri Typici in Mosis Tabernaculo iusso diuino expressi breuis ac dilucida interpretatio. Qva Priscorvm Hebraeorum patrum de diuina humanaque philosophia sent entia expUcatur, ipsaque luce clarius demonstratur, eos mirum in modum cum nostris Theologis de indiuiduae Trinitatis et aaeterorum fides arcanorum mysterio consentire. Opus ualde utile, et omnino EuangeUcae doctrinae conforme, a Zohare et Behir caeterisque rrultis antiquissimis Cabalae monumentis ad nos emanatum nuperimeque in lucem editum, Venetiis, 1548. (Location, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Stamp. Barb. BI.6).

Guillaume Postel ( 1510-1581) et son Interpretation du Cand~labre de Moyse en H~brew, Latin, Italien ~t Franqais avec une introduction et des notes par Fran~ois Secret (Nieuwkoop, 1966: B. De Graaf).

De Etrvriae regionis, qvae prima in orbe Evropaeo, originibus, insti­tutis, religione, et moribus, et inprimis de aerei saeculi doctrina et vita praestantissima, quae in divinationis sacrae usu posita est, Guilielmi Postelli commentatio, Florentiae, 1551: Lorenzo Tor­rentino. (Locations, Bibliotheque nationale, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, The Houghton Library, Harvard University, The Folger Shakespeare Library).

188

Les Raisons de La monarchie, et quelz moyens sont necessaires pour y paruenir, La ou sont comprins en brief ... Par Gvillavme Postel. Mlri ar vt suscit. Imp rime a Le qui nzi esme i our de Miy, Mi 1 ci nq cens cinquante et vng.

Abrahami Patriarchae Liber Iezirah, siue Formationis mundi, Patribus quidem Abrahami tempora praecedentibus reuelatus, sed ab ipso etiam Abrahamo expositus Isaaco, et per ~ofetarum manus posteritati con­seruatus ipsis autem 72. Mosis auditoribus in secunda diuinae ueri­tatis loco, hoc est in ratione, quae est posterior authoritate, ha­bitus. Vertebat ex Hebraeis, et commentarius illustrabat 1551. ad Babylonis ruinam et corrupti mundi finem, Guilielmus Postellus, Re­stitutus. Parisiis, Vaeneunt ipsi authori, siue interpreti, G. Pos­tello. In scholis Italorum. 1552. (Bound with this work is: Resti­tutio Rerum omnium conditarum, per manum EHae profetae terribilis, ut fiat in toto mundo conuersio perfecta, et maxime inter Iudaeos. Interprete ex Hebraeis G. Postello. (Location, Bibliotheque na­tionale).

A Nos Seigneurs De Parlement, Supplie Humblement Guillaume Postel, Prestre (s.l., s.d.) (Location, The British Library).

Astronomicae considerationis breuissima synopsis, a Guilielmo PosteUo una cum trium sororum mathematicarum discipUnarum compendiis quum stipendiarium lectorem Regium ageret edita, nunc et aucta et cum caeteris rursus emissa in Reip. compendium. Lvtetiae, Apud Gulielmum Cauellat, in pingui Gallina, ex aduerso Collegii Camerancesis, 1552. (Location, The British Library).

Compendiaria Grammatices Hebraicae introductio ad breuissime demonstran­dum, quomodo in diuinis rebus et Uteris, punctus, linea, super­ficies, prima omnia docent in uocalibus, accentibus, et literis, ex unius literae Iodi triangulo compositis. Authore Guilielmo Postello restitutionis omnium Curatore (Parisiis, 1552: Excudebat Mirtinus Iuuenis). (Location, Bibliotheque nationale).

Gulielmvs Postellus Cordata Lectori s. En tibi, Candide lector, offeri­mus ueras et fabulis spoliatas imagines Coeli ••• (s.l ., s.d.) (Lo­cation, The British Library).

De Foenicum Literis Seu De Prisco Latine et Grece Hngue Charactere, eiusque antiquissima or-z.g-z.ne et usu Gu i 11 i e 1 mo Pos te 11 o Barentonio authore. Parisiis, Apud Mirtinum Iuuenem, sub insigni D. Christophori, e regione gymnasii Cameracensium. 1552. (Location, Columbia University Library).

GuiUelmi PosteUi De Uniuersitate Hbri duo: In quibus Astronomiae, Doctrinaeue Coelestis Compendium. Lvgdvni Batavorum, Ex officina Joannis Miire. 1635. (Location, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, R. G. Scienze VI. 14; private collection, M. Kuntz) (Original edition, 1552) •

L'Histoire Memorable des expeditions depuys le deluge faictes par les Gauloys ou Francoys depuis La France iusques en Asie, ou en Thrace

189

et en Z'orientaZe partie de Z'Europe, et des commodites ou i ncom­modites des diuers chemins pour y parnenir et retourner •••• A Za fin est L'Apologie de Za GauZe contre Zes maZeuoZes escripuains, qui d'iceZ Ze ont mal ou negZigentement escript, et en apres Les tresanciens droictz de peupZe GaUique, et de ses princes. Par­Guillaume Postel. A Paris Chez Sebastian Nivelle, en la rue sainct Iacques, a 1' ensi gne des Ci congnes, 1552. (Location, The Houghton Rare Book Library of Harvard University).

Liber de cavsis sev de principiis et originibus Naturae vtriusque, in quo ita de eterna rePUm veritate agitur, vt et authoritate et ra­tione non tantum vbiuis particuZaris Dei prouidentia sed et animoPUm et aorpoPUm immortaZitas ex ipsius AristoteZis verbis reate inteUeatis et non detortis demonstretur aZarissime •••• Authore G. Postello (Parisiis, 1552: Apud Sebastianum Niuellium sub ciconiis, in vico Iacobaeo. (Location, The Newberry Library).

La Loy SaUque, Livret de Za premiere humaine verite, U1 ou sont en brief Zes Origines et Auatoritez de Za Loy GaZZique nomm~e aommune­ment Salique, pour monstrer a queZ poinat fauZdra necessairement en Za GaUique RepubUque venir; et que de Zadiate RepubUque sortim vng Monarahe temporeZ. Par Guillaume Postel. Suivant la copie de 1552, a Paris, Chez Lamy, Libraire, quai des Augustins, pres de la rue Gilles-Coeur. 1780. (Location, The Newberry Library; private collection, M. Kuntz).

Musices ex Theoriaa ad praxim aptatae compendium, a GuiZieZmo PosteZZo ex variis authoribus aoZ Zeatum. Lvtetiae, Apud Guilielmum Cauellat, in pi nqui Ga 11 ina, ex aduerso Co 11 egi i Cameracens is, 1552. ( Loca­tion, The British Library).

ProteuangeZion sive de nataZibvs I esv Christi, et ipsius matris Virginia Mariae, sermo historiaus diui Iacobi minoris, aonsobrini et fratris Domini Iesu, apostoZi primarii, et episaopi ChristianoPUm primi HierosoZymis. • Vita Ioannis Marai euangeUstae, coUeata ex probatioribus autoribus, per TheodoPUm BibZiandPUm. Basil eae, ex Officina Ioannis Oporini Anno Salutis humanae MJLII. ~nse Mirtio. (Location, The British Library).

Resolution EterneZe destin~e au Roy et peupZe Treschrestien. Pour ob­tenir Za vraye et finale viatoire, qui est ceZZe des aoeurs de tout Ze monde , faisant qu 'il despende pour Ze vray, et tant de Dieu que du CieZ ordonn~ Empire Zes Biens Za Vie et Z 'Honneur. Propose L 'an du Salut restitue 1552. Par Guillaume Postel au iugement de Dieu et du monde. (Location, The British Library}.

TabvZa Aeternae Ordinationis Qvaternario constitvto inter svmmae expan­sionis et aoactionis terminos, expositae: ut pateat cZarissime , quatuor eZementoPUm rationem maxime in spirituaZi, siaut et in eZe­mentaPi sensibiZi ue natura esse constitutam, propter restitutionem omnium. Authore Gulielmo Postello Restitute. (s.l., s.d.) (Location, The British Library}.

190

Tabu~a Restitvtionis Omnivm Constitvionum natvra~ivm et svpernatvra~ium rerum, quatuor E~ementis in sensum et inte~~ectum humanum conducen­darum, ad perfectissimam Diuinae Bonitatis admirationem conscripta a G. PosteUo, vt immvtationis metennoeseos constet orbi Ratio. Ex­emplaria venalia sunt apud Ioannem Gueullart, ad Phoenicem, e re­gione, collegii Remensis. (Location, The British Library).

Theoricae Arithmetices compendium a Gui~ie~mo Poste~~o pridem co~~ectum et denuo auctum. Lvtetiae Apud Gulielmum Cauellat in pinqui Gallina, ex aduerso Collegii Cameracensis, 1552. (Location, The British Library).

Vincv~um mundi, compendio expositum, compendio expositvm In Quo Basis earum rationum exponitur, quibus veritas p~acitorum primorum siue articu~orum fidei christianae aut probatur aut oppresso quouis ad­uersario defenditur. Parisiis in quadragesima dictabat auditorum suorum humanitati in Babylonis ruinam Guilielmus Postellus 1552. ad corrupti mundi finem. Exemplaria prostant sub ciconiis in vico Iacobaeo. (Location, The Newberry Library).

De Originibus, sev, de varia et potissimum orbi Latino ad hanc diem in­cognita, aut inconsyderata historia, quum totius Orientis, tum maxime Tartarorum, Persarum, Turcarum, et omnium Abrahami et Noachi a~umnorum origines, et mysteria Brachmanum retegente: Quod ad gen­tium, ~iterarumque quib. utuntur, rationes attinet. Ex libris Noachi et Hanochi, totiusque auitae traditionis a M:>sis alumnis ad nostra tempora seruatae, et conscriptae, Guil ielmus Postell us posteritati eruit, exposuit et proposuit. Basileae, Per Ioannem Oporinum, 1553. (Location, The Newberry Library).

In Arati So~ensis Phaenomena. Imagines CoeU Septentriona~es cvm cir­cv~is et signis zodiaci. Imagines Coe~i Meridiona~es cvm circv~is et signis zodiaci. Parisi is, Apud Hi eronymum Gourmontium, sub insigni trium Coronarum, e regione Collegii Cameracensis, 1553. (Location, The British Library).

Signorvm coe~estivm vera configvratio. Parisi is, Apud Hi eronymum Gour­monti urn e regi one Co 11 egi i Cameracensi s, sub ins i gni tri urn Corona­rum, 1553. (Location, The Houghton Library, Harvard University).

De signorum coe~estium vera configuratione (1636). (Location, The Houghton Library, Harvard University).

Description et charte de ~a Terre saincte qui est ~a propri~t~ de Jesus Christi, pour y veior sa peregrination, et pour inciter ses tres­chretiens ministres a ~a recouvrer pour y rep~anter son empire. Paincte et descripte par GuilLaume Poste~ depuis ~'havoir et par ~iures et par experience veue. A treschrestienne princesse Catherine de Medicis de sang etrusque, Hoyne de ~a Gau~. (s.d., s.l .) (Location, The Houghton Library, Harvard University).

Description et charte de ~a terre saincte • • • • (Paris, 1553?) (Same title as above. Location, The New York Public Library) This work also issued as part of L. Mire, La Vie de J~sus-Christ (Paris, 1553)

191

and ConaoPdanae des quatPe evangelistes (Paris, 1561). (Location, The New York Public Library).

Des MePvei lles du monde, et pPinaipalement des admiPables ahoses des Indes et du Nouveau monde, histoiPe extPaite des esaPiptz tP~s dignes de foy, tant de aeulx qui enaopes sont ••• audiat pays, aomme de aeux qui enaoPes vivants peu aupaPavant en sont Petournez. Et y est aussi monstP~ de lieu du PaPadis tePPestPe. (s.d., s.l .) (Location, The Houghton Library, Harvard University).

Les TPes-MePveilleuses ViatoiPes des femmes du nouveau-monde et comment elles doibvent h tout le monde paP Paison aommandeP et mesme h aeulx qui auPont la MonaPahie du Monde viei7,. A Madame MaPguePite de FPanae. A la fin est adjousUe: La DoatPine du Sieale doP~, ou de l'evangelike Regne de Jesvs Roy des Roys. A Paris, 1553: Chez Jehan Ruelle ala Queue de Regnard, rue Sainct Jacques. (Location, Bibliotheque nationale).

Les TPes MePveilleuses viatoiPes des femmes du novveav monde, et comment elles doibvent h tout le monde paP Raison aommandeP, et mesmes h aeulx qui hauPont la MonaPahie du monde vieil. Liuret escript par G. Postel, A rna Dame Mirgarite de France. A Paris, De l'imprimerie de Iehan Gueullart, a l'enseigne du Phoenix, pres le college de Reims, 1553. (Location, The British Library). Bound with this is AbsaonditoPUm a Constitutione mundi Clauis ••••

SibyllinoPUm VePsvvm ViPgiliio in QvaPta BvaoliaoPum vePsvvm Ealogo tPansaPiptoPvm Eafmsis CommentaPii insta:r>, Gvl i e 1 mo Pos te 11 o Avtore. Parisiis, E Typographia Joannis Gueullartii, ad Phoenicem, e regione Collegii Remensis. 1553. (Location, Bibliotheque nationale).

I7, Libro della divina ordinatione dove si tratta delle aose miraaolose lequali sono state et sino al fine hanno da essere in Venetia et prinaipalmente. La Cavsa per laqvale Iddio fin qui habbi hauuto piu aura di Venetia ahe di tutto quanto il mondo insieme. In Padoua per Gratioso Perchacino. MDLV. (Location, Offentliche Bibliothek der Universitat Basel; The British Library; Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Dresden).

Le PI'ime Nove del aUro mondo, aioe, L' Admirabile Historia et non meno necessaria et utile da esse:r> letta et intesa da ogni uno, ahe stu­penda intitulata La Vergine Venetiana. Parte Vista, parte PI'ouata, et fidelissimamente saritta per Gulielmo Postello primogenito della Restitutione, et spirituale padre di essa Vergine. Ieremiae 31. Creauit Dominus Ihouah nouum super terram. Appresso del Auttore, 1555. (Location, Bibliotheque nationale, Paris; The British Library; Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Dresden.)

Epistola Gvvilelmi Postelli ad C. Sahvvenakfeldivm. Cum PI'aefatione M. Matthiae Flaaaii IUyriai. Ienae, Excudebat Christi anus Rhodius, Anno 1556. (Location, Bibliotheque nationale; The Pitts Theological Library, Emory University)

192

Cosmographioae Disaiplinae Compendium, in suum finem, hoe est ad Diuinae Prouidentiae oertissimam demonstrationem aonduotum. Addita est rerum toto in Orbe gestarum LUv6wts, item, Quot, quantaeque Christianarum Gentium nationes, nobis haatenus inoognitae, in Vniuerso sint, quae a nostro Orbe Z.umen Euangel.ii sibi Restitutum, oredunt. Gvl ielmo Postello Authore. Basileae per Ioannem Oporinum. 1561. (Location, The Newberry Library).

