Bibliografie Konfliktu a Humanitarky

8/8/2019 Bibliografie Konfliktu a Humanitarky

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DEVELOPMENT / HUMANITARIANNGOs AND CONFLICT

A BIBLIOGRAPHY& LISTING OF WEB SOURCES

Version 2.1(Draft)

Andrew Sherriff [email protected]

Eeva Vaskio [email protected]

Development & Peace Building ProgrammeInternational Alert

1 Glyn StreetLondon

SE11 5HTUnited Kingdom

Tel: + 44 (0) 207 793 8383Fax: + 44 (0) 207 793 7975

March 2000


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NGO W ORK IN C ONFLICT A REAS : A B IBLOGRAPHY - I NTERNATIONAL A LERT

INTRODUCTION

This bibliography was prepared as part of the Development and Peace Building Programme of International Alert. The bibliography although extensive is not comprehensive and we welcomesuggestion for additions, updates, amendments and corrections. These and any other feedbackshould be emailed to . We are also happy to receive hard copies

of material for inclusion in the bibliography, and these should be sent to Andrew Sherriff at theaddress given on the cover page. In preparing this bibliography material was gathered from a widevariety of sources, unfortunately though, International Alert can not assist those wishing to obtain non-International Alert materials listed on this bibliography. Those wishing to obtain such materials areadvised to contact the original publishers, or their organisations own library or documentation centre.

This is the draft first version of the bibliography and it is hoped that it will be regularly updated. Aversion will also be placed on International Alerts web-page during 2000.

The bibliography is sub-divided into various areas, and bibliographic entries may appear twice if relevant to more than one topic. Where [ ] are used, details enclosed is these brackets did not appear on original the document.

AUTHORS

Andrew Sherriff is a Researcher on the Development and Peace Building Programme atInternational Alert and is a Ph.D. Scholar at the Department of Government & Society at theUniversity of Limerick in Ireland.

Eeva Vaskio is a Researcher on the Development and Peace Building Programme at InternationalAlert.

OTHER RELEVANT MATERIALS FROM IAs DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE BUILDINGPROGRAMME

Leonhardt, Manuela, Conflict Impact Assessment of EU Development Cooperation with ACP Countries: A Review of Literature and Practice, London: International Alert & Saferworld, 2000.

International Alert 2000

This document may be copied provided accreditation to International Alert is given.

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NGO and Conflict Bibliographic Listing of Material

1. DEVELOPMENT - GENERAL 4

2. CONFLICT - GENERAL 4

3. CONFLICT AND DEVELOPMENT - GENERAL 6

4. NGOS IN CONFLICT - GENERAL 11

5. AID, CONFLICT, NGOS IN AFRICA - GENERAL 13

6. AID, CONFLICT, NGOS IN LATIN AMERICA - GENERAL 15

7. AID, CONFLICT, NGOS IN ASIA - GENERAL15

8. AID, CONFLICT, NGOS IN EUROPE / EURASIA - GENERAL16

9. CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR WORKING IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - GENERAL 17

10. CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR WORKING IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - AFRICA 23

11. CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR WORKING IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - ASIA 24

12. CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR WORKING IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS -

EUROPE / EURASIA 24

13. EXPERIENCES OF NGOS WORK IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - GENERAL 24

14. EXPERIENCES OF NGOS WORK IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - AFRICA 26

15. EXPERIENCES OF NGOS WORK IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - LATIN AMERICA 30

16. EXPERIENCES OF NGOS WORK IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - ASIA 30

17. EXPERIENCES OF NGOS WORK IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - EUROPE / EURASIA 31

18. MANUALS AND GUIDES FOR PRACTITIONERS 32

19. GENDER AND CONFLICT 33

20. DONOR EVALUATIONS OF AID INTERVENTIONS IN CONFLICT REGIONS 35

21. MISCELLANEOUS 37

On-Line Sources for NGOs and Conflict

A. GENERAL INFORMATION SOURCES 39

B. INDEPENDENT RESEARCH INSTITUTES WORKING ON NGOS and CONFLICT 40 C. NGO CONSORTIA AND UMBRELLA ORGANISATION 41

D. UNIVERSITY BASED RESEACH CENTRES 41

E. ON-LINE INFORMATION CATALOGUES 43

F. RELEVANT JOURNALS 44

G. CITATION OF ELECTRONIC MATERIAL 44

(*) New Items added since First Edition


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1. DEVELOPMENT - GENERAL

Buchanan-Smith, M. & Maxwell, S., Linking Relief and Development: an Introduction and anOverview,IDS Bulletin , Vol. 24, 1994.

Cairns, Edmund, A safer future: Reducing the human cost of war , Oxfam: Oxford, 1997.

Collins, Cindy, Critiques of Humanitarianism and Humanitarian Action, pp. 12-26 in: HumanitarianCoordination. Lessons learned. Report of a Review Seminar , Stockholm, April 3-4 1998. OCHA.

Eade, Deborah & Williams, Suzanne, The Oxfam Handbook of Development and Relief, Vols 1-3,Oxford: Oxfam, 1995.

Kohlin, Gunnar, Carlsson, Jerker, Ekbom, Anders, The political economy of evaluation : international aid agencies and the effectiveness of aid , International political economy series, New York, N.Y : St.Martin's Press, 1994.

Mowjee, Tasneem, and Nyheim, David, Neutrality and Impartiality in Humanitarian Aid: A Frameworkfor Analysis, paper presented at the Third International Conference of The International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR), 8-11 July, 1998.

Myllyl, Susanna, Hossain, Farhad , NGOs under challenge : dynamics and drawbacks indevelopment , Helsinki : Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Dept. for International Development Cooperation,1998.

*Post-War Reconstruction & Development Unit, A Source Book on the State of the Art in Post-conflict Rehabilitation , York: PRDU, 1999?

Riddell, R. Hidden assests? Measuring the performance of non-governmental organisations , Helsinki:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, 1998.Ross, J., Maxwell, S. & Buchanan-Smith, M. Linking relief and development, IDS Report on aWorkshop , IDS: Sussex, 1994.

*Smillie, Ian,The Alms Bazaar , London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1995.

*Shaw, T.M., Beyond Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: What Links to Sustainable Development andHuman Security?, International Peacekeeping , Vol. 3, No.2, 1996, pp. 36-48.

Tvedt Terje, Angels of mercy or development diplomats? : NGOs & foreign aid , Oxford ; Trenton, N.J.: James Currey : Africa World Press, 1998

2. CONFLICT - GENERAL

Abitbol, Eric & Louise, Christopher,Up in Arms: The Role of Young People in Conflict and Peacemaking , London: International Alert, 1995.

Augsburger, David W., Conflict Mediation across Cultures: Pathways and Patterns , Kentucky, USA:Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992.

*Bauwens, W. & Reychler, L., The Art of Conflict Prevention , London: Brasseys, 1994.

*Brogan, Patrick, World Conflicts , London: Bloomsbury Publishing London. 1998.

Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict , Preventing Deadly Conflict. Final Report . NewYork: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1997.

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Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict , A Framework for Preventing the Re-emergenceof Violence . New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, June 1999.

Cottey, A. The pursuit of peace: a framework for international action, London: Saferworld, 1994.

*Deng, F.M., Kimaro, S., Lyons, T., Rothschild, D., and Zartman, I.W., Sovereignty as Responsibility Conflict Management in Africa , Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1998.House of Commons - International Development Committee , Conflict Prevention and Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Vol. I&II; Report and Proceedings of the Committee ; International DevelopmentCommittee; London Session. London: HMSO, 1998-99.

*Jabri, V., Discourses on Violence: Conflict Analysis Reconsidered , Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996.

Killick, Nick/Higdom, Simon,The Cost of Conflict . London: International Alert/Saferworld, 1998.

*Lake, David, Rothschild, Donald, Ethinc Fear and Global Engagement: The International Spreadand Mangaement of Ethnic Conflict, Policy Paper #20 / Institute of Global Conflict and Cooperation ,San Diego: University of California, 1996.

Lederach, John Paul, Understanding Conflict: The Experience, Structure, and Dynamics, in:Mediating for Conflict Resolution . Education for Conflict Resolution, Indiana, 1995.

Lund, Michael S., Preventing Violent Conflicts. A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy ,Washington D.C.:Untied States Institute of Peace Press, 1996.

Lute, Donald E., Improving National Capacity to Respond to Complex Emergencies , Report to theCarnegie Commission, April 1998.

*McFarlane, Ian, Understanding Conflict , London: Actionaid, 1994.

*Montville, Joseph V., The Healing Function in Political Conflict Resolution,Conflict ResoulutionProgramme, Carter Center , Atlanta: Carter Center, 1992.

*Montville, Joseph V., Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies, New York :LexingtonBooks, 1989.

Nafziger, E. W. & Auvinen, J., Economic development, inequality, and conflict: empirical evidence , apaper prepared for the UNU/WIDER-Queen Elizabeth House research project on The Wave of Emergencies of the Last Decade: Causes, Extent, Predictability and Response, presented at theconference War, Hunger and Displacement: The Economics and Politics of the Prevention of Humanitarian Emergencies, Stockholm, 15-16 June 1998.

Pankhurst, Donna, Issues of justice and reconciliation in complex political emergencies:conceptualising reconciliation, justice and peace, Third World Quarterly , Vol. 20, No. 1, February1999, pp. 239-256.

Rupesinghe, Kumar, Kuroda, Michiko (eds.), Early Warning and Conflict Resolution , New York: St.Martins Press, 1992.

Sandole, D.J.D. Capturing the Complexity of Conflict: Dealing with Violent Ethnic Conflict of the post-Cold War Era , 1999.

Scherrer, C. & Wiberg, H., Ethnicity and Intra-State Conflict: Types, Causes and Peace Strategies ,Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.

Sisk, Thomas D., Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts . Washington, D.C.:Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 1996.

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*Snow, Donald M., Uncivil Wars International Security and the New Internal Conflicts , Boulder:Lynne Rienner, 1996.