De Cosmographiaa disaipl.ina et signorum aoeZ.estium vera oonfiguratione l.ibri II. Lugduni Batavorum ex Officina Joannis Mlire. 1636. (Loca­tion, private collection, M. Kuntz).

De La Repvblique des Turas: et Z.h ou Z.'oooasion s'offrera, des meurs et Z.oys de tous Muhamedistes, par GviZ.Z.avme Postel. Cosmopol-ite. Aueo vne TabZ.e bien ampZ.e, des ohoses pl. us notabZ.es, oontenues en tous Z.es Liures. A Poitiers, De l'Imprimerie d'Enguilbert de Mlrnef. (Circa 1566). (Location, The Firestone Library, Princeton Univer­sity).

Histoire et consideration de Z. 'origine, Z.oy, et aovstvme des Tartares, Persiens, Arabes, Turos, et tous autres IsmaeZ.ites ou Muhamediques, diets par nous Mohametains, ou Sarrazins. A Poitiers du l'Imprimerie d'Enguilbert de Mlrnef. (Location, The Firestone Library, Princeton University).

Divinationis sive Divinae Svmmaeque Veritatis disovssio ••• Guil i elmo Postello authore. Parisiis, 1571. (Location, The British Library).

De nova steZ.Z.a ••• (Antwerp, 1573) (Location, The Houghton Library, Har­vard University).

De Peregrina SteZ.Z.a Qvae Svperiore Anno Primvm Apparere Coepit, Cl ariss. virorum Corn. Gemmae Louaniensis Germani, et GuZ.ieZ.. PosteZ.Z.i Barentani GaZ.Z.i, ex Phil.osophiae natural-is, mystioaeque TheoZ.ogiae penetraZ.ibus deprompta Iudioia. (s.l ., s.d.) (Location, The Houghton Rare Book Library of Harvard University). Secret omits this in his Bibl-iographie.

Le Thr~sor des proph~ties de Z.'univers. Manusorit pubZ.i~ aveo une intro­duction et des notes par Fran~ois Secret. La Haye, 1969; Mlrtinus Nijhoff.

PosteZ.Z.ianae Mappae Boreae typus in De Orbis Catoptrioi sev m2pparum mvndi prinaipiis, desoritione ao vsv. Libri tres ••• Editio secvnda ••• Authore primvm, deinde recognitone Iacobo Servertio Belli­Iocensi, Sacrae Theologiae Doctore Parisiensi. Parisiis, 1598: Apud Lavrentivm Sonnivm via Iacobaea. (Location, Biblioteca Mlrciana).

193

II. Ancillary Bibliograhy

A. Mlnuscripts

*Indicates ms. not listed previously in relationship to Postel.

Dresden

Saehisehe Landesbibliothek

Ms. Dres. N .74. Ineipit: "Clauiculae Salomonis langue Hbraique en Italienne Abraham Colorno, fols. 1-213.

et Theosophia Pneumatica". tr. de ••• , nouuellement en Franc;ois par

Geneva

Biblioth~que publi que et univer sitai re

*Ms. fr. 441, fols. 32-33. Ineipit: "M:!moire sur les Opinions de Postel et sur celles des lui fs ." (I am indebted to Professor Brian G. Armstrong for bringing this ms. to my attention.)

Paris

Biblioth~que nationale

Fonds franc;. 23969, fol. 16-17. Fonds Dupuy 630, fol. 125.

Biblioth~que Sainte-Genevi~ve

*Ms. 909, fol. 37. Ineipit: "Postel (Famille). Recueil de pieces genealogiques."

Rome

Biblioteea Apostoliea Vatieana

Vat. Lat. 5578, fols. 1-84. Incipit: "Petri Galatini Minoritae serui inutilis Iesv Christi, de Angelico pastore opusculum ex sacra ueteris et noui testamenti scri ptura excerptum ."

*Ottob. Lat. 2914, fols. 1-207v. Ineipit : "B. Amadeus, dicitur a patria. Romae vixit, Systo IV P.P. regnante, et hunc libellum de Revelationibus composuit hue usque non dum edi tum ."

194

BibLioteaa VaLLiaeLLaria

Ms. B. 107. Codex xvis. Inaipit: "Confvtati o Errori s popvl ari s de Ioanna psevdopontifi ce vvl go Papessa per Fl orimundum de Remundo regi urn consi 1 i ari urn in Parlament Burdegalensi in Gallis. Opus autographum. Eivsdem argv­menti opvscvlvm Bernardini Rothomagensis. Item authographum. (I am indebted to Professor Filippo Mignini for his help in securing this manuscript) •

Venice

Arahivio di Istituzioni di Riaovero e di Eduaazione

Libra di Partte et Determinationi diverse. FPenaipia L546 finno L604. Inaipit: "Nel praesente 1 i bro si fara memoria di tutte 1 e ocorenti e che per giornata occoreranno a esser deliberate nel nostro hospedal per li fradelli sicondo l'ordine et l'osseruantia delli capitoli nostri.

Arahivio di Stato

Ospedali e luoghi p11, Busta 910, ms. non numerato. Inaipit: "Le i nfrascritte Robbe furno date in nota da Suor Zuana, per esser sue, i uxta 1' ordi ne de tutti quell i , che i ntrano nel' hospedal ."

BibLioteaa Maraiana

*Mss. Italiani, Cl. 7, Coll. 10527, no. 2398. Inaipit: "Confraternity e (scuole) e Artisti. Ospizii, Ricoveri, Ospitale ."

*Mss. Italiani, Cl. 10, Coll. 6527, no. 24. (Provenienza, Consiglio dei Dieci).

Inaipit: "Lettere di Card. R. Pole.

*Mss. !tali ani, Cl. 11, Coll. 6793, no. 62. Inaipit: "Vita di Guglielmo Postello," fols. 195-196v; Inaipit: "Opere di Guglielmo Postello," fols. 191-194v, 197-198v.

*Mss. Latini, Cl. 3, Coll. 2211, no. 195. Inaipit: "Apocalypsis nova, sensum habens apertum: et ea quae in antiqua apocalypsi erant intus hie ponuntur foris, hoc est quae erant abscondita sunt manifesta." (saec. XVI).

*Mss. Latini, Cl. 14, Coll. 4590, no. 2. Inaipit: "Iochimus Abbas Prophetia."

*Mss. Latini, Cl. 14, Coll. 4662, no. 123. Inaipit: "Prologus in traductionem alchorani Miumethi; •• Miumethi traducti o," fo 1 s. 1-66.

195

*Mss. Latini, Cl. 14, Cod. CCL, no. 4255, fols. 114-124. Inaipit: "Librorum prohibitorum. Elenchus."

*Mss. Orientali, n." 216 (Ebraici 10), Coll. 82. EvangeUa Matthaei et Marai Hebraiae et Latine, aum loais parallelis et N. T. e del sea. XVI opera giovanile. (I recently discovered this ms. of Poste 1 • The Latin translation is in the hand of Guy Le Fevre, the Latin annotations in Postel's hand. The Hebrew text and annotations are in Postel's hand. This is a rare discovery, and I am happy to present the information long unnoticed among the treasures of the Biblioteca Marciana).

Biblioteaa-Museo Civiao Correr

Ms. Cicogna #2011 o 502 (Busta). Inaipit: "Note alle Inscrizioni nella Chiesa di S. Giovanni e Paolo, gia S. Zanipolo."

Mss. Cicogna 2987-2988, #591. Inaipit: "Opitali e case date da abitare per carita."

Ms. Ci cogna N .2011. Inaipit: "Regol e di congregati one de puoueri vul garmente chi amati Gi esuati ."

B. Books

Aatorvm CoUoqvii Ratisponensis ultimi, quomodo inahoatum aa desertum, quaeque in eodem extemporaU oratione inter partes disputata fu­erint, Verissima Narratio. Iussu Caes. Maiestatis conscripta et edita. Ingolstadii ex officina Typograhica Alexandri Vueissenhorn (MlXLVI). (Location, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Palatina IV 1241) •

Allen, Don Cameron. The Legend of Noah. Urbana, Illinois, 1949: Univer­sity of Illinois Press.

---.Mysteriously Meant. The Rediscovery of Pagan Symbolism and Allegor­ical Interpretation in the Renaissance. Baltimore, 1970: The Johns Hopkins Press.

Alquie, Ferdinand. Le Philosophie du monde nouveau XVIe et XVIIe si~ales. Paris, 1972: Hachette.

La Antiahit~ di Beroso Caldeo saaerdote, et d'altri sarittori, aosi He­brei, aome Greai, et Latini, . ahe trattano della stesse mat erie ( Raaaolte da Annio di Viterbo). Tradotte ••• da M. Francesco San­sovino. In Vinegia, presso Altobello Salicato, 1583.

Apologie pour les grands hommes. Naudeana et Patiniana. Amsterdam, 1702. pp. 3-5, 71ff., 128ff.

196

Armstrong, Brian G. Calvinism and the Amyraut Heresy. Protestant Saho­lastiaism and Humanism in Seventeenth Century Franae. Madison, 1969: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Atkinson, Geoffroy • Les Nouveaux Horizons de la Renaissanae franqaise. Paris, 1935: E. Oroz.

Aviso alli Svdditi del Dominio Venetiano di Matteo forti saaerdote, e theologo da Pavia; sopra d'vna Lettera di Frate Gio. Battista Pal­mieri, finto Romito. In Roma et in Bologna per Bartolomeo Cochi, 1607. (Location, Bib 1 i oteca Marci ana) •

Baer, Richard A., Jr. Philo's Use of the Categories of Male and Female. Leiden, 1970: E. J. Brill.

Bainton, Roland H. The Travail of Religious Liberty. Philadelphia, 1951: The Wes tmi n is ter Press •

---. Miahel Servet, h~r~tique et martyr. Geneve, 1953: E. Oroz.

---. The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. Boston, 1952: Beacon Press.

Niaolai Fabri Lvdoviai XIII Frana. et Nov. Regis Christianissimi Con­si liarii aa Praeaeptoris, Opvsavla ad Christianissimvm reg em. Cvm Eivsdem Fabri vita. Sariptore Fr. Balbo in auria Monetarum Galliae Generali Regis Aduoaato. Parisiis, Sumptibus Petri Chevalier, via Iacobaea, sub signo Diui Petri, MDCXVIII.

Barkan, Leonard. Nature's Work of Art. The Human Body as Image of the World. New Haven, 1975: Yale University Press.

Baron, Sa 1 o Wi ttmayer. A Soaial and Religious History of the Jews. New York and London, 1969: Columbia University Press.

Barthold, V. V. La D~aourverte de l'Asie. Histoire de l'orientalisme en Europe et en Russie, trans. B. Nikitine. Paris, 1947: Payot.

Bartoli, Daniello. Dell'Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu. L'Italia. la parte dell'Europa. Roma, 1673: Nella stamperia del Varese.

Biblioteaa Magna Rabbiniaa De Sariptoribus et sariptis Hebraiais, ordine Alphabetiao Hebraiae, et Latine digestis, Pars Prima, Auatore D. Ivlio Bartoloaaio de Celleno. Ex typographi a sac rae Congregati oni s de Propaganda Fidei, Anno Iubilei MDCLXXV.

Vita del Cardinale Gasparo Contarini saritta da Monsignor Lodoviao Bea­aatello. In Brescia, MDCCXLVI. Dalle Stampe di Gian-Maria Rizzardi. Con Licenza de' Superiori. (Location, Biblioteca Apostolica Vati cana, Race. Gen. Vite II I. 55) •

Becker, Marvin B. Florenae in Transition. Vols. I-II. Baltimore, 1968: The Johns Hopkins Press.

197

Bedi er, Joseph, and Paul Hazard, eds • Histoire de Za Zitterature fran­gaise. Tome I. Paris, 1923: Librairie Larousse. pp. 533ff.

Bedouelle, Guy. Lef~vre d'EtapZes et Z'inteZZigence des ecritures. Geneve, 1976: Librairie Droz.

Benz, Ernst. Adam der Mythus vom Urmenschen. MUnchen, 1955: Otto­Wilhelm-Barth-Verlag.

Bi etenho 1 z, Peter G. Basel- and France in the Sixteenth Century. The BasZe Humanists and Printers in their Contacts with Francophone Cul-ture, Geneva, 1971: Librairie Droz.

Billons, Pere des, S. J. Nouveaux EcZaircissements sur Za vie et Zes Ou­vrages de GuiZZaume Postel-. Liege, 1623: J. J. Tutot.

Blanchet, Leon. Campanel-l-a. New York, 1971: Burt Franklin.

Blau, Joseph Leon. The Christian Interpretation of the Cabbal-ah in the Time of the Renaissance, New York, 1944: Columbia University Press; Port washington, New York: Kennikat Press.

Blumenthanl, David. The Commentary of R. Hater ben SheZBmB to the Thirteen Principl-es of Maimonides. Leiden, 1974: E. J. Brill.

Understanding Jewish Mysticism. The Merkabah Tradition and the Zo­haric Tradition. New York, 1978: Ktav Publishing House, Inc.

Bodin, Jean. Col-l-oquium HeptapZomeres, Latin edition of Ludovicus Noach. Sueri ni flega 1 oburgi ens i urn, 1857.

Bosisio, Achille. L'OspedaZetto e Za Chiesa di s. Maria dei dereZitti. Venezia, 1963: Istituzioni di Ricovero e di Educazione.

Bouwsma , Wi 11 i am J • Concordia Mundi: The Career and Thought of Cui Z Zaume Postel- (1510-1581). Cambridge, Mass., 1957: Harvard University Press.

---."Guillaume Postel and the Problem of 1-.brld Unity", (Thesis, Harvard Univesity, 1950: University Microfilms, Univesity of Michigan, Ann Arbor).

---. Venice and the Defense of Republ-ican Liberty. Renaissance Val-ues in the Age of the Counter Reformation, Berkeley, 1968: University of California Press.

Boyle, Marjorie O'Rourke. Erasmus on Language and Method in Theol-ogy. Toronto, 1977: Unversity of Toronto Press.

Bronstein, Leo. Kabbal-ah and Art. Hanover, N.H., 1980: Brandeis Univer­sity Press.

198

Brown, Frieda, ed. French Renaissance Studies in Honor of Isidore Sil­ver. Lexington, 1974: Kentucky Romance Quarterly, Vol. 21, supple­ment no. 2.

Brown, Harcourt. Science and the Human Comedy: Natural Philosophy in French Literature from Rabelais to Maupertuis. Toronto, 1976: Uni­versity of Toronto Press.

Brutus, Etienne Junius. Vindicae contra tyrannos, traduction fran~aise de 1581. Introduction, notes and index by A. Jouanna, J. Perrin, M. Soulie, A. Tournon, and H. weber. Geneve, 1979: Librairie Droz.

Buisson, Ferdinand. Sebastien Castellion. Vols. I-II. Nieuwkoop, 1964: B. DeGraaf.

Bullart, Isaac. Academie des sciences et des arts , contenant les vies, et les eloges historique des hommes illustres qui ont excelle en ces professions. Brusselle, 1695.