Stewart, F., The root causes of conflict: evidence and policy implications , a paper prepared for theUNU/WIDER-Queen Elizabeth House research project on The Wave of Emergencies of the LastDecade: Causes, Extent, Predictability and Response, presented at the conference War, Hunger

and Displacement: The Economics and Politics of the Prevention of Humanitarian Emergencies,Stockholm, 15-16 June 1998.

Stewart, Frances, Crisis Prevention: Tackling Horizontal Inequalities, paper prepared for the World Bank Conference on Evaluation and Poverty Reduction , June 14-15 1999. Oxford.

Stremlau, John/Sagasti Francisco, Preventing Deadly Conflict. Does the World Bank Have a Role? Washington: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 1998.

Wirmark, Bo (ed.) Government-NGO relations in preventing violence, transforming conflict andbuilding peace, Report form a conference in Mariefred, Sweden, 4-6 September 1997; Peace TeamForum, Sweden, 1998.

UN, Aid under Fire: Redefining Relief and Development Assistance in Unstable Situations , Geneva,1995.

*United Nations Research Institute of Social Development, Ethinic Violence, Conflict Resolution and Cutural Pluralism ; Report on the UNRISD/UNDP Seminar; [Geneva]: UNRISD, 1995.

3. CONFLICT AND DEVELOPMENT - GENERAL

Development and conflict, theme issue; The Rural Extension Bulletin , No. 8, December, Reading:University of Reading agricultural extension and rural development department, 1995.

Doing the right thing: development and conflict resolution; New Routes , Vol. 3, No. 3, 1998.

African Rights, Humanitarianism Unbound? Current Dilemmas Facing Multi-Mandate Relief Operations in Political Emergencies, African Rights Discussion Paper , No. 5, November, 1994,

*Agerbak, Linda, Breaking the cycle of violence: doing development in situations of conflict inDeborah Eade (ed), Development in States of War -A Development in Practice Reader , Oxford:Oxfam, 1996.

*Anderson, Mary B., Development and the prevention of humanitarian emergencies, in Thomas G.Weiss & Larry Minear, (eds.) Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War ,London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993, pp. 23-38.

Auvinen, Juha Aid and conflict: opportunities for Finnish preventive action; Acta Politica , No. 5,1997.

Ball, Nicole and Costy, Alexander, Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Perspectives and Prospects for Co-operation between the European Commission and the World Bank . CPN Discussion Paper. Brussels,May 1999.

Ball, Nicole with Tammy Halevy, Making Peace Work: The Role of the International Development Community . ODC Policy Essay No. 18, Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council, 1996.

Belgrad, Eric A., Nachmias, Nitza, (eds.) The politics of international humanitarian aid operations,Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1997.

Bennett, J. & Kayetisi Blewitt, M. Beyond working in conflict Understanding conflict and building peace ; Report of a three day workshop organised by CODEP; Relief and Rehabilitation NetworkPaper, 18. ODI: London, 1996.

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Bock, Joseph G. and Anderson, Mary B., Dynamite Under the Intercommunal Bridge: How Can AidAgencies Help Defuse It? Journal for Peace Research 36 (3): 325-338, 1999.

Brandt, Donald P. Relief as Development, But Development as Relief, Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a005.htm posted on 4 July 1997.

*Bremmer, Davin & Visser, Philip, Negotiation, conflict resolution and human needs, in PatrickFitzGerald, Anne Mc lennan & Barry Munslow, (eds.) Managing Sustainable Development in South Africa , Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 222-235.

Bryer, David & Cairns, Edmund, For better? For worse? Humanitarian aid in conflict , Development inPractice , Vol. 7, No. 4, 1997.

Bush, K. A Measure of Peace: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) of DevelopmentProjects in Conflict Zones; IDRC The Peacebuilding ad Reconstruction Working Paper Series , 1998.

Carbonnier, Gilles, Conflict, Post-War Rebuilding and the Economy: A Critical Review of theLiterature . WSP Occasional Papers No. 2, March 1998. War Torn Societies Project.

Cockell, John G., Peacebuilding and Human Security: Frameworks for International Response toInternal Conflict, pp. 203-230 in: Peter Wallensteen (ed.), Preventing Violent Conflicts: Past Record and Future Challenges . Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University.Report No. 48, 1998.

*Commins, Stephen, In the line of fire: development in conflict in Deborah Eade (ed.) Development in States of War -A Development in Practice Reader , Oxford: Oxfam, 1996.

Debiel, Tobias et al., Effective Crisis Prevention. Challenges for German Foreign and Development Policy . Policy Paper 12. Bonn: Development and Peace Foundation, June 1999.

DeMars, William, Waiting for Early Warning: Humanitarian Action After the Cold War,Journal of Refugee Studies , Vol. 8, No. 4, 1995, pp. 390-410.

Department for International Development, Guidelines on humanitarian assistance , [London] : TheDept for International Development, 1997.

Department for International Development (DfID), Conflict Reduction and Humanitarian Assistance.Policy Statement . London: : The Dept for International Development, 1999.

Department for International Development (DfID), Poverty and the Security Sector. Policy Statement .,The Dept for International Development: London, 1999.

Duffield, Mark R.The symphony of the damned : racial discourse, complex political emergencies and humanitarian aid, Occasional paper / University of Birmingham. School of Public Policy, Birmingham :University of Birmingham, School of Public Policy, 1996.

Duffield, Mark, Humanitarian Internvention, the New Aid Paradigm and Separate Development, New Political Economy , Vol. 2, No. 2, 1997, pp. 336-340.

Duffield, Mark, Aid Policy and a Post-Modern Conflict: A Critical Review . Birmingham University,School of Public Policy paper, 1998.

Duffield, Mark, Complex emergencies and the crisis of developmentalism, IDS Bulletin , Vol.25, No.4, 1994.

Eade, Deborah (ed.) Development in states of war - a Development in Practice Reader ; Oxford:Oxfam, 1996.

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Eade, Deborah (ed.) From conflict to peace in a changing world: social reconstruction in times of transition, an Oxfam Working Paper ; Oxfam GB, Oxford, and Humanities Press International(distribution), Atlantic Highlands NJ, 1998.

Es, A. van, Development cooperation between war and peace ; National Advisory Council for Development Cooperation: The Hague, 1996.

Esman, Milton J., Can Foreign Aid Moderate Ethnic Conflict? Washington, DC: United States Instituteof Peace, Peaceworks No. 13, 1997.

*FPH (ed.), Paths to Peace ; Proceedings of the Paris Conference on Peace in Ethiopia; Paris:Fondation pour le Progres de lHomme, 1991.

Ginifer, Jeremy, (ed.) Beyond the Emergency: Development Within UN Peace Missions , Ilford, FrankCass Publishers, 1998.

Goodhand, Jonathan & Hulme, David, From wars to complex political emergencies: understandingconflict and peace-building in the new world disorder, Third World Quarterly , Vol. 20, No. 1,February 1999, pp. 13-26.

Green, Reginald Herbor & Ahmed, Ismail I., Rehabilitation, sustainable peace and development:towards reconceptualisation, Third World Quarterly , Vol. 20, No. 1, February 1999, pp. 189-206.

Galtung, J., Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict , Development and Civilization, Oslo:International Peace Research Institute, 1996.

Gundel, Joakim, Humanitarian assistance: breaking the waves of complex political emergencies: aliteriture survey,CDR Working Paper - 0904-4701, Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research,1999.

Gurr, Ted, Barbara Harff, Early Warning of Communal Conflicts and Genocide: Linking Empirical Research to International Responses . Tokyo: The United Nations University, 1996.

International Alert, The Impact of Conflict on Development and Priorities for Post-conflict Reconstruction. Memorandum to the International Development Select Committee , Submitted on the16th of February 1998. London.

International Alert et al (eds.)., The Lom Convention and Conflict Prevention. Seminar Proceedings .London, December 1998.

International Committee of the Red Cross, Protection of the Civilian Population Against Famine inSituations of Armed Conflict , Geneva: ICRC, 1991.

Jones, Bruce. & Prasad, Satendra, European Union Development Co-operation in the 21st century. AConflict Prevention Perspective for Future Lom Agreements. Policy Analysis . London: InternationalAlert, 1998.

Kumar, Krishna (ed.) Rebuilding societies after civil war: critical roles for international assistance ;Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1997.

Leatherman, J., DeMars, W., Gaffney, P. & Vyrynen, R., Breaking the Cycles of Violence: Conflict Prevention in Intrastate Crises , West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1999.

Lederach, Jon Paul, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies . Washington:United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997.

Lindahl, Claes, Developmental Relief? An Issues Paper and an Annotated Bibliography on Linking Relief and Development , Sida Studies in Evaluation 96/3, Stockholm: Department for Evaluation andInternal Audit, 1996.

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MacFarlane, S. Neil, Peace support operations and humanitarian action: a conference report , Centrefor Foreign Policy Studies Dalhousie University, 1998.

*Macrae, J., Aiding Recovery? A Preliminary assessment of the role of international aid in post-conflict situations,Forma Valutazione , 1994.

Macrae, J., Zwi, A. & Forsythe, V. Aid policy in transition: a preliminary analysis of post-conflictrehabilitation of the health sector; Journal of International Development , Vol. 7, No. 4, 1995, pp. 669-684.

*Macrae, J, Bradbury, M. (eds.), Aid in the Twilight Zone: A Critical Analysisi of the Humanitarian-Development Aid Linkages in Situations of Chronic Instability,Report for UNICEF , London: OverseasDevelopment Institute, 1998.

Maynard, Kim, Healing Communities in Conflict: International Assistance in Complex Emergencies ,NY: Columbia University Press, 1999.

Messer, E., Cohen, M. J. & DCosta, J. Food from peace: breaking the links between conflict and hunger , International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington, 1998.

Middleton, Neil. Disaster and development : the politics of humanitarian aid , London : Pluto, 1998.

Monney, T. L. (ed.) The challenge of development within conflict zones, OECD: Paris, 1995.

Munslow, Barry & Brown, Christopher, Complex emergencies: the institutional impasse, Third World Quarterly , Vol. 20, No. 1, February 1999, pp. 207-222.

Nafziger, W., Stewart, F. & Vyrynen, R., Weak States and Vulnerable Economies: HumanitarianEmergencies in the Third World , WIDER, 1999.