Heinrich Bullinger Bibliographie, ed. Erland Herkenrath. Band 1-2. Zurich, 1977: Verlag.

Busson, Henri. Le Rationalisme dans la litt~rature franqaise de la re­naissance (1533-1601), 2nd tirage. Paris, 1971: Librairie Philo­sophique J. Vrin.

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---. "Nouvelles Precisions sur Flavius Mithridates maitre de Pic de la Mirandole et traducteur de commentaires de Kabbale" in L'Opera e U pensiero di Giovanni Pico della Mirandola nella storia dell'umanes­imo. Convengo Internazionale Mirandola, 15-18 Sett., 1963. Firenze nell a sede dell' Istituo, 1965, Vol. II, pp. 169-183.

---. "L' Opuscul e de G. Postel sur 1 e miracle de La on," BibUotMque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 28 (1966), pp. 399-405.

---. "Paral ipomenes de la vie de Fran~ois rer par Guillaume Postel," Studi Francesi 4 (1958), pp. 50-62.

---. "Pierre Gregoire j uge de 1 a pa 1 i ngenesi e de Poste 1 , " BibUotMque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 22 (1960), pp. 561-563.

---. "Postel and Francesco Giorgi , " BibUotMque d'Humanisme et Renais­sance 22 (1960), pp. 385-389.

---. "Postel et Thedore Bibliander," BibUotMque d'Humanisme et Renais­sance 22 (1960), pp. 381-382.

---. "Postel temoin de la destruction des Talmuds a Rome, en 1559," Biblioth~que d'Humanisme et Renaissance 23 (1961), pp. 358-359.

---. "La recontre d' A. Mlsius avec Postel a Rome," Revue d'histoire eccl~siastique 54 (1964)' pp. 485-489.

---."La Reponse de G. Postel a Teseo Ambrogio," BibUoth~que d'Hu­manisme et Renaissance 28 (1966), pp. 698-699.

---. "Quatorze Lettres de Postel a Theodore Zwi nger 'II BibUotMque d' Hu­manisme et Renaissance 26 (1964), pp. 120-153.

231

---. "De quelques courants proph~tiques et religieux sous le r~gne de Henri Ill," Revue de l'histoire des religions 172 (1967), pp. 1-32.

---. "Le Symbolisme de la kabbale chr~tienne dans la 'Scechina' de Egi di o da Vi terbo," Archivio di Filosofia. Umanesimo e Simbolismo (Padova, 1958), nos. 2 e 3, pp. 131-154.

---. "Le Testament de 1552 ," BibUotMque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 21 (1959), pp. 458-459.

---. "Theseus Ambrosius et Postellus 'Ambolateus Doctor JVedicinae' ," Biblioth~que d'Humanisme et Renaissance 23 (1961), pp. 130-132.

---. "Le Tombeau de G. Postel," Biblioth~que d'Humanisme et Renaissance 32 (1969), pp. 578-579.

---. "Tradition anti-juive en France au d~but du XVIe si~cle ," Revue des ~tudes juives 125, fasc. 1-3 (1966), pp. 233-238.

---. "La Traduction de L' Axiochus par G. Postel," BibUotMque d'Hu­manisme et Renaissance 28 (1966), pp. 109-111.

---. "Le Voyage en Orient de Pierre Duchastel 1 ecteur de Fran~oi s Ier," Biblioth~que d'Humanisme et Renaissance 23 (1961), pp. 121-123.

Sendrail, M. "Un R~formateur sous le regard des psychiatres," Le con­cours m~dical (11-10-69), pp. 7057-7060.

Sherman, Michael A. "Political Propaganda and Renaissance Culture: French Reactions to the League of Cambra i , 1509-10," The Sixteenth Century Journal 8, no. 2, supplement (1977), pp. 97-128.

Siblerman, Lou H. "The Two 'JVessiahs' of the Mlnual of Discipline," Vetus Testamentum V (1955), pp. 77-82.

Sola, J. C. "El P. Juan Bautista Eliano: un documento autobiografico in­~dito," Archivum historicum Societatis Jesu IV, pp. 291-321.

Soman, Alfred, "The Parlement of Paris and the Great Witch Hunt (1565-1640) ," The Sixteenth Century Journal 9, no. 2 (1978), pp. 31-44.

Sonne, J. "La Politica di Paolo IV (1555-1559) verso gli Ebrei ," L'Idea Sionistica ••• del movimento sionistico (1931), pp. 11-15.

Spitz, L. W. "Renaissance Occultism and Despair of Reason," Journal of the History of Ideas 27 (1966), pp. 464-469.

Stahlmann, Ingrid. "Die Stellung Guillaume Postels in der religiosen Propaganda" in Aspects de la Propagande Religieuse.Geneva, 1957: Droz. pp. 294-308.

Steinmetz, David C. "Religious Ecstasy in Stampitz and the Young Luther," The Sixteenth Century Journal 9, no. 1 ( 1980) , pp. 23-37.

232

Stella, Aldo. "La Lettera del cardinale Contarini sulla predestina­zione," Rivista di Storia del-l Chiesa in ItaUa 15 (1961), pp. 420-432.

---. "Il Processo veneziano di Guillaume Postel," Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia 22 (1968), pp. 425-466.

Strayer, Joseph R. "France: The Holy Land, the Chosen People, and the M:>st Christi an King" in Aation and Conviction in Early Modern Eu­rope. Essays in Memory of E. H. Harbison, eds. Theodore K. Rabb and Jerrold E. Seigel. Princeton, 1969: Princeton University Press. pp. 3-16.

---. "Tradizione razionalistica patavina e radicalismo spiritualistico nel XVI secolo," AnnaU del-la Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa~ Lettere storia e filosofia, Ser. II, XXXVII (1968), pp. 1-22.

Sutherland, Nicole M. "Catherine de M:!dici: The Legend of the Wicked Italian Queen," The Sixteenth Century Journal 9, no. 2 (1978), pp. 45-56.

Troil o, Ermi ni o. " Interpretazi one di Erasmo" in Figure e dottrine di pensatori. Nuova Serie. Vol. II. Padova, 1944: Cedam. pp. 5-52.

Urban, Lina Padoan. "Gli Spettacoli urbani e l'utopia" in Architettura e utopia nel-la Venezia del Cinquecento, Catalogo a cura di Li onell o Puppi. Venezia, 1980: Electa Editrice. pp. 144-186.

Vasoli, Cesare. "Considerazioni su alcuni temi retorici di Giulio Camillo Delminio," Retorica e poetica (1979), pp. 245-257.

---. "Postel e il 'Mito estrusco'" in MUanges b. m~moire de Franco Simone. France et Italie dans la culture europ~enne. I Moyen Age et Renaissace. Geneve, 1980: Editions Slatkine. pp. 325-350.

Verivey, H. de la Fontaine. "Trois heresiarques," BibUotMque d'Hu­manisme et Renaissance 16 (1954), pp. 312-330.

Victor, Joseph M. "The Revival of Lullism at Paris, 1499-1516," Renais­sance Quarterly 28, no. 4 (1975), pp. 504-534.

Vogel, E. "Uber Wilhelm Pastels Reisen in den Orient," Serapeum 14 (1853).

Vogel, E. G. "Verzeichniss der Originalausgaben von Wilhelm Pastels Schriften duf der konigl. Offentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden," Serapeum (1853) 14 Jahrg., pp. 363-378.

Walker, D. P. "The Astral Body in Renaissance M:!dicine," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 21 (1958), pp. 119-133.

---. "Ficino's Spiritus and MJsic," Annales Musicologiques. Moyen-Age et Renaissance I (1953), pp. 131-150.

233

• "The Prisca TheoLogia in France," JournaL of the War burg and CourtauLd Institutes 17 (1954), pp. 204-259 .

Westman, Robert S. "Migi cal Refonn and Astronomi ca 1 Reformation: The Yates Thesis Reconsidered" in Hermetici sm and the Scientific RevoLution, Robert S. Westman and J. E. M:Gu i re. Los Angles, 1977: University of California Press. pp. 1-91.

Wieder, N. "The 'Law-Interpreter' of the Sect of the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Second M>ses ," The JournaL of Jewish Studi es IV (1953), pp. 158-175.

Williams, George. "Studies in the Radical Reformation: 1517-1618. A bibliographical survey of research since 1939," Church History 27 ( 1958) ' pp. 46-69. 124-160.

Wilson, Dudley. "La Seconde Edition de La Galliade de Guy Lefevre de la Boderie, sa composition et ses sources" in M~Langes ~ La m~moire de Franco Simone . Geneve, 1980: Editions Slatkine. pp. 351-359.

Wirszubski, Chaim. "Francesco Giorgio's Commentary on Giovanni Pico's Kabbalistic Theses," Journa L of the Warburg and CourtauLd Institutes 37 (1974). pp. 145-157.

Yates, Frances A. "The Hermetic Tradition in t he Renaisance" in Art, Science and History in the Renaissance , ed . Charles S. Singleton • Baltimore, 1967: The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 255-274.

Zambelli, Paola. "A propositio della De vanitate scientiarum et artium de Corne 1 i o Agri ppa," Revista Critica di Stor i a deUa FUosofia 15 (1960), pp. 166-180.

---. "Corneille Agrippa, Erasme et la theologie humaniste" ifl CoUoquia Erasmiana Turonensia. Douzi~me St age I nternationaL d ' Etudes Hu­manistes , Tours 1969 . Vo 1 • I. Paris, 1972: Libra i ri e Phil osophi que J. Vrin. pp. 113-159.

---. "Il 'De auditu Kabbalistico' e la tradizione lulliana nel Rinasci­mento," Atti deLL' Accademia Toscana di Sci enze e Letter 'La CoLom­bara' 30 (1965), pp. 113-247.

---. "Migi c and Radical Reformation in Agri ppa of Nettesheim," JournaL of t he War burg and CourtauLd Institutes 39 (1976), pp. 69-103.

APPENDIX I

A RECENTLY DISCOVERED EPISTOLARY FRAGMENT

OF POSTEL: AN HYPOTHESIS CONCERNING THE ADDRESSEE

The conclusion of a fragmentary letter written in Postel's hand and

dated August 15, 1553 has been recently discovered in Hamburg •1 The

fragment is as follows:

-hotlol"l·s---et- amoris gratia primo in amicorum loco pono. Bullingherus Gesnerus Rodolfus et reliqui am1c1 non obmi ttentur. Vbi eri t qui ad vos r.breh et Ial cut si tamen prodiit deferat ego vestri memor fuero. Vale. 15. Augusti 1553. post scriptam epistolam resciui Jalcut non fuisse Veneti is recuslJll sed fvbreh tan tum.

Tuus ex animo Giulielmus Postellus

The brief but significant statements in this document whet one's desire to discover the remaining portion of the letter and to ascertain the

addressee. Postel evidently sent the 1 etter from Venice, for on 17

August, 1553 he directed a letter to Caspar Schwenkfeld from the house

of the Giunti •2 One is aware that on the same date, August 15, 1553

Postel wrote a letter to the Basel publisher, Johannes Oporinus.3 In

this long letter Postel writes of the significance of the Zohar, which he had recently translated and sent to Oporinus •4 He relates the Zohar

1The manuscript is located in the Staats und Universitats­bibliothek, Hamburg, Codex 69 in scrinio (no. 122, 238). I am deeply indebted to Professor Paul Oskar Kristeller for calling this text to my atten~ion and to Dr. Eva Horvath for providing me with a microfilm.

See the British Library, Sloane ms. 1413, fols. 120-121. A second letter was written to Schwenkfeld some time after 1553 in which Postel writes: "Servate epistolam 1553 scriptam, ut ad An nos 1556 paremini sicut in die bus Nohae." Ibid., fol. 122. From the context one notes that Postel and Schwenkfeld were expecting the "restitutio omnium" to take place in 1556. When this did not happen, Postel amended the date to 15~6.

The British Library, Sloane ms. 1413, fols. 116-117v. Also see Fran~ois Secret, BibUotMque d'Humanisme et Renaissanae 25 (1963) pp. 216-2p.

Postel speaks of beginning his translation of the Zohar in 1547 in

235

to the Gospels and the efficacy of the sacrament of bread and wine.5 He also indicates his support for the German reformers who shatter the lethargy of the clergy.6 He expresses the bold opinion that the restitution of all things must come from Germany and that if his beliefs cause him prob 1 ems with the Roman Church, he is prepared to suffer for the truth J

Postel appends a postscript to the Hamburg fragment, stating that "post scriptam epistolam resciui Jalcut non fuisse Venetiis recusum sed rvbreh tantum."8 Three days before Postel wrote this letter a papal order had condemned the Talmud and similar books to the pyre.9 The key

Venice under the inspiration of Mother Johanna. See his Le Prime Nove del altro mondo (Padova, 1555) sig. Giii.

For the complicated history of Postel's two translations of the Zohar see Antonio Rotondo, Studi e ricerche di storia ereticale italiana del cinquecento (Torino, 1974: Edizioni Giappichelli) pp. 119-159. Also see Fran~ois Secret, Les Kabbalistes chretiens de la renaissance (Paris, 1964: Dunod), pp. 171-217; Le Zohar chez les kabbaUstes chretiens de l( renaissance (Paris, 1958: Librairie Durlacher) pp. 51-114.

5The British Library, Sloane ms. 1413, fol. 116v. ~Ibid. , fol. 116. Ibid., fol. 117. He expresses similar views about the restitution

of all things evolving in Germany in Bibliotheque nationale, fonds lat. 3401, fols. 36-70v, entitled Quod Germanorum Scriptores doctissimi incoeperint lucem originum verarum attingere, et a Gomero deducere. He writes of the transfer of authority to Germany: "Certe nullo iure potuissent in Germaniam a Gallis transferre, nisi quia Deus sic modum dulcissimum in septem Cophniorum Germanicae electionis disposuit, vt castigarentur egregie dum tempus a Domino praestitutum, v t nunc, adess§t." fol. 68.

Ialcut or Yalkut Shimon! is a midrashic anthology covering the whole Bible. Isaac Abrabanel was the first to mention the Yalkut. An edition by Meir Prinz was published in Venice in 1566. See Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem, 1971: The Macmillan Company) Vol. XVI, pp. 707-710. Also see Jo. Christoph. Wolfii, Bibliothecae Hebraeae (Hamburg et Lipsiae, 1727) Vol. III, pp. 1190-1191.

Postel mentions Ialcut as one of numerous Hebrew witnesses to the truths about the restitution of all things as unfolded to him by the Venetian Virgin, the myst e rious Mother Johanna. He writes , as follows, in Le Prime Nove del aUro mondo (Padova , 1955) sig. Giiv: "Quanto 'e di queste cose ho qua l! sono tanto cerca de lla Madre del mondo come circa di me ••• in innumerabili luoghi, et autorita delli secreti interpret! se ne troua testimonii, come nel libro Diuinissimo et Rarissimo del Zohar, cosi nelli Rabboth, Midrass Ialcut, Hagadoth, Bariathoth, Ilanoth, et principalmente nelli interpret! delli 10 Sefi roth et della Mercaua et di tutti libri di Cabala. " He mentions these sources and others in H Libra della divina ordinatione (Padova , 1555) sigs . Ciiiiv-D.