Nafziger, W., Stewart, F. & Vyrynen, R. (eds.), War and Destitution: The Prevention of HumanitarianEmergencies , WIDER, 1999.

Natsios, Andrew S. U.S. foreign policy and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: humanitarian relief in complex emergencies , Washington papers ; 170 Westport, Conn. ; London : Praeger, 1997.

*National Intelligence Council, Global Humanitarina Emergencies: Trends and Projections , 1999-2000, [Washington DC]: National Intelligence Council, 1999.

Nelson, Joan, M., Poverty, Inequality, and Conflict in Developing Countries, Project on World Security, New York: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, 1998.

O'Keefe Phil, Middleton Neil, Disaster and development : the politics of humanitarian aid , London :Pluto Press in association with ETC (UK), 1998.

OECD, Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation on the Threshold of the 21 st Century ,Development co-operation guidelines series, 1998.

Office of Transition Initiatives, Advancing Peaceful, Democratic Change . Washington: USAID, 1999.

*Ozerdam, Alp, Barakat, Sultan, Water Under Fire, Workshop Report , York: PRDU, 1997.

Pirotte, Claire, Bernard Husson, and Francois Grunewald (eds.) Responding to Emergencies and Fostering Development? The dilemmas of humanitarian aid, London: Zed Books, 1999.

Pugh, Michael, The Challenge of Peacebuilding: the disaster relief model , Plymouth InternationalPapers No. 3, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: International Studies Group university of Plymouth andCentre for Foreign Policy Studies Dalhousie University, 1995.

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*Pugh, M., Peacebuilding as Developmentalism: Concepts from Disaster Research, Contemporary Security Policy , Vol. 16, No. 3, 1995 pp. 320-346.

Randel, Judith, Aid, the military and humanitarian assistance: an attempt to identify recent trends,Journal of International Development , Vol. 6, No. 3, 1994, pp. 329-342.

Reinicke, Wolfgang H., Can international financial institutions prevent internal violence? The sourcesof ethno-national conflict in transitional societies, pp. 281-337 in: Abram Chayes/Antonia Handler Chayes (eds.), Preventing conflict in the post-communist world. Mobilizing international and regional organizations . Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

*Reychler, Luc, Democratic Peace-building and Conflict Prevention: The devil is in the transition,CPRS Working Paper No. 1.1998, Lueven: CPRS, 1998.

Roberts Adam, Humanitarian action in war : aid, protection and impartiality in a policy vacuum,International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Paper ; No. 305, Oxford : Oxford University Pressfor the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1996.

Ross, Marc Howard, Why do they do what they do? Theories of practice in ethnic conflict resolution .Bryn Mawr College, 1998.

Sandvik-Nylund Monika, Caught in conflicts : civilian victims, humanitarian assistance and international law, Turku/ bo : Institute for Human Rights, bo Akademi University, 1998

Sherriff, Andrew M. NGOs and Complex Humanitarian Emergencies - With Particular Reference toIrish Involvement, Cox, Michael (ed). National Committee for the Study of International Affairs -Graduate Seminar Proceedings , Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1997.

Sherriff, Andrew M. International aid agencies and complex humanitarian emergencies, Associationof Voluntary Action Research in Ireland Monograph Series , Coleraine: Centre for Voluntary ActionStudies, 1999.

Slim, Hugo, International Humanitarianisms Engagement with Civil War in the 1990s: A Glance atEvolving Practice and Theory, A Briefing Paper for Actionaid [1997], Journal of Humanitarian

Assistance , http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a565.htm posted on 1 March 1998.

Smillie, Ian, Relief and Development: The Struggle for Synergy , Occasional Paper #33, The ThomasJ. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, 1998.

Stewart, Frances, Conflict in developing countries: counting the human and economic costs , Oxford Development Studies , Jan, 1998.

Stewart, Frances, Food Aid During Conflict: Can One Reconcile Its Humanitarian, Economic, andPolitical Economy Effects American Journal of Agricultural Economics , Vol. 80, No. 3, 1998.

*Stokke, O., Violent Conflict Prevention and Development Co-Operation: Coherent or ConflictingPerspectives?, Forum for Development Studies , No. 2, 1997, pp. 195-250.

Stremlau, John J. People in peril: human rights, humanitarian action and preventing deadly conflict, A report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict , New York: Carnegie Coporationof New York, 1998.

*United Nations Research Institute of Social Development, Rebuilding Wartorn Societies , Report of two Workshops, [Geneva]: UNRISD, 1993.

United States Mission to the United Nations, Global Humanitarian Emergencies, 1998-99 , New York:ECOSOC Section of the United States Mission to the United Nations, September 1998.

Vyrynen, Raimo, E. Wayne Nafziger, The Prevention of Humanitarian Emergencies: Lessons for thePolicy Community . Helsinki: WIDER, 1998.

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Walker, Peter, Whose disaster is it anyway? Rights, responsibilities and standards in crisis , Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a574.htm posted on 13 August 1996.

*Weiss, Thomas G., Humanitarian action in war zones, in Jan Nederveen Pieterse (ed.) World Orders in the Making, Humanitarian Intervention and Beyond , Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.