236

question, however, is whether the fragment of six lines and its

postscript is an addendum to the letter to Oporinus dated 15 August,

1553 or is the conclusion to another yet unknown addressee. It is

frustrating that the object of pono in the first line of the fragment is

missing. Postel evidently named a person to be "in the first order of

friends." He then states that Bullinger, Gesner, and Rudolphe

(Gwalterius) and the rest of his friends will not be neglected,

apparently from his friendship.

One can argue that the mention of Bullinger, Gesner, and Rodolfus

(Rudol phe Gwal terius) as friends 1 inks the letter to the reformers at

Basel and ZUrich. Since Postel had already sent his translation of the

Zohar to Oporinus, it would seem logical for him also to send Moreh and

IaLcut, Hebrew texts from which Postel drew many of his ideas.10 Postel

states that he will send the books as soon as someone is available to

bring them. In addition, in the concluding lines of one of Postel's

1 etters to Opori nus he speaks of his Secretorum aeternorum expositio, and the context of the fragment under consideration is not inappropriate

to the tone of the Opori nus 1 etter .11

However, there are certain problems which cause uncertainty about

the fragment as a postscript to the Oporinus letter. For example, would

Postel redate a postscript and sign his name for a second time to a

letter with the exact date and with the identical farewell signature?

It seems unlikely.

There are other possibilities to be considered as one attempts to

identify the person to whom Postel sent this 1 etter. Fran~oi s Secret

has pub 1 i shed part of a 1 etter, written by Opori nus to Francesco Ci ceri ,

the Milanese humanist, in which document Oporinus recommends Postel to

Ci ceri •12 Opori nus wrote to Ci ceri on 17 June , 1553 • On July 25, 1553

Ciceri wrote a warm letter to Postel expressing his great admiration for

9see Paul F. Grendler, The Roman Inquisition and the Venetian Press, L540-l605 (Princeton, 1977: Princeton University Press) PP• 89-92.

10Since all Hebrew books were quickly becoming suspect, Postel obviously knew and trusted the person to whom he was going to send IaLcut and Moreh. Also see above, notes 8 and 9.

1~The British Library, Sloane ms. 1413, fol. 117v. 1 Fran<;ois Secret, "Postel et Francesco Ciceri," BibLioth~que

d'Humanisme et Renaissance 23 (1961) pp. 549-550.

237

Postel whan he knew only through his works. However, Postel, some time

after Ciceri's letter of 25 July, 1553, visited Ciceri since in a letter

of September, 1553 Ciceri writes to Oporinus about Postel's stay.

The Hamburg fragment of 15 August, 1553 could be the conclusion of

a letter from Postel to Ciceri in response to Ciceri's kind letter of 25

July, 1553. However, the sentence about sending Moreh and IaLcut makes

this hypothesis dubious. It seems unlikely that the 1 etter was directed

to one of those who are mentioned in the letter, namely Bullinger,

Gesner, or Rodolfus, although Postel was indeed corresponding with

Bullinger during the summer of 1553 •

Finally, the fragment could be part of a letter to Postel's beloved

Masius to whom he often sent rare books as well as numerous letters. In

a letter to Mlsius written without indication of place or date, Postel

writes of Gilgul, the mind of the M:!ssiah, the Zohar, and also Atarah, "de illa egi in Ilan quia omnes spiritus mundi in earn incumbunt." 13 The

last line of this letter reads "Vale et tuum Postellum ama."

The fragment which we have been discussing could well be the

conclusion or afterthought of Postel to Mlsius after he had already

written "Farewell and love your Postel." Postel in the fragment

declares that someone or possibly something is placed in the first order

of friends. It is true that Mlsius was the friend most beloved to

Postel. In addition, he remarks that he will send IaLcut and Moreh as

soon as a carrier is available. One can reasonably presume that the

fragment fran Hamburg may be the conclusion and postscription to the

letter which Postel wrote to Mlsius.

A 1 though no positive determination about the Hamburg fragment can

be made, I tentatively suggest that it is the conclusion to the undated

letter to Mlsius. At any rate, this epistolary fragment provides

interest, as well as another problem, for those who are concerned with

the labyrinth of Postel's associations and ideas.

13This letter has been transcribed by Fran~ois Secret, "Lettre a Andre Masius," BibUoth~que d'Humanisme et Renaissance 23 (1961) PP• 524-529.

238

APPENDIX II

POSTEL ON THE HIGHEST GRADE OF NOURISHMENT

In addition to Postel's voluminous writings which are known , other hitherto unknown documents in Postel's hand continue to be discovered.1

A brief, but significant, text located in Hamburg is an example •2

Postel wrote this text sometime after 1579' as the heading indicates. The document seems to be an introduction to a larger work , and its context focuses upon an idea which became a central theme for Poste 1 from 1566 unti 1 his death in 1581 • Poste 1 speaks of the need for two kinds of nourishment; namely, physical and spiritual food. He emphasizes that one highest grade of nourishment is essential if man is to enjoy eterna 1 1 i fe •

The si gni fi cance of spi ri tua 1 food becomes paramount after Poste 1 witnesses an exorcism in Laon in 1566. A demon was driven from a young girl, Nicole Obrey, when the host (or spiritual food) was placed before the face of the tormented teenager.3 Postel interpreted this "miracle

1 In addition to t he manusc ript f rom Hamburg which will be discusse d below, a hitherto unknown letter of Postel to Cardinal Granvelle was discovered recently in the National Library of Madrid. I am deeply indebted to Professor Paul Oskar Kristeller for bringing the Madrid and the Hamburg manuscripts of Postel to my attention. I am also grateful to Dr. Eva Horvath for providing me with a microfilm of the Hamburg manuscript. For the doc umenta tion of the Gra nvelle letter, s e e below, note ~9.

In addition to t he autog r a ph unde r discussion, there a r e t wo other fragme nts which pe rtain to Postel, one of which is a letter in Postel' s handwriting. The shelf-marks are as follows: Staats und Universitats­bibliothek, Hamburg, Codex 69 in scrinio (no. 122, 238) and Codex 70 in scrin~o (no. 981). The text unde r di"scussion is Codex 70.

A detailed drawing of the e xorc ism a ppea rs in a leng thy manuscri pt, entitle d Saer o Jesuehri s ti triumpho habi to • • • eompendiosa his t oria • • • eonseripta. Auetore Chr. H erieurtio Laudunensis eeelesiae deeano . The name of . J e ha n Boula ese a lso appear s o n the ti tle page a s we l l a s the handwri t i ng of Pos t el. See Bi bl iotheque nat iona l e , fonds lat. 3224, fols. 1-415. The drawing of the miracle appears on f ol. 43.

This same chart appears in Le Thresor et enti~re Histoire de Za triomphante vi etoire dv eorps de diev sur Z ' esprit maZing Beel zebus (Paris, 1578) with the name Jeha n Boulaese given as autho r. Afte r the dedication t o Pius V a nd Gr egory XIII t he c ha r t appears . Also found in t his volume i s L'Histoire de la saer ee vietoire , obt enve a Laon . • • par Christofe de Her ieourt , Doyen de Zadiete Eglise de Laon . Note , P• 31

239

of Laon" as a sign that the universal restitution of all things was imminent.4 The reformation of the world was urgently proclaimed by Postel under his self-designated title, Rorispergius, or "Scatterer of the Dew ." 5

Postel had been "divinely ordained" by the mysterious Venetian Virgin whom he met at the Ospedaletto di SS. Giovanni e Paolo in 1547 in Venice. 1\bther Johanna, whom he also called the Mater rrundi and the Vergine Veneziana, had explained to him all the mysteries inherent in the Zohar and the secret books of the Hebrews, and she had proclaimed him as her first-born son, whose task it was to scatter God's "dew."6

where one reads: "Et comme nous penssions par 1' espace de trois ans quasi expires, depuis nostre excrit, la memoire du faict en estre perdue, ainsi que le temps met toutes chases en oubly, lors Boulaese, professeur des lettres Hebraicques, inspercement est surunenu, bien accompagne des lettres commodes et pertinentes a sa charge: lequel en ses pre cedens voyages n' ayant peu par tels laps de temps et frequentes instances arracher de noz mains ce petit commentaire • • [in margine] Boulaese a Laon pour ce faict l'an 1566 et 1569.

Also note, P• 726, the statement about the chart: maximo certe lahore et impensis ex amicorum eleemosinis, collectis feci pingere et sculpere Tabulam referentem interiorem partem Ecclesiae Cathedralis Laumdunensis, et quae ibi fiebant ••• " Compare the statement cited above with Postel's remarks which accompany his chart in his Description et charte de la terre saincte namely, "paincte et descripte par Guillaume Postel depuis l'hauoir et par liures et par experience veue.

The depiction of the exorcism also appears in Le Manvel de L'Admirable victoire (l5?5) and in L'Abbregee Histoire. Also bound in this collection of works about the Miracle of Laon is Histoire veritable de la Gverison admirable, advenue et faicte par la bonte et misericorde de Diev tout puissant tout a l 'heure, a l' endroict d' vne femme nommee Nicole Obrey • • •

I am indebted to Dr. William Bond, Director of the Houghton Rare Book ~ibrary, Harvard University, for the use of these materials.

See Fran~ois Secret, "Guillaume Postel et le Miracle de Laon," Bibliot~eque d'Hwnanisme et Renaissance, 21 (1959) pp. 453-457. Also note "Une Lettre retrouvee de G. Postel au Grand Prieur de France, Biblioth~que d'Humanisme et Renaissance 30 (1968) PP• 139-143; also, his review of A. H. Chaubard, "Le Miracle de Laon en Laonnoys. " in Biblioth~que d' Hwnanisme et Renaissance (20) 1958, pp. 236-238; also, "1 'Opuscule de G. Postel sur le miracle de Laon," Biblioth~que d'Humanisme et Renaissance 28 (1966) pp. 399-405.

In a letter to Theodore Zwinger, dated March 29, 1566, Postel recounts the Miracle of Laon. See The British Library, Sloane ms. 1413, fols. 98-99.

5Postel Rorispergius.

signs numerous works under the name of Postel

240

This divine "dew" is God's manna, the bread with which man is nourished physically and spiritually. The power and the spiritual bread working in the demoniac girl at Laon reaffirmed for Postel his belief that the universal reformation was at hand. Rorispergius, the name by which Postel designated his role as prophet of the restitution of all things, was frequently used by Postel from 1566 thereafter to indicate his "special dispensation and divine ordination." As "first-born son" of the

Venetian Virgin, he was clothed with the body of Ephraim in the spirit and virtue of Elias.? As "Jambaptiste Rorisperge Astrologue souverain"

he believed himself to be the one to bring forth from Paris the prediction of the holy magic and true astrology.8

In Postel's mind what took place in Laon in 1566 was an example of holy magic. He wrote of the miracle for the first time under the name of Petrus Anusius Synesius in a book published in 1566 and entitled: De summopere consyderando miraculo victoriae corporis Christi. In the same year, he wrote a second time about the miracle in a text called De Romanae Cabalae admirandis. • • mysteriis and under the name of Petrus Anusius Venetus •9 He also spoke of the miracle of Laon in a text entitled De locali statu aut positione Corporis Christi in sacra­mentis, et quod localiter adorari et eripi debeat .10

In the Hamburg manuscript in Postel's handwriting he states that the 1 i fe of the body endures through aUmentum; that the highest grade of nourishment is the one which gives "to man the eternity of corporeal 1 ife ." 11 This manuscript served as a preface to another work which is mentioned in the text (in hoc opere agitur, ex Authoritate ) whose theme was very likely the efficacy of spiritual bread. It is almost certain

6Postel lionizes the Venetian Virgin in almost all his works written from 1547 to his death in 1581. See especially, however, his Les Tr~s MerveiHeuses Victoires des femmes (1553), Le Prime Nove del altro mondo (1555) and Il Libra della divina ordinatione (1555).

7s ee The British Library, Sloane ms. 1411, fo ls. 292 , 292v , 338v, 396v, 434; Sloane ms. 1413, fol . 103.

8see "La prognostication de sus Paris (ou de ce qui en doibt aduenir) extraicte des secrets de la saincte Magie et vraye astrologie des treys roys Mages qui adorerent Nostre Signeur," Bibliotheque natio~ale, fonds lat. 3402, fols. 37-52v.

6he British Library , Sloane rns. 1411, fols. 331-338v.

il~~~d~~c~~;~~a~i!:~5!~e above, note 2 .

241

that the text which this manuscript served to introduce was related to the other manuscripts noted above, which detailed the miracle of Laon.

In addition, the missing work, of which this text is a part, may

also have dealt with the possibility of extending physical life, since Postel writes in this manuscript of one highest grade which "det homini Aethernitatem corporeae vitae." Postel's statement about the eternity of corporeal life which is nourished by the "highest grade of good" is an

extension of his concept of hylomorphism and indicates a metaphysical argument rather than a metaphysical statement alone. In Postel's metaphysics form and matter are together, not apart, and one cannot be spoken of without the other .12 Postel often emphasizes that fonn is drawn from matter; that the formed object is both form and matter; that unformed matter contains the fonn to be drawn from it. This concept of the unity of form and matter, which Postel speaks of as omnia in omnibus, is basic to his metaphysics and is the foundation for all his religious and political views of a united monarchy governed by the one true God whose agents on earth are high priest and king.

Postel observes no dualism in the relation of mind (spirit) and body. In numerous writings he equates the parts of the body and their functions to the grades of the spirit •13 Consequently, Postel could argue logically from his basic metaphysics that, since fonn and matter are united, the spirit or mind is the form of the body, and the body is

12The unity of form and matter i s reflected in a ll of Postel's numerous works. See especially, however, Liber de causis (1552) , rrav6t:vwo f a (l547) , AbsconditOYWTI• • • C~avis (1547), Les Tr~s Mervei~~euses Victoires des femmes (1553), Le Prime Nove de~ a~tro mundo (1555), and I~ Libra de~~a divina ordinatione (1555); a lso, The British Library, Sloane ms. 1411, passim.

Postel's views on form and matter seem t o resemble those of Ibn Gabirol. See Jacques Schlanger, La Phi~osophie de Sa~omon Ibn Gabiro~ (Leide~, 1968: E. J . Brill), especially pp. 216-272 .

1 Postel was a medicus, and he often used his knowledge of medicine and the parts of the body to illustrate the unity of variety in God, as well as the relations hip of the bodily parts to the modes of be ing or celestial grades . See, for example, The British Libra r y , Sloane ms. 1411, fols. 153, 209-210. In a letter to Bullinger, dated June 24, 1553, Postel indicates that he is not afraid of the plague which rages in Besan<;on because he knows the medical art, and "praeterea judicem deum mihi vitae periodum praescripsisse certissimus sum ." See Geo rges Weill, De Gulie~mi PosteUi vita et indo~e ( Lu tetiae, 1892 : Hachett e ) P • 115.

242

formed matter. If nourishment from the highest grade of power

strengthens the spirit, why should it not also preserve the body from

decay?