Whitman, Jim (ed) After Rwanda : the coordination of United Nations humanitarian assistance, Basingstoke ; New York : Macmillan Press : St. Martin's Press, 1996.

Wolfensohn, James D., The Challenge of Managing Conflict through Development . World Bank,1998.

Woodward, David, Economic Issues in Conflict-Affected Countries: A Framework for Analysis .London: International Alert, 1997.

World Bank, Post Conflict Unit, Conflict Prevention and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Perspectivesand Prospects . Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1998.

4. NGOS IN CONFLICT - GENERAL

*Aall, Pamela, Managing Global Chaos Sources of and Respnonses to International Conflict ,Washington D.C.: US Institute for Peace, 1997.

*Adams, Mark & Bradbury, Mark, Conflict and Development: Organisational Adaption in ConflictSituations, Oxfam Discussion Paper , No. 4, [Oxford]: Oxfam UK/I, 1995.

Adiin Yaansah, Edward A. An analysis of domestic legislation to regulate the activities of local and foreign NGOs in Croatia, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda , Refugee Studies Programme / Centre for Socio-Legal Studies: Oxford, 1995

*Anderson, Mary B., International Assistance and Conflict: An Exploration of Negative Impacts ,Cambridge MA: Collaborative for Development Action, 1994.

Anderson, Mary B. Humanitarian NGOs in conflict intervention, Chester Cocker (ed .) Managing Global Chaos , Washington D.C.: US Institute for Peace Press, 1996.

*Anderson, Mary B., Do No Harm: Supporting Local Capacities for Peace through Aid , CambridgeMA: Collaborative for Development Action, 1996.

Anderson, Mary B., Do no harm: how aid can support peace - or war , Lynne Rienner: Boulder, 1999.

Australian Agency for International Development. - Review of the effectiveness of NGO programs ,Canberra : Australia Agency for International Development, 1996.

Ball, Colin & Dunn, Leith,Nongovernmental organisations: guidelines for good policy and practice ,Commonwealth Foundations: London, 1995.

Barber, Ben, Feeding Refugees or War? The Dilemma of Humanitarian Aid, Foreign Affairs ,July/August 1997.

Bastian, Sunil, & Bastian, Nicola, Development NGOs working in an ethnic conflict, Appropriate Technology , Vol. 22, No. 4, 1996.

*Beigbeder, Yves, The Role and Status of International Humanitarian Volunteers and Organizations ,London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991.

Brandt, Donald P., War work: humanitarian assistance in complex human emergencies, Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , posted 23 October 1995.

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Bock, Joseph C. Communal conflict, NGOs and the power of religious symbols; Development inPractice , Vol 7, No. 1, 1997, pp. 17-25.

Borton, J. NGOs and Relief Operations: Trends and Policy Implications; ODI Briefling Paper, ODI:London, 1994.

*Borton, John, Conference Report Development in Conflict Workshop 1-3 November 1994Birmingham, UK,Disasters , Vol. 19, No. 1, 1995.

Bradbury, Mark, Normalising the Crisis in Africa,Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , http://www- jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a603.htm posted on 19 March 1998.

Bryer, D. & Cairns, E. For better? For worse? Humanitarian aid in conflict; Development in Practice ,Vol 7, No. 4, 1997, pp. 363-374.

*Carter, Matthew, Power and Conflict: Humanitarian Intrvention in Complex Political Emergencies,Dissertation Paper/ University College of Wales , Swansea: University College of Wales, 1995.

Cushing, Christopher, Humanitarian assistance and the role of NGOs , Centre for Foreign Policy Studies Working Paper , Halifax: Dalhousie University, 1995.

*DeMars, William, Mercy without Illusion: Humanitarian Action in Conflict,International StudiesReview , Vol. 40, Supplement 1, 1996, pp. 81-89.

*Dobbie, C., Can Military Intervetion and Humanitarian Action Co-exist?,World Disasters Report ,Oxford: IFRC, 1997.

*Duffield, Mark,NGOs and the Sub-Contracting of Humanitarian Relief , Oxford: Refugee StudiesProgram, Oxford University, 1995.

Forced Migration Projects, Open Society Institute , Protecting Aid Workers: Prospects and Challenges ,New York: Open Society Institute, 1997.

Goodhand, Jonathan, Hulme, David, NGOs and Complex Political Emergencies . Working Paper No.1. University of Manchester/INTRAC, 1997.

Goodhand, Jonathan, Hulme, David, NGOs and Peace-Building in Complex Political Emergencies:Summary Report . University of Manchester, 1999.

*Goodhand, J, Hulme, D, HGOs and Peace-Building in Complex Political Emergencies: Final Reportto DFID, Peace Buliding in Complex Political Emergencies Working Paper No. 12, IDPM,Manchester: University of Manchester, 2000.

*Goodhand, Jonathan, NGO Responses to Contemporary Conflict: Towards Improved Policy andPractice, Conference Report , IDPM, Manchester: University of Manchester, 1999.

*Hybertsen, Bente, Tjore, Gro, Brusset, Emery, Jones, Bruce &Suhrke, Astri, HumanitarianAssistance and Conflict: A State-of-the-Art Report, Chr. Michelsen Institute , Report 2, 1998.