In the Hamburg manuscript, Postel emphasizes that

understand the relationship of physical and spiritual bread.

man must

If man

does not comprehend that bread (manna) feeds both the body and spirit,

then the spirit is starved and consequently the body. Mm then dies

spiritually and physically. The manna which fed the Israelites in the

desert is an example of physical and spiritual food. The host, or

consecrated bread, is also an example of spiritual and physical food.

The key to the physical-spiritual, body-mind relationship, is man's

understanding which is fostered by reason. For Postel restored reason,

which he claimed to have after his immutation in January, 1552, is the

effective unity of form and matter, mind and body, in the human person.

Postel could provide empirical evidence for his theory from the

life of the Venetian Virgin. He often repeats that this mysterious

woman, in whom the spirit of Christ dwelt, fully survived with little

nourishment except frequent communion. He indicates that she seemed to

live on the spiritual bread (the host) which also provided physical

nourishment. Postel indicates that he likewise could endure with little

sleep or food, and he also took communion frequently. Although the

Venetian Virgin suffered physical death, she lived again through Postel

in a remarkable "immutation" in which the feminine spirit of Christ

which she possessed was infused mysteriously into the body of Postel.

His reason was now restored, and he was again one in mind and body as

was Adam before the fall •

In addition to Postel's statement about the eternity of corporeal

life, there is evidence which indicates that Postel believed in

paZingenesis. Mmy assume that he had found the elixir of life.l4

Christian Petzsch reports that Postel in old age had regained his

youthful appearance; some believed that he had mastered the art of

14see Frano;ois Secret, "Pierre Gregoire, juge de la Palingenesie de Postel, BibZiotMque d'Humanisme et Renaissanee 22 (1960) '· PP• 561-;>63. On the subject of palingenesis also see R. P. Theoph1-h Raynavd1- ex Soe. Iesv, de sobria alteriv; sexvs frequentatione per saeros et religiosos homines (Lvgdvni, 1653: Sumptibus Michaelis Dvhan) PP• 7-8.

243

restoring vigor to worn-out bodies and had practiced this art upon himself when he was already old. Other stories were told about his beard turning fran white to black, since Postel was said to have found the elixir of life. When a Spanish legate asked Postel about the elixir and how he had extended his life, Postel smiled and said:

u15 eonservant •

II amara me

One may view with scepticism the reports of Postel's longevity and his restored youth. However, Postel did speak often of "true magic" as one of the abseondita which man's reason could bring to 1 i ght. True magic is natural knowledge; that is, knowledge of nature and causes.16

Reason and knowledge are essenti a 1 to magic •

In Le Prime Nove del altro mondo, written in 1555, Postel speaks of nourishment of three kinds and emphasizes that the imaginative substance plays a major role in the body's well-being, and

delle quali il corpo e nutrito, sono per essa Imaginatiua primo ri dotte ad Imagini et simi 1 i tudi ni tanto dell i primi principii come di tutte le parti che sono nutrite di essi principii. Cosi primamente ogni cosa che se tira delli intestini per nutrir il corpo, per la Imaginatiua uirtu ricordando si del principia primo, cioe del seme del padre che era BIANCO Et poi i nconti nente I magi nandose principio,1fioe del Mlterno seme che e ROSSO, fa il SANGUE ROSSO ••••

The imaginative virtue regulates the body's nourishment and

e quella uirtu da tutti gli ecellenti Filosofi cercata, laquale compone insieme le parti similari, e fa le organice ouer instrumentali. Questa e la uirtu detta Colcodam, cioe che e commune corporea quanti ogni corpo, et che precede ogni cosa. Questa e la Diuina arte, ouero Sapientia laquale. 8e ministra di quanto li uenne ordinato, dalle due superiori •1

The physical and spiritual nourishment of the body, Postel views as the true magic, fostered by reason and knowledge. This nourishment is

also the "divine art." Postel's Le Prime nove del aUro mondoreflects the mystical teachings of the Venetian Virgin, Postel's Mlther Johanna. The miracle at Laon in 1566 provides additional proof for the truth of the Virgin's teachings about the body and its nourishment. The Hamburg

15see Christian Gottlieb Petzsch, Exereitatio historieo-theologiea (Lipsl~e, 1704: Typis Immanuelis Titii) PP• 9-10.

7see Bibliotheque nationale, fonds lat. 3402. fol. 52. i8Le Prime Nove del alt ro mondo (Padova, 1555) s i g . Diiiv. Ibid., sig. Dii i i .

244

fragment indicates a similar theme. Hopefully, the complete text of the Hamburg manuscript will be

found and will further clarify the significance which Postel attached to the Miracle of Laon. For the time being the intriguing though brief text from Hamburg must suffice.

(..

'.;JJ,y

~\ :§wn. G. Postell us Vtebatur 1566 ad 1579 Vita corporea est Duratio siue CONSISTENTIA per al imentum. Alimentorum autem vnus Gradus summus sit necesse est, qui det homini Aethernitatem corporeae vitae. De illo autem, in hoc opere agitur ex Authoritate, sicut Ratio et Demonstratio esse docent. Nam vt Naturali Ratione sciuimus in multis alimenti gradi bus vnum esse summum, ita Dari necesse est vbi et vnde, idque Authoritate omnino sunm probaui, ut hie fit: si quis manducauerit ex hoc pane (Viuo, ait Iesus, qui sum ego V{~et in Aethernum. Et qui solum Manna comederunt, mortui sunt.

19The text is found in Staats und Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, Codex 70 in scrinio (no. 981).

The symbols or words written above are difficult. My own

interpretation is tha t ,;:J Y are symbols which mean "two" or "second." See Adriano Cappelli, Dizionario di abbreviature ~atine et ita~iane, (Milano, 1961: Editore Ulrico Hoepli, p. 423). The other letters, which appear to be 6 11 .\ l , in my opinion, stand for dp~i or dupliei; if I am correct, Postel used Greek characters to abbreviate dup~iei• This example of a Latin word written in Greek characters is not without precedent. See this author's article "Another Link in the Correspondence of Guillaume Postel, Biblioth~que d'Hwnanisme et Renaissance, 41 (1979) pp. 575-581.

In a letter to Cardinal Granvelle, Postel writes the Latin word otareustes in Greek characters. If my hypothesis should be correct, it would c larify the meaning of the heading . The "double life" whic h Postel was enjoying from 1566 to 1579 would then probably refer to his use of the name Jehan Boulaese, under which name two books on the Miracle of Laon were published. No evidence for a separate existence of Boulaese apart from Postel has ever been presented. The name Boulaese appears on works from 1566 to 1579.

In addition, the "double life" would obviously refer to the physical-spiritual sustenance which Postel enjoyed .

Abraham, the Higher, 81 n261

"Academy of Paris," 167

Adam, body of, and Sefi roth 90

n290

Age of gold, and Postel , 173;

and restitution of all

things, 173

Age of restitution, 78, 85, 164

AgriauLtura Dei, 167

Agrippa, Cornelius, 106

Aich Latin Bible, 98

A 1 chemy, the true , 168

"all in all," 171

Allen, Don Cameron, 60

A lmul i , l'<bse, 25

Alphonse, Nicol a, 13

Amadeus, Beatus, 18 n54, 53,

53 n168

Ambrogio, Teseo, 4 n8, 27

Amiens, 10, 11

Amyot, Jacques, 6 n20, 8

Anabaptists, Dutch, 112

analogy, medical, 85 n273

Ancona, 137

Ancyra, 24

Angelic Papacy, 80; principles

of, 81

Angel of Great Council , 131-132

Angelic Pope, and King, 144; as

Priest of Reason, 168; Pos­

tel as, 168, 173

angels, 84

INDEX

Angers, 103

anima, of natural reason, 106

Anne of Pi ssel eu, 41 See Duch-ess D' Etampes

Annius of Viterbo, 37 n113

"L'anno de Le petteaahie ," 76

Antichrist, papacies of, 109

n349

Antoine, Mit thew, 40, 44, 140;

accusations against Postel,

140, aLso n448

Anusius Venetus, 146, 149

Apostles, 24

Arabic language, 39; books of

New Testatment in, 93; con­

tributions written in, 40;

importance of, 39; Postel's

acquisition of books in, 97.

See aLso Hebrew language

Aramaic language, 25

d'Aramon, Gabriel, 97

Archinto, Fillippo, Papal Vicar

of Rome, as an Orientalist· 3

n5 , 61 , 61 n202 , 63 n206 ,

67, 67 n219, 69 n224, 97,

122 n394, 124; admiration

for Postel's knowledge, 67;

association with Postel, 67;

interest in Arabic and ori­

ental magic, 67

argumentation, method of, 43

n137

Aristotle, 10, 25, 43 n137, 119

n388; influence of on

Postel , 89

Art, supreme, 167, also n528

Artist, consummate, Postel as,

167

arts, perfected, discovery of

by man, 167

ascent and descent, of God, 149

ashes, as symbol, 126

ass of God, Postel as, 132, 168

astrology, true, 149

Augsburg, 138

Augustine, St., 42

Austria , 118

Avranches, 3, 4 n8

Axiochus, 31, also n96

axiomata of new order, 169

Bacon, Francis, 6 n18

Bahir, 85, 85 n275, 137 n441,

292 n294

de Baif, Lazare, 32, 36 n112

Bainton, Roland, 47, 48, also

n155

Barenton, 3, 4 n8

Barnabites, 14, also n45, 15,

16, 59 nl95, 71, 86; expul­

sion from Venice, 15; and

Jesuits, 15; and influence

on Jesuits, 14; relations to

Jesuits, 14; symbol of, 72

n229

Baron , Sa 1 o , 9

Barrefelt, 117 n378

Basciah, Ibrahim, 24

Basegio, Zuane, 74 n234

247

Basel, 44, 66, 98 n314, 108,

111' 115' 137-138' 153' 169'

346; Postel's association

with, 114

"Basis of the world," 146

Bastille, 41

Battista de Crema, Fra, 15, 71

Bauhin, Jean, 48 n156, 111, 115

Bellaius, Cardinal Ioannes (Du

Bel lay), 36 n113

Du Bellay, Guilielmus, 48

du Bellay, Jean, Cardinal of

Paris, 7 n22. See Bellaius

Bellius, Mirtin. See Castellio,

111 n355

Bernard-Miitre, Henri, 59 n195

Besan~on, 108, also n347

Besozzi , Father, 15, also n47

Beza, Theodore, 47 n154, 110

n354, 114, 133 n439, 137

n442

Bible, in Hebrew, burning of,

130

Bibliander, Theodore, 47, 98,

also n314, 109, 111

des Bill ons, Pere, S. J., 2 n5

Blake, William, 106

Blois, 23 n66

Bodin , Jean , 25 n74, 33 nl02 ,

51, 57 n165, 79 n253, 119

n388 , 143 n460a , 152 n426 ,

166, 177; relation ship with

Postel, 111 n363, 161 n505

body, parts of and cosmic

grades , 90 n290

Boehme, Jacob, 106

Bo 1 oqna , 63 , 64

248

Bomberg, Daniel, 26, also n75,

42 n133; 96, 99, 115 n373;

and Hebrew printing, 26 n78

books of Postel, burning of,

114

Boul aese, Joe' hanneus, 153

n488. See Boulaese, Jehan

Boul aese, Jehan, and Postel ,

151-162

Bourbon, Cardinal, 56

Bouwsma, Wi 11 i am, 30 n90, n91,

108

Bouvery, Gabriel , Bishop of An­

gers, 33, 40, 42

Brahe, Tycho, 166

bread and wine, significance

of, 144

Brescia, 1 n2

brotherhood of man, meaning of,

167

brotherhood of "new men , " Pos-

tel and, 165

Bruno, Giordano, 106

Bucer, 43

Buchanan , George, 13, 14, 19

n43

Bude Guillaume, 13, 29, 32, 97

n313

Bullinger, 110 n354 , n355

Cabala. See Kabbalah

Cain, and Abel , 146

Cairo, 93

Calvin, 39 n120, 40, 44, 45,

47, 146; and attitude toward

Postel, 140; and benefices,

46; and Postel, 44, 111

n356; against Servetus, 110;

Postel's opinion of, 109,

111

"Calvinistic tyranny," 114

Campiello della aason, 122

Cannaregio, 122

Capito, Wolfgang, 43

Caraim, 95, also n305, n306, 96

Caraites. See Caraim

Cardano, Girolamo, 61 n202

Carmelite Order, 16, 33 n102,

113 n363

Carvings over north portal, St.

Mlrk' s, Zuana' s i nterpreta­

tion of, 86

Casone, Postel's incarceration

in, 121, 122

Caste 11 anus, 27, 28 n82 , 41 , 57

n186

Castellanza, 71

Castelli o, Sebastian, 6 n20,

111 n355, 112, 115; and Pos­

tel , 111 n357

Catherine of Sienna, 53

Cayas, Gabriel, Mmsignor, 163

n515

Catherine de M!dici, 55, 56,

57, 62 n205, 65, 140, 142,

also n456

Catholic reformation and minis-

try to poor, 70 n225

Cenevangelists, 44, 45, 47

Chain of nature, 147, 148

Cha 1 ice of one hemisphere , and

ascent and descent, 149

Champi er , Symphori en , 36 n112 ,

106, also n342

Chancellor, of Jewish parents,

149' 150 charity, and union of Israel,

132; "Gospellic," Postel's

negative definition of, 132

Charity, Evangelic, 132

Charles IX, King of France, 13,

143 Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine,

100 n323 Chartres, 8

"Chemical" marriage and animus,

arzirm, 105; and male, fe­

male, 105; of Sun and Mlon, 106; and spiritual sons hip,

105 Christ, 94; and divine spark in

man, 133; healing spirit of, a Vertumrzus who directs PPo-

teus, 85 n273; and man, within man, power of, 104;

presence of, in man, 133; real presence of, in Euchar-

i st, 152; second coming of, in feminine person, 138

Christian activism, 77 n247

Christian Jews, 132

Christian-Jews, meaning of to Postel, 130, aZso n422

Christian Judaism, 135; and Sabbathi sm, 134

Christian tradition, and Juda­ism, and change of name, 131

Christian unity, 49 Christianity meaning of, to

Postel , 49 Christianity and relation to

249

J uda i sm , 49; and return to

true worship, and God's 1 aw, 133

Christians, Arabic speaking, 93

Chrysoreus, 32 n99

Church, and beginning of crea­

tion, 150

Church of Saints John and Paul, 72

church universal, union of,

141. See universal church,

universalism Cicero, 82 n264

Clement V, 39 n120

Clenardus, 175 College de Mlntai gu, 13 College Sainte-Barbe, 8, 10,

11' 13 College of Cardinals, 135

Colorno, Abraham, 19 n290

Columbus, Christopher, 12; and

apoca 1 yptic dreams, 12 n40; as religious visionary, 12

n40 hypothesis about west

wind, 12, aZso n40; and uni­

versal conversion, 12 n40 Columns of Solomon, 82 n261

comparative religions, 97 composite and ZUana, 91

composite nature, 105 n337

CorrrpPehensoP, 146; Postel as,

104 confinement of Postel , his in­

terpretation of, 168 Confraternity of Eternal Wis­

dom, 71; and Barnabi tes, 72 n229

250

Congregator, 143, 146, 148 Constantinople, 25, 32, 39, 57

n 186 , 93 , 94 , 98 , 99 Contarini, Gasparo, Cardinal,

72 , also n228 Contarini, Giuseppe, 72 Conti , Vicenzo, 136 Conversini, Benedetto, 17 n52 conversions, forced, Postel's

condemnation of, 130 Cooperatores of God, 167 Coptic religious practices, 20 coriander, salutary effects of,

148 n470; significance of, 148

Coronaeus, Paul , 25 n74 cosmic grades, relation to

parts of body, 90 n290 cosmic symbol, 91 cosmography, Poste 1' s teaching

of, 141 Cosmopolitus, Postel as, 167 Council of Trent, 163 n515; as

catastrophe to Christian union, 63, 64; Postel's opinion of, 63, 64, 139 n444

Council of Vienne, 39 n120 covenant, Hebrew, 133 Cremona, 136 Cremona Zohar, 136 , 163 n438,

137 Cumaean Sibyl , 82 n261 Cymbri, 19

Dame of Poitiers, 55, 57 Damiao de Gois, 19, 21; accu­

sations against, 19 n57; and

Faith of the Ethiopians, 20; and Inquisition, 20; and Je­suits, 19 n57

Danes, Pierre, 13, 29 Daracuo, Emanuel , 20 David ahro, 87 David, and Abraham, Isaac, and

Jacob, 88; concept of, 88 n285; in Kabbalah, as Milk­hut, 87; as Shechinah, 88

Davidists, Postel's association with, 47, 48; 164

Dee, John, 173-174, 176 Delian swimmer, 119, also n388 Dew, God's, 174; significance

of, 167 Damascus, 93 Diane of Poi tiers, 55, 56 n177,

n178 Dijon, 108 "divine dew," 148 Divine Economy, 34 Divine t1iternity, and Zuana,

126 "divine ordination," 105 n338;

and Postel, 128 Divine Simplicity, 34 divine sonship, 147 Doctors of the Sorbonne, and

the scholarly circle of Francis I, 28

Dolerie, 4 n8 "Double-Vinet," 44 Dresden, 126, 127 n412 Druses, 94 Duchastel , Pierre, 27, also

n82, 36 n112 See Castellanus

Duke of Angouleme, 52

Dupuy, 114

EccLesia, 98 n314

EccLesia cathoUca, and EccLe­

sia universaLis, 150

eccLesia miLitia, 17

EccLesia universaUs, and uni­

versal monarchy, 146

edict of unity, and foundation

of new age, 147

"edict of universalism," mean­

ing of to Poste 1 , 150 , aLso

n480

egg, mysterious, of the uni­

verse, 175

egg of reason, 175 n551 • See

egg of universe

Eliahu kol Ml.skaliah, 90 n289,

133

"Eli an sect," 113 n363

Elian vow, and pious men, 113;

and Postel , 113

Eliana, 91

Eliano, Giovanni Battista, 16

n49

ELianus secundus, 91

Elias, 19 n54, 89, 120, 125;

the Artist, 168; double

spirit of, 91; as "sovereign

astrologue," and Postel,

168; Postel in spirit and

virtue of, 113 , 149; truth

in, 90

Eli as German us. See Eli as

Lev ita

Elias Levita, 16 n49, 26, 116

251

n374, 136

"Elias man," Postel as, 113

n363

Elias Pandochaeus, 1 n2, 50

n162, 85, aLso n274, 119

n387

ELias Tertius, 91, 168; and

Postel 175

El ohenu, 147

Enoch, 19 n54, 65, aLso n213

Ephraim, and new congregator,

146

Erasmus, 14 n43, 28 n82 , 35,

36 n112 48, 65; and Jesuits,

13 n43; and moral reforma­

tion, 14 n43

Eternal testament, 144, 145,

147; and praise and love of

God, 146

Ethiopian language, 99

Ethiopian priest, friend of

Postel , 65

Etienne, Henri, 51 n164a

Etruscans, and Noah, 37 n113;

and French, 37 n113; origins

of, 37 n113

exorcism , of Ni co 1 e Obrey, 143 ,

154

Family of Love, 47, 116-117,

and n378, 164-165, 378

Fathers of Saint Barnabas, Bull

of, 72

Febvre, Lucien, 44 n142, 51

n165

female, male principle, 82 n261

female pope, 79-80 n256

252

Feminine Angelic Pope, 80

feminine papacy, 87

Feminism, 80, also n256 , 81

n261, 84, 86, 87

Ferdinand, Emperor, 115 n373,

116, 117, 121 n393, 123 n401

Ferdinand, King of Spain, 12

Fernel, Jean, 14 also n43

Ferrari , Bartolomeo, Father,

15, 71, 71

Le Fevre , de La Boderi e , Guy,

26 n75, 117 n379, 163-165;

and Postel, and Syriac New

Testament, 162-163

LeFevre, Nicolas, 165

Ficino, Marsilio, 31 n96

Fine, Oronce, 29

finger of God, and book of na­

ture, 168

Flacius Illyricus, 138; enemy

of Postel, 112

de Fluctibus, Robertus, 60

nl98. See also Fludd, Robert

Fludd, Robert, 60 nl98, 106

Fontainebleau, 23 n66, 32, 58

n191, 155

food , spi ri tua 1 , and demon' s

departure, 145; spiritual,

and 1 i fe , 146

Foret. de la, Jean, 23, also n60, 24

Foscarini, Jacome, 74 n234

fourth age, and restitution,

105

fourth watch, and restitution,

and original sin, 106

fragmentation, of political and

religious realms, 171

St. Francis de Paul, 53; and

prophecy to Louise of Savoy,

52 and reform by French

king , 52; and reform of Es­

tates, Church, Universities,

Court, Courts of Law 52

St. Francis of Assisi, stigmata

of and Postel , 19 n54

Francis I, King of France, 23,

25, 63, 173; and advancement

of scholarship, 28; as col­

lector of rare books, 23

n66; and Erasmus 29; and

feminine solace, 53; and his

circle of scholars, 28; in­

fluence of Erasmus in set­

tling religious discord, 48;

imprisonment of in Spain,

48; and Jewish physician, 9

n31; melancholy of, 53; and

Melanchthon, 48; namesake of

St. Francis de Paul , 52; and

Po yet, 40-42, and prophecy,

53; and Reform, 29; warning

of by Postel 52; warning of

by Vi 11 a nova, 53

Franciscans and influence upon

Postel , 18 n54

Franciscus Georgius, 18 n54

Frankl in, Julian, 51 n165

Froben, 28 n82, 114

Gabriel, 84

Gallim, 60 nl98

Galleys, as half-Jewish race,

60 n198

Galunga, Simon, 122

garments, mystical, spiritual,

mental, and color symbolism,

103 , of the spirit, gift

from Venetian Virgin, 102,

103

Gelida, 14 n43. See aZso Geli­

dius, Jean

Gelidius, Jean, 10-11

Gemma, Cornelius, 52 n167, 60

n198

genera 1 reformation, and Rosi-

crucian Enlightenment, 174

Geneva, 17 n52, 111

Georgius, Franciscus, 75 n238

Germany, 48

Ghi sl i eri , Cardi na 1 • See Pi us

V, Pope

gifts of luana, to Postel, 103

Gilles, Pierre, 97

Gilles of Viterbo, Cardinal, 65

Giovanna, 74 n235. See aZso

Zuana

Giunti, home of and Postel, 115

Gnostic tradition, 106

God, Paternal aspect of, 147;

presence of, in man, 105

God's unity, and man's compre­

hension of, 167

Goileelmus, use of name by Pos­

tel , 135 n432

gold, discovery of, 170

Gospel in Syri ac, and Postel ,

120, 164

Gospel of James, 83

Gospels, Postel's project for

translating, 98

253

Gospels in Arabic, 28; and

antipathy against Postel,

140; and Postel, 140

Gospels in Hebrew and Arabic,

40

Gospels of Mltthew and Mlrk,

Postel's Hebrew version of,

26 n75

de Govea, Antoine, 13

Granjon, 116 n378

Granvelle, Cardinal, 93

Gromorsus, Petrus, 42,

n134

Guidacerius, Agathias, 29

Hagodoth, 84

handwriting of Postel,

n505

aZso

160

Hayyim, son of Rabbi Samuel ,

136

he, letter, significance of,

176

Hebraic law, Postel's emphasis

upon, 89

Hebraism, influence of, on Pos­

tel , 89

Hebrerim, 136

Hebrew books , burning of, Pos­

tel's condemnation of, 130

Hebrew characters, ancient, and

Caraim, 95, aZso n306

Hebrew language, 93; first lan­

guage, 9, aZso n32; and in­

terpretation of scripture,

38, aZso n115; as parent of

all language, 37; primacy

of, 37 n114; relation to

254

Arabic, 39; source of all language, 34

Hebrew printing, and Inquisi­tion, 26 n78

Hebrews, ancient, and pure wor­ship, and law, 133; secret doctrine of, 65

Hetias Artista, Postel as, 175 Hetias Tertius, 91 n292 Henry II, King of France, 55

n178 57, 100, 168 Heraclitus, 119 n388 Hercules, 169 hieroglyphs, 175 Hirsch, Elisabeth Feist, 7 n22 Hispaniola, 12 Hobbes, Thomas, 151 Hoceitas, composite meaning of

hoc, 154 Ho 1 y Land , 52; Peste 1' s second

sojourn in, 100 holy magic and true astrology,

149 horseman, Postel as, 177 L'Hospital, Michel, Chancellor,

150-151 Huet, Daniel, 101, atso n324

Iatcut, 84 Ian-Cain, Postel as, 155 Ian te Btanc, 155; and Luther­

ans' mockery, 154 IBIATUS, and unity of being,

147 Iehochannah, name for luana,

meaning of, 81 n261 IESVAH, 147

Ignatius Loyola, 2 n4, 13, 14-15, 14 n43, 16, 19, 58, 60-61; and Damiao, 19; and Do­minican order, 13; and Holy Office of the In qui s i ti on , 17; and Jesuits and Inquisi­tion, 17 n52

Itanoth, 84 immutation, 101, 106; as divine

sign, 145; and increased activity of Postel, 107; physical effects of, on Pos­tel 102, atso n328; Postel's explanation of, and Inquisi­tors, 118; power of, in Pos­tel's life, 101-102; and religious transformation, 101; truth of, 104, 118

Inquisition, Spanish, 49 Inquisition, Venetian, judgment

against Postel , 123 Inquisitor, Franciscan, 119 Inquisitors, Postel's retrac­

tion before, Postel's denial of heresy, 119; Venetian, 1, atso n2, n3, 2, 3, 118, 135

instauration, and Polyglot, 166 instaurator, of golden age, and

Postel , 158 iod, letter, significance of,

176 Israelites, true, 131 Isaiah, 131

Jacob, 105 n337 Jambaptiste, Postel as, 155;

Rori sperge, as astrotogue

souverain, 149

Japan, and Postel's description

of, 96 n309; and Postel's

interest in, 172

Jehochanna, 159

Jeremiah, 125 n408

Jerusalem, 91, 93; and sacred

mountains, 132

"Jesuati ," 23 n65

"Jesui sm ," 22

Jesuits, 1, 14, 16, 66; as

agents of reform, 58; influ­

ence of on Postel , 22, also

n64; and Jewish converts, 16

n49; and Portugal , 19 n55;

Postel and, 3 n5, 58; and

Postel's erudition, 59; Pos­

tel's profession as priest,

59; and reform, 17-18; and

world unity, 16

Jew and Christian, and God's

Church, 150

Jewishness of all men, 130

Jews, converts and religious

orders, 16; destruction of,

130; and forced conversions,

130; at Padova, Ancona, Cre­

mona, 136, in Paris, and

Francis I, 9 n31; Postel's

love of, 132; Postel's re­spect for, 130

Joachim of Fiore, 18 n54, 173

John the Baptist, 24, 125

John III, King of Portugal, 9,

20

Joly, Abbe 7

Joris, David, 14 n44, 47,112

255

"Josephite Ephraimites," 132

Jovius, 46

Judaism, and the active life,

77 n247; and Christian trad­

ition, 131; Postel's dedica­

tion to, 132. See also

Postel

Julius III, Pope, 109 n349

Kabbalah, 65, 84, 87; Postel

and study of, 65; and uni­

versal concord, 65

Kabbalism, 89 n287

Kabbalistic books, acquisition

of by Postel , 83

Kant, Emmanuel, 75 n238

Kefar Sekania, 90 n290, 133

key of David, 90, 92, 107; sym­

bol of, 91

key of hidden things, 89. See

also key of David

keys of David, significance of,

89

Khunrath, Heinrich, 176

kindness of God, 149

Kirsop, W:!llace, 48 n155

Koran, 24, 97

Kri stell er, Paul Oskar, 31 n95,

80 n256, 117 n380

labyrinth, and Postel's

thought, 119, 135

language as divine gift, 38; as

innate idea, 39; as means of

unity, 35; as sign of God's

care, 39

La on , 149; "mi rae 1 e of" , 143 ,

144, 149, 152; and exorcism,

256

143, 144; and holy magic,

149; and new age, 166; and

sign of kindom of God, 157

Lascaris, Janis, 13, 23 n63

Latomus, Barthelemy, 13

Laura, M:ldre, 72

Law of God , and true worship ,

133

Law of M>ses, 147; and Gospels,

147

Laynez, Diego Jaime (Jacques),

13' 16.

Lefevre, Pierre, 13

Lefevre d'Etaples, 35

Lefranc, Abel , 29

Leonora, sister of Emperor

Charles V, 11

Leviathan, 128 n414

Ubertinisme, in Ci nquecento ,

117 n378

H Libro de?;La divina ordina­

tione, publication of, in­

terrogation because of, 120-

122, 126, 127. See aLso Le

Prime Nove

lilies, and pomegranates, 82

n261

lily, and universal monarchy,

174. See rose of Sharon

Linacer, Thomas, 35

Lindanus, Wilhelmus, 165, aLso

n522

Loredan, Domingo, 74 n234

Lotharingius, Cardinal, 161

n505

Lotto, Lorenzo, 74 n234

Louise of Savoy, 52, aLso n167

love of Judaism, and Postel,

132

deLuetz, Gabriel, Baron of

Aramon, 94

Lull , Raymond, 44 n137, 53, 137

n442, 175

Luther, Mirti n, 43, 45

Lutherans, and mockery of "real

presence," 154

Lyon, hostile climate of, 140

Loyola, Ignatius. See Ignatius

M:lcault, Antoine, 36 n112

le Mi<;on Barthelemy (Latomus),

29, 36 nl12

madness, condemnation of Postel

and, 123-125, aLso n408

Magia, holy, abuse of, 151

magician, true, definition of,

170

Magus, and book of nature, 168;

and Rosicrucians, 173; and

truth, 170; true, Postel as,

168, 170, 177

Mill ari us , 43

man , as new creature , 168; and

spiritual change, 168

manna , 144 , 146 , 148; and

bread, 145, aLso n461; and

coriander, 148 n470; and

dew, 148; and principle of

creation and recreation,

150; as a sign, 148 n471

M:lntua, 9 n31

M:lnutius, Aldus, 35

M:lrgaret, Princess, sister of

King Henry II, and Postel,

99

Marguerite d'Angouleme, 36 n112

Margaret of Navarre, 40, 41, 57

n186

Margaret Valois, sister of King

Henry I I, 107 • See aLso

Margaret, Princess

MBrranos, 9 n31, 17

MBsi us, Andreas ( MBes, Andre) ,

47 n154, 66 n216, 67, aLso

n221 , 92 n294, 93 n295 , 94,

aLso n303, 98, 111 n356,

120. 121 • 126. 128 • 158.