*Irish Mozambique Solidarity, Emergency Aid and the Refugee , Dublin: Irish Mozambique Solidarity,1993.

James, Wendy, International NGO's and complex political emergencies : perspectives fromanthropology, RAI/ESRC Exploratory Workshop , London : Royal Anthropological Institute, 1995.

*Jean, Francious (ed.), Life, Death & Aid , London: Routledge, 1993.

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*Keen, David, Engaging with violence: a reassessment of relief in wartime in J. Macrae & A. Zwi,(eds.) War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responss to Complex Emergencies , London: ZedBooks, 1994.

Lancaster, Warren, The Code of Conduct: whose code, whose conduct? , Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a645.htm posted on 18 April 1998.

LCDNGOSEU (ed.) Conflict, development and military intervention: the role, position and experienceof NGOs ; Report on the European conference; Brussels: Liaison Committee of Development NGOs tothe European Union (LCDNGOSEU), April 1994.

*Lewer, Nick, International non-government Organisations and Peacebuilding -Perspectives fromPeace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Centre for Conflict Resolution Working Paper , No. 3,Bradford: University of Bradford, 1999.

*Mawlawi, Farouk, New Conflicts, New Challenges: The Evolving Role for Non-GovernmentalActors,Journal of International Affairs , Vol 47, No. 1, 1993.

*Minear, Larry, Helping People in an Age of Conflict: Toward a New Professionalism in US Voluntary Humanitarian Assistance , Washington DC: Interaction, 1988.

*Mungenast, Henrik, Peace and Relief: A Seminar on NGOs, Peacbuilding and Humanitarian AidCENDEP Conference Report , Oxford: Oxford Brooks University, 1998.

Natsios, A. S. NGOs and the UN system in complex humanitarian emergencies: conflict or cooperation?; Third World Quarterly , Vol. 16, No. 3, 1995, pp. 405-419.

ODA, Conflict reduction through the aid programme. A briefing for agencies seeking support for conflict reduction activities ; London: ODA, 1996.

*Oxfam,The United Nations Response to Conflict Related Humanitarian Emergencies , Comission onGlobal Governance, [Oxford]: Oxfam UK/I, 1993.

*Perrin, P., The Impact of Humanitarian Aid on Conflict Development, International Review of theRed Cross , Vol. 38, No.323, 1998, pp. 319-333.

*Refugee Policy Group, Humanitarian Action in the Post-Cold War Era ; Report on the RPGConference; Washington DC: Centre for Policy Research and Analysis on Refugee Issues, 1992.

*Ritchie, Cyril, Coordinate? Cooperate? Harmonise? NGO Policy and Operational Coalitions inThomas G Weiss & Leon Gordenker, (eds.) NGOS, The UN, & Global Governance , Boulder: LynneRienner Publishers, 1996.

*Roche, Chris, Oxfams Work in Conflict Areas , Policy Department, Oxford: Oxfam, 1995.

Rupesinghe, K. Advancing Preventive Diplomacy in a Post-Cold War Era: Suggested Roles for Governments and NGOs; Relief and Rehabilitation Network Paper ,5 September, ODI: London,1994.

*Shawcross, William, Deliver Us From Evil: Peacekeepers, Warlords & A World of Endless Conflict ,New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.

Sorbo, G.M., Macrae, J. & Wohlgemuth, L. NGOs in conflict: an evaluation of International Alert, Chr.Michelsen Institute: Fantoft, 1997.

*Task Force on Ethical and Legal Issues in Humanitarian Assistance, The Mohonk Criteria for Humanitariaan Assistance in Complex Emergencies, New York: World Conference on Religion andPeace, 1994.

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*Tschirgi, Necla, The War-Torn Societies Project and Third Party Neutral Models of ConflictManagement, IDRC Working Paper No. 3, Ottawa: IDRC, 1999.

* Van Brabant, K., Analysis and Advocacy on a European Policy on Conflict Prevention: a Viewpoint,Development in Practice , Vol. 8, No. 2, 1998, pp. 217-220.

*Wallace, Tina, Strategic Planning in Conflict Emergency Work: Does it have Anything to Offer?,Paper for Development Administration Group/ University of Birmingham , Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995.

Weiss Thomas G. Beyond UN subcontracting : task-sharing with regional security arrangements and service-providing NGOs, International political economy series, Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1998

*Weiss, Thomas G. & Minear, Larry, Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Timesof War , London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993.

5. AID, CONFLICT, NGOS IN AFRICA - GENERAL

*Acord, Development in Conflict:Policy and Guidelines, Acord Discussion Paper , October, London:Acord, 1994.

African Rights, Imposing Empowerment: Aid and Civil Institutions in Southern Sudan, African RightsDiscussion Paper , No. 7, 1995.

*Airas, M. (ed.), The Role of International Cooperation in Conflict Prevention in Africa , Helsinki:KATU, 1998.

*Annan, Kofi, The Causes of Conflict and the Promotion of Durable Peace and sustainableDevelopment in Africa, Report by the Secretary-General of the United Nations on Africa ,, Geneva: UN, 1998.