163, 165, 169; and Polyglot

Bible, 162-163

Mater mundi, 84. See aLso

M>ther of the 1\brl d

Materia Materna, 84

maternal mediation, 118

M:Rae, K. D., 33 n102

mediation, 91

~ 1 anchthon, Philip, 48, 109 ,

aLso n349

~nahem of Recanati , 85

Merkaba, 65 n213, 84, 88

~ssiah, and Jewish expecta-

tion, 131 n424; Postel as,

177 ~ssiah ben Ephraim, 173

metals, changing of, 175

metaphors, medical, 84

metempsychosis, 104, 105, aLso

n337, 175

Michael, 84

Michelangelo, 82 n261

middle course, and Postel, 114

middle nature of Christ, Postel

and Servetus on, 110

Midrash, 84

Mil an, 72

257

millenarianism, Postel's view

of, 157, 166-168

Minotaur, label of, on Postel ,

35

M>hammed , 94

Molcho, Simon, 9 n31

M>nastery of Saint Mirtin des

Champs, 4, 121 • See aLso

Saint Mirtin des Champs

Montano, Benito Arias, 117

n378, 162, 163, aLso n515,

165

M>ntmarsan , 41

M>re, Henry, 106

M>rigia, Giacomo Antonio, 15,

71

M>ses, 94, 99; candelabrum of,

174

Moses ~sopotami a, 99, 115-116

Mother of the 1\brl d, 73, 102,

104-105, 149, 173. See aLso

Zuana

M>unt Golgatha, 132

Mount M>ri ah, 132

M>unt Zion, 132

mountains, sacred, 132

Mlrmel ius, 35

Mlslim religion and debate, 24

mystical experience, and Juda-

ism, 77 n247

t1fsticism, 77 n247

Narsinghe, King, 24

nature, God's laboratory for

258

man, 170; hannony of, 170;

knowledge of, and man, 170;

multiplicity of, 170; Pos­

tel's philosophy of, 170;

snatched fran waves, 148

Naude, Gabriel , 172

Negri, Paola Antonia, 15, 71-

72 , aZso n228 , 86 , 92; arro­

gance of, 86

Nehemia ben Elnathan, Benjamin,

129-130

Neo-Pl a toni sm, influence of, 89

n287

New Adam , 105

"New Christian," 9 n31. See

aZso M:lrranos

New Eve, 105

"new hypocrites," 92

New Jerusalem, 77

new star of 1572, as sign of

God's kingdom on earth, 166

Niclaes, Hendrik 47, 164-165

Ni codemi tes, 44, 47

"Niger," Heliodorus, 99, aZso n316

Noah, descendants of, 60 n198;

and the Spanish, Italians,

Germans, and French, 60 n198

Nonnandy, 3, 4 n8

Noyen, 46

Obrey, Nicole, and exorcism,

143, 144, 145, 154, 157

occult phi 1 osophy, 107

Ochlocracy, 171

Oecolampadius, 43, 48

One State, One True God, and

man in relationship to God,

171 Onkel os, 38 n115

"open prison," and Postel, in

Venice, 118, aZso n384

Opori nus, Ioannes, 1, 37 n113 ,

44, 47, 92 n294, 93 n294,

98 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 135 n433 ,

137' 165

Or nerot ha-Menorah, 85

Oratory, true art of, 104

order, of nature, 170

Order of Barnabi tes, 72 n229.

See Barnabites

Order of Christ, 20

Oriental manuscripts, of Pos­

tel, 97, aZso n313

original sin, and restitution,

106

Ortellius, Abraham, 47

Ospedal etto, 73, 75, 86-87,

100, 122; deputies of, 74

n234; hi story of, 70, aZso

n225, 71, 72; Postel's work

at, 86; records of, 73 n234;

of Saints John and Paul, 69;

and use of tenn "figl iolo ,"

7 5 n238; and widows and or­

phans, 72; and women, 72

Otho Aiss, 131 n434

Otot Mashi'ah, 131 n424

Otthei nri c h , Pfa 1 zgra f (Duke

Palatine of the Rhine, Elec­

tor of the Empire) , 97 n313 ,

120' 138

"oval," and life of universe,

176, aZso n554

Padova, 19, 122 , 123 , al-so

n402, 125, 128 Padua, See al-so Padova

Palmerius, Petrus, 36 n113 Pandochaeus, Elias, 143 n459

"paoline," 87 Papacy, and ancient priesthood.

98 n314; new, 80; relation to Ecc'Lesia, not Pope, 80;

Roman, 80; and Rome, 98 n314 Paracelsus, 106, 175 Paradis, Paul, 9 n31, 36 n112 Para 1 ion, Jacomo, 74 n234

Paris. 8, 100-101, 103. 108 n346 151

patriarchs, of Covenant, 133 Paul I II, 63, al-so n209, 68,

71, 109 n349, 122 n394 Paul IV, Pope, 64 n210, 125,

129-130, 135, al-so n434; and Postel, 124

Paumgartner, Baron, 47, 138-139 , al-so n445

Pavia, 48 Pellican, Conrad, 133, 137 n442 Perchacino, Gratioso, 125, 127-

128 Petrus Amasius, pseudonym of

Postel, 165 n522 Petrus Galatinus, 18 n54 Petrus Anusius Synesius, 149,

151 • 153 Phanuel, 167 Pharoah, higher, 45 Phoenician language, inaugural

address of Postel concern-

ing, 116 Phoenix, 126, al-so n410

Piccard, Fran~ois, 54, 55 Pius V, Pope, 130, 162

259

Plantin, Christophe, 47-48, 116, al-so n378, 162 , 164;

and Family of Love, 117 n378, 164-165

Platform of Restitution, 80 Plato, 31 n96; influence of on

Postel, 89 n287 de Pol a nco, Johannes Alphonso.

16 n49 Pole, Reginald, Cardinal, 67,

69 n222 political order. of universe,

146 Polyglot Bible, Postel's con­

tributions to, 162, al-so

n509; 164-165; opposition

to, and Postel, 165, 117

n379; and Postel , reason for

concealing contributions to, 162-163

Popes, greed of, 131 Popkin, Richard, 97 n310 Portugal, 24; and humanism,19,

20, 21; and Jesuits, 21; and Postel , 9 and reform, 19 n54; and toleration, 20

Postallus, Hebraicism for Pos­tellus, 134

Postel , and accusations of pub­lic peace distubance, 141;

on action as means of Truth, 82; and the active life, 77; al-so n247; and activism, 82;

260

as activist, 151; admiration for r.tlanchthon, 48; adver­sities in early life, 7, 8; and age of restitution, 78; and ancient languages as guide to Truth, 34; and use of apology, 58; and ability in Arabic, 39; and Arabic language, 17, 23, 27, 28; and Arabic learning, 25, 120; and search for Arabic books, 93; and St. Augus­tine, 151; and balance, 109; and benefices, 33; birth of, 4, date of birth, confusion over, 10 n36; precursor of Bodin, 51, also n165; and body of Ephraim, 149; and purchase of rare books in East, 94; and sale of his books, 120, 138; and Gabriel Bouvery, 33; place of bur­ial, of Postel, 171-172; and censorship of Hebrew books, 84 n27; center of controver­sies, 172; and charity, 49; and chastity, 14; on Chris­tianity, 49; reinterpreta­tion of Christianity, 50; paradoxical nature of, 2; and coincidence of oppo­sites, 3; and classical philology, 31; and the Col-1 ege of Francis I , 32; and account of "College of the Three Languages," 28; and comparative religions, 97;

as conciliarist, 28, 60,61 n200, 63; and conversion, 33; and conversion to Juda­ism, meaning of, 33; and conversion of Mbslems and Jews, 52; and his contribu­tions, 172-173; and admira­tion for Coptic religious practices, 20; and departure from French Court, 57; and criticism of Calvin, 45; criticism of catholics and Protestants for 1 ack of true piety, 49; and criticism of Popes, 45; and collection of rare books, 32 n 100; and Damiao de Gois, 19; and in­fluence of Dami ao de Goi s , 20; and similarity of views with Damiao, 20 n62; and derision against, 129; and desire for reform, 49; dis­agreements with reformers over Eucharist, 47 n154; and his disciples 173; his in­terpretation of discovery of New 1-brl d, 12 n40; and his divine election, 85; and divine ordination, and new priesthood, 105, 149; and divine voice, 56; and dogma­tism, 49, 109; and Eaalesia, 98 n315; as Elias of fourth age, 78; as Elias Tertius, 91; elixir of life, 6; and enmity of Sorbonne, 45; as Ephraim, 146; and "eternal

gospel," 65; and explora­tion, 12 n40; obedience to "feminine papacy," 87; and financial distress, 120; final words, 4; and forced conversions, 17; on folly, 57; and mission with Jean de la Foret, 24; on forgive­ness, 45; and foreign tra­vel, 31, 43; and Francis I, 23 n66 , 27-28 , 30 , 31 , 40 , 41; and additions to Fran­cis' library, 32; and inter­

pretation of death of Fran­cis I, 64; loss of support of Francis I, 42; warning of Francis I to reform kingdom and realm, 52, 54, 55; and geography, 12 , aLso n40 , 172; and geographical know-1 edge, 11; and good works, 1 ove of God, and freedom of spirit, 18; and Gospels in Arabic, 24, 25; and Greek literature, 25; and need for harmony, 51; and harmony of religions, 49; health pro­blem, 8; as translator of Hebrew, 101; and Hebrew lan­guage, 34, 37; and King Henry II, 100 n323; human­ism, 10 n34; humor of, 35; influence of Ignatius, 14; and complaints of Ignatius against, 61; and his "im­mutati on," 101; imprisonment of, in Rome, 124; importance

261

of action, 45 n151; and in­terrogation by Inquisitor, concerning publication of heretical books, 122; and explanation of his opinions before Inquisitors, 118; and Jesuits, 2, aLso n4, n5, 58 n195; and entry among Je­suits, 59 n196; and depar­ture from Jesuits, 62; in­fluence of Jesuits, 18; and problems with Jesuits, 60, 66, 67; on role of Jesuits

in reform, 59; and Jews in Paris, copy of Hebrew gram­mar and Hebrew-Latin Psalms from, 8, 9; and Jewish opin­ions, 141; and Jewish schol­ars, 26; as authority on Jewish subjects, 96; in­creased interest in Jewish sources, 82; as authority on Judaism, 97; as "judaizer," and rabbinical scholarship, 163; and acquisition of books of Kabbalah, 25; and knowledge of languages, 9, 10 n36, 28; and 1 anguages, 24 , 35 , 151; 1 anguage abi 1-ity, 8; and mastery of lan­guages, 13, 23, 39; and the­ory of language, 38 n117; and success as 1 ecturer, 33, 107; and 1 i ngui stic theo­ries, 34; longevity of, 5, 6, aLso n18; study of 1 an­guages, 8; and loss of posi-

262

tion at Court, 56; knowledge

of mathematics and philo­

sophy, 10; meaning of ca­

reer, 151; and holy magic

and true astrology, 149; as

magus, and performance of

true magic, 168; and his

"martyred" books, 114; and

medicine, 11, also n39; me-diaus, 85; mental state of,

56; as God's messenger, 54;

and moderation, 49; and ap-

pointment to "M.lsee" of

Francis I, 29, also n88,

n89; and . knowledge of

Orient, 23, 96 n309, 101; on

oratory, 82; and collection

of oriental mss ., 97 n313;

as Oriental i st, 27, 34, 96,

172; on origins, and silence

about origins, 7; also n72,

37 n113; and orthodoxy, 49,

67; duties at Ospedaletto,

69; parents of, 6, also n20,

n21; plots of evil men a­

gainst, 117 n380; poetry of,

36, also n112; and judgement

of Dame of Poitiers, 55; and

Portugal, 9, 10, also n34,

19 n55 , 20; and admiration

for Portugal , 20 n63 and

influence of Portuguese, 20;

association with Poyet as

sword of Damoc 1 es , 41; pre­

servation of his writings,

169; on his priestly ordina­

tion, 2 n5; on printing and

printers, 1, also n2, n3,

27, 42 nl33, 114; and pro­

phecy, 53, 54 n173, 79, 118;

and prophecies about French

king and angelic pope, 52;

as prophet, 64, 177; as pro­

phet-priest, 62; and pro­

phetic reason, 54; Postel's

belief in his prophetic

role, 165; prophet of resti­

tution, Postel's op1n1on

himself as, 54 n173, 173;

and preaching in Venice, 70;

on priesthood, 62, 63, 109

n345; and prob 1 ems with Sor­

bonne, 43 also n137; and

Protestants, 45, 109; and

Protestant Reformers, 4 7;

pseudonym, Elias Pandochaeus

50 n162; and disregard of

public opinion, 58; and re­

bellion, 140 on reform, 45

n151, 46; and pleas for re­

form, 56; on role of French

king in reform, 60; and Re­

formers, 111-112; and reli­

gious conversion, 42; and

religious formulations 172;

and relinquishment of bene­

fices, 52; and relinquish­

ment of royal favors, 45:

relinquishment of stipends,

42; and agents of restitu­

tion, 169; as revolutionary

151; in Rome, 63; on role of

French king in restitution,

52; on role of humanists,

48; as Rorispergius, 147,

167; on reasons for secrecy,

169; and spirit and virtue

of Eli as, 149; fran scholar

to revolutionary, 56; and

scholary reputation, 101;

and natural science, 12 n40;

and agreement with Servetus

on middle nature of Christ,

110; and founding of new

sect, 167; and ancient she­

kels, 94; and significance

of ancient languages, 151;

and spiritual exercises,

chastity, and priestly

dress, 14; syncretism, 51

n164a; and synthetic ap­

proach to religion, 132

n428; and synthesis of rel i­

gions, 49; teacher as a

youth, 7; on toleration, 51;

translations of, 36; as

translator, 31; and travels

in the East, 94; travels in

Near East, 95; travels in

Orient, Africa, 36; defini­

tion of true religion, 50;

as "reed" of truth, 79; and

Truth of Christ, 129; and

Turkisk convert, 24, 25; and

Turkish teacher, 24; and

universal concord, 54; and

establishment of universal

monarchy, 60, 168; and uni­

versal pardon, 58; and de­

sire for universal religion,

49-50; and universal state,

263

51; on unity, 51; and uni­

versalism, 51 n165; and con­

cern for world unity, 151;

prophecies of Venetian Vir­

gin, Postel's books about,

121; spiritual heir of Vene­

tian Virgin, 87; departure

from Venice in 1549, 87;

under suspicion in Venice,

86; as viator, comprehensor,

congregator, 166; and "sov­

ereign vocation," 18; and

vows of poverty, chastity,

and obedience to Ignatius,

59; and worship of God, 49;

and evangelization of

Zuana' s doctrine, 80; and

Zuana' s pronouncements, 78,

aLso n252, n253, 79; and

correspondence with Zwi nger,

112

PosteL Lani , 16 n51 , 17 n51 , 141

Postellism, 142. See PosteL­

Lani, PosteLLisme

PosteUisme, 140. See aLso Pos­

teUani

Postallus, 134 n432

Poyet, Guillaume, Chancellor,

29 n88 , 32 n99 , 33 , 40 , 41 ,

45, 46 n151, 57; disgrace

of, 41; enmity of Mirgaret

of Navarre, 41; imprisonment

of, 41

Premoli, Orazio M., 14 n45, 71

n226, 87

Presbyter John, 20

Presence of God, and Shechinah,

264

feminine spirit of Christ, 105

Priest of Reason, and Postel, 168

priestly kingdom, 149 Le Prime Nove ••• , publica­

tion of, interrogation be­cause of, 120-122, 126, 127

Prince of new age, and Her-cules, 169

printing, Postel's knowledge of, use of Arabic type by Postel , 116

prisai theologi, 83-84, 89 n287 Proclus, 75 n238 prophecy, Postel's belief in

validity of, 120, 166-168, and passim; Postel's inter­pretation concerning death of Francis I and Pope Paul IV, 129

professors, and proclamation of one true God, 150

Protestant Reformers, 49 Protestants, alliance of Postel

with, 109; and "literal mindedness," 45

Psalms of David, 90; signifi-cance of, 89

Pseudo-Berosus, 37 n113 pseudonyms, Postel and, 159 Pullan, Brian, 71 n225 Pyrenees, 41

Rabbi M:>seh Basola, 137, also n440

Rabbinic sources, influence on

Postel , 60 Rabboth, 84 Rabelais, Fran~ois, 46, also

n153 Radetti, Giorgio, 51 n165 Radical reformation and idea of

reformation, 14 also n44 de Raemond, Fl orimond, 6 also

n20 Ramus, Peter, 6 n20, 8, 13 Raphael, angel, 84 Raquier, Fran~ois, 11 Raquier, Jean, Abbot of Rouen,

11

Raynaudus, Theophilus, 2 Raziel, guide of Postel, 168 reason, restitution of, 103;

restored, 168; restored, and truth, 148

Rebadeneira, Father, 60 rebirth, and Postel , 106 Reeves, Marjorie, 52 n167 Reformation, and Reason as ba-

sis, 109 n349 relativism, philosophy of, and

Postel's hatred of, 133 religious climate, of France,

158 Renaissance of Church, 80 Renialmus, 98, 99 restitution,

Jews, 132; 112, n359; 118

and Christian imminence of ,

of all things,

Reuchlin, Johannes, 106 revel uti on, fear of, and Pos­

tel, 167; meaning of, to

Postel , 124

de Ribadeneira, Pedro, 16 n49

Rialto Bridge, 1, 119 n387

Ripetta, 129, also n417

Rocourt, Jean, Judge of Amiens,

10

Rodrigues, Simon, 13, 19, also

n57

Romagna, 69

Rome , 58 , 59 , 69 , 86 , 115 , 124;

environment of, and Postel,

65; imprisonment of Postel

in, 132

roots, Jewish and Christianity,

132

"Rorispergian Wirning ," 171

Rori spergius, 147, 149, 157,

167, 168, 173; meaning of

name, 134; name of, and

Rosicrucians, 173; and

Postel as, 134

ros, and rosa, and Rosicru­

cians, 174

rose of Sharon , and 1 il y, si g­

nificance of, 174

Rosicrucian Enlightenment, and

Postel, 173-177

Rosicrucianism, 176

Rosicrucians, 106, also n342

Rotondo, Antonio, 47, n154 , 86

n275, 93 n294, 98 n314, 109

n348, 110 n353, 137 n441

Rouen, 11

Royal Bible, 165. See Polyglot

Bible

Ruysschaert, Jose, M:>nsi gnor,

63 n207, 72 n228

265

Sabbatharian conjunction, and

new star of 1572, 166

Sabbathi sm, 115, 134

Sadolet, Jacobus, 36

Sagy (Seine-et-Oise), 7

Saint Antonio ~ria, 71

Saint Paul , 58 n189 , 77 n24 7

Saint ~rtin des Champs, M:>na-

stery of, 143, 144, 150 ,

162, 171, 177; Postel's ac­

tivities within, 163, 168;

as "Academy of Paris," 168;

and Postel's absence from,

156

Sainte-Barbe, 10, 11, 18, 20,

58; and evangelical human­

; sm, 14 n43; and geographi­

cal learning, 13; and in­

fluence of Portuguese, 20;

intellectual environment of,

23; and spi ritua 1 reform , 13

Saints John and Paul, Church

of, 75

salamander, 127; and alchemy,

126; symbol of Francis I,

Henry II, 126; symbol of,

and Postel, 125-126

de Sa 1 i gnac , Jean , 13

Salmeron, Alphonse, 13

Samaritans, Postel's interest

in, 94

San Francesco della Vigna,

Church of, and Zuana, 74

Santi Apostoli, 122

Satan, 145

de Sault, M:>nsi eur, 140

266

Saxony, 48 Seal iger, Joseph, 35, also

n111, 142 Scholem, Gershom, 77 n247 Schwenckfeld, Caspar, 47, 103

n330, 112, 138-139, 139 n444 "scr>ivetoste ," Postel as, mean­

ing of, 162, also n506 Sebastien, grandson of King

John III, 20 Sebonde, Raymond, 44 n137 Secret, Fran~ois, passim Sefiroth, Ten, 84; and parts of

body , 90 n290 sensory perception, color, 104 Servetus, Michel , 45, 109 n350,

110; and Restitutio, 14 also n44

Seyyon, Tasfa, 99 Shabbat, 90 n290 Shechem, 94 Shechi nah, 105 , 133 • See also

Venetian Virgin, and Zuana sheepfold, one, 166 shekels, ancient, silver, gold,

94, also n302 "sign of Erasmus," 122 signs of God's care of His

Church, 166 Simon, Richard, 37 n113 , 96 ,

172

Society of Jesus, 13, 16; and restitution, 22. See Je­suits , Ignatius

Solomon, 103; and Boaz, columns of, 174

Sorbonne , 44, 48, 51; doctors

of, and Postel , 109 Spatafora, Bartholomeus, 130 Spinelli, Baldisera, 74 n234 spiritual bread, power of, 149 spiritual change, in man, and

chemical change, in ele­ments, 168

Stephanus, Robertus, 42 n133 Suebi a, 116 n3 74 Suleiman, Emperor, 24-25 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 106 symbolism, col or, red and

white, 103 symbols, alchemical, 156 n496;

use of, and Boul aese, Jehan, 155

Syria, 93, 94 Syriac language, and books of

New Testament, 92 Syri ac New Testament, 115, 116;

Postel's contributions to, 99' 117' 164

Syriac text, of Gospels, 115

"T Wonderboek ," 14 n44 Talmud, burning of, 136 temple, of Solomon, 175 Testaments of Postel , 4 also

nlO tetragrammaton, sacred, 176 Thargum, edition of, and Pos­

tel , 164 theater of nature, 170 Theatrum, of Zwinger, 114, also

n368 Themi sti us , 10 Theocrenus, 31

Thevet, Andre, 1 n2, 3 n8, 5,

7' 10' 97 de Thou, Jacques Auguste, 5

Tiepolo, Antonio, 122

Ti feret, and Sun , Mirs, 90 n290

Torelli, Guastalla Lodovica, 71

Tours, 24

Toussaint, Jacques, 29-30, 36

n112

Tower of Israel , 177

Trent, 138

triangle, significance of, 176

Tribunal, Venetian, 125

Tribuna 1 of Inquisitors, ruling

of, against Postel, 124. See

aLso Inquisition, Venetian

true nature, and man, 168

true reason, and comprehension

of nature, 170

true religion, 50; and Postel­

l ism, 142

true worship, and Law of God,

133

Truth, and God's Kingdom on

earth, 90 n290; in kidney,

heart, head, 90; and Mirs,

90 n290; and mockery of,

168; Postel and, 121; power

of truth, in Eli as, 90; re­

sides in kidneys, and celes­

tial grades, 90, aLso n290;

and Ti feret Israel , 90 n290

trumpet, last, 105; signal for

restitution, 157-158

Ubiquitarians, 152

Umbria, 69

267

union of Israel, meaning of,

132

united world, 172

Unitrine God, 147

Unity, God and, 35; language

and, 35; Postel's theory of,

34; of being, 147; of man,

167; of the world, Postel

on, 87

universal baptism, 81

universal brotherhood, 114, 146

universal harmony, 142, 151;

and need for, 151

universal king and angelic

pope, 75 n238

universal monarchy, 138, 144,

a46, 166, 171; Postel's ex­

pectation of in his time,

170

universal maternity, 91

universal f.bther of World, and

Zuana, 159

universal pardon, 80, 87, 170;

and Jesuits, 58; and Postel,

114

universal reformation, 114

universal religion, 49, 50, 114

universal restitution, 80, 142.

See Sabbathism

universal sacraments, 144

universal state, 51

Universalism, 51 n165, 142

University of Paris, 13

Urbi cul a, 53

Uriel, 84

Uxor Legis, and Shechinah, 105

268

Valgrisio, Vincent, 1, 119 n387

Van Helmont, F. M. 106

Vasoli, Cesare, 54 n173

Vatable, Fran~ois, 29, 30, aZso n92

Venetian Inqui si ti on, and Pos­

tel, 17, 118-127

Venetian Virgin , 73, 74 n235,

77, 101, 104, 151, 158; and

Venice, divine favor from,

77; history of, 74; and in­

terpretation of Zohf!r, 83;

and Jewish sources, 82; mir­

acles of, 120-121, 152; pre­

sence of Christ within, 77;

and Rachel , 85 n273

Venice, 19, 25, 26, 27, 69, 72,

89' 93' 96 ' 107' 112 ' 115' 118, 127, 132, 138, .151;

concept of, beloved by God,

most perfect magistrate, 3;

"most perfect principate,"

169; as New Jerusalem, 77,

169; and printing, problems of Postel in, 92 n294; pro­

tection of, from Turks , 166

n528; significance of, to

Postel, 83; and Venetian

Virgin, 152; and works of

charity, 72

Du Verdier, Antoine, 5 aZso n16

Vergi 1 , 114

Viator, Postel as, 104

Vicenza, 15

Vienna, 99 n320, 109,116,117,

164; sudden departure of

Postel from, 118

Villanova, 53, aZso n169, 55

Vincent, Antoine, 140-141

Vinet, 43, aZso n137

di Viscardi, Lodovico, 74 n234

Vittorio Eliano 136

"lltlite John," 155. See Ian le

Blanc

Widmanstadt, Johann Albertus,

27, 65, 99 n320, 115, aZso n373 , 115 , 116 , 117, aZso

n380, 164 n518

Wi ssenberg, 1\bl fgand, 135, aZso n433

Wittenberg, 48

world of harmony, and Postel ,

167

world unity, 151, 171; Postel'

leadership in, 169

Xavier, Fran~ois, 13

Xenocrates, 31

Yates, Frances A. 32 n99, 173

Zaccari a, Antonio M., 71

Zambelli , Paola, 43 n137

Zohar, 80, 83, 86, 89 n287,

107, 112, 136-138; and

a 1 chemy, 168; "most divine

book," 84; Postel's first

translation of, 84, 85 n273;

Postel's translations of,

110, aZso n352, 137 n441;

publication of desired by

Postel, 112-113

Zuana , Midre , 72 , 77 , 80 , 81 ,

86' 90' 92' 99' 102' 103'

105' 107' 110' 126' 138 149; abstemiousness of, 82; and

age of restitution, 78; as

Angelic Pope, 79 also n256;

and Antoni a Negri , 86; as­

ceticism of, 76; and concept

of unity, 78; and confes­sors, 75 n238; as cosmic

symbol , 91; death of, 99,

100, also n321; directress

of "Xenodochius," 78;

"divina madre," 74, 91; and

Eliana, 91; as Elianus

secundus, 91; exce 11 ence of

life, 81 "familial" rela­

tionships to Postel, 158-

159; as feminine messiah,

86-91' 106; as "Forte

Donna , " 103; founder of the

Ospedaletto, 72; on General

Pardon, 78; gift of two gar­

ments to Postel , 87; and

good works, philosophy of,

75; and healing spirit of

Christ, 85; hi story of, 72-

73; and "immaculate concep­

tion" of Postel, 91; immuta­tion of, 78; and "immuta­

ti on," 101; influence on

Postel, 79, 91; as "keeper

of the key of David," 91;

and "keys of David,'' 87; as

mediatrix between higher and

lower, 91; as t<bon, 78; as

t<bther of the \obrl d, truth

269

of, 128; and mysterious

gifts to Postel, 87; 102;

mythology concerning, 91; as

new personal Jerusalem, 81;

and "open kitchen," 76; as

"opera divina," 76; and

Ospedaletto, 73; parentage

of, 83 n266; and perpetual

virginity, 76; piety of, 75;

possessions of, 73 n232;

Postel's conception of, Di­

vine Presence in, 78; Pos­

tel's devotion to, 86; Pos­

tel's history of, 121; po­

verty and charity of, 73;

problems at Ospedaletto, 84;

and prob 1 ems with women at

Ospedaletto, 86; prophecies

of, 87; prophecy of, con­

cerning Postel, 78; and

Raphael, 84; and rebirth of

Postel, 106; as "second

woman" after Sarah, 81 n261;

as Shechinah, 78, 79, 89;

significance of name, 74;

Postel ' s single-minded devo­

tion to, 121; sons hip of

Postel to, 74; and spelling

of name as Jehochanna, 159;

as "true mother of the

world," 76 n242; truth of

her prophecy, 85; and uni­

versal maternity within, 91;

as universal mediating mo­

ther of reason and divine

healing, 91; and Venetian

patricians, 75; and Venetian

270

Senate, 86; as Venetian Vir­gin and M:lther of the W>r 1 d ,

73; and Venice, 166; virgin­

ity of, emulation by Postel,

81; work among poor and sick

of Venice, 75; work among

poor and sick in Padova, 73.

See aLso Venetian Virgin,

lvbther Johanna.

Zuo 1 a, Mlcca, Judge of Venetian

Inquisition, 8

Zwi nger, Theodore, 47, 114,

115, 132, 134, aLso n431,

137' 138' 152' 153' 154' 157 n501, 162, 164, 165, 166,

169; Postel's relation to,

114

Zwingl i, 43, 48