*Atkinson, P, NGOs and Peace Buliding in Complex Political Emergencies: a Study of Liberia,Peace Building and Complex Political Emergencies Working Paper No. 6, IDPM, Manchester:University of Manchester, 2000.

*Atkinson, P, Mulbah, E, NGOs and Peace Building in Complex Political Emergencies: CommunitySurveys from Liberia, Peace Building in Complex Political Emergencies Working Paper No. 9, IDPM,Manchester: University of Manchester, 2000.

*Bradbury, Mark, Rebels Without a Cause? An Expolratory Report on the Conflict in Sierra Leone ,[London]: Care, UK, 1995

*Clapham, Christopher, The Perils of Peace-Making, Paper from African Studies Conference of theUnited Kingdom , [Bristol]: University of Bristol, 9-11 September 1996.

Colletta, N., Kostner, M. & Wiederhofer, I. The transition from war to peace in Sub-Saharan Africa ,[Washington]: World Bank, 1996.

*Conference of Nongovernmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations,Ngos For Change: African Nongovernmental Organizations in Development, Equality and Peace ,New York: CONGO,1999.

Deng, Francis M. & Zartman, I. William (eds.), Conflict Resolution in Africa , Washington, USA:Brookings Institution, 1991.

*Francis D., Peacekeeping or Peace Enforcement? Conflict Intervention in Africa , Cambridge, MA:World Peace Foundation, 1998.

*Gilson, L., Macrae, J., Zwi, A., A Triple Burden for Health Sector Reform: Post-ConflictRehabilitation in Uganda, Social Sceince Medicine , Vol. 42, No. 7, 1996, pp. 1095-1108.

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*Kingma, K., Gebrewold, K., Demilitarisation, Reintegration and Conflict Prevention in the Horn of Africa , London: Saferworld, 1998.

*Leach, Adam, Basic Rights and Conflict in Kenya: the State, the Market, and Civil Society What isHappening in Kenya , Kenya: Oxfam Kenya, 1996.

Line, A. van, & Naylor, R.,Building Sustainable Peace, Conflict, Conciliation and Civil Society inNorthern Ghana , Oxford: Oxfam, 1999.

*Lume, William, Environment, Development and Conflict; Development Aid to Target Conflict Prevention , London: Institute for African Alternatives, 1994.

Magnarella, Paul J. Preventing Interethnic Conflict and Promoting Human Rights Through MoreEffective Legal, Political, and Aid Structures: Focus on Africa, The Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Politics , Vol. 23, No. 2, 1993.

*Meeren, Rachel van der, The Rwandan emergency: causes, responses, solutions ?, Journal of Refugee Studies , Vol. 9, No. 3, 1996.

Murithi, Timothy, NGOs and conflict resolution in Africa, Oliver Furley & Roy May, (eds.)Peacekeeping in Africa , Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.

Outram, Q. Cruel wars and safe havens: humanitarian aid in Liberia 1989-1996; Disasters , 21, No.3, 1997, pp. 189-205.

Outram, Quentin, Cruel wars and safe havens : humanitarian aid in Liberia 1989-1996, University of Leeds School of Business and Economic Studies - Discussion Paper Series / University of Leeds,School of Business and Economic Studies ; E96/20, 1996.

Oxfam International, The Importance of Engagement: A Strategy for Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region . October 1997.

Pausewang, Siegfried, Humanitarian assistance during conflict in a state-less society: The case of Somalia, Chr Mihelsen Institute Working Paper , 1999:5, Bergen, 1999.

*Poulteon, Robin E. & Youssouf, Ibrahim, A Peace of Timbuktu: Demographic Governance,Development and African Peacemaking , Geneva: UN, 1998.

Prendergast, J. Frontline diplomacy: humanitarian aid and conflict in Africa, Lynne Rienner: London,1996.

Reychler, Luc, An Evaluation of the International Efforts in Burundi. Draft Conference Paper. CPN Annual Conference 1999 . Ebenhausen: CPN, 1999.

Saasa, Oliver. The aid relationship in Zambia: a conflict scenario , Nordiska Afrikainstitutet: Uppsala,1996.

*Spanger, H-J, Vale, P. (eds.), Bridges to the Future: prospects for the peace and security inSouthern Africa , Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.

Smock, David R. Humanitarian Assistance and Conflict in Africa, Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , posted on 4 July 1997.

*Tokpa, A, Political NGOs and Peace-Building in Liberia: a Historical Perspective, Peace Building inComplex Pollitical Emergencies Working Paper No. 1, IPDM, Manchester: University of Manchester,2000.

Uvin, Peter. Development, aid and conflict: reflections from the case of Rwanda , UNU/WIDER:Helsinki, 1996.

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Van Brabant, Koenraad, Bad Borders make Bad Neighbours - The Political Economy of Relief andRehabilitation in the Somali Region 5, Eastern Ethiopia, Relief and Rehabilitation Network Papers, London: ODI, 1994.

*Waal, Alex de, Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster relief Industry in Africa , London: African

Rights, 1997.6. AID, CONFLICT, NGOS IN LATIN AMERICA - GENERAL

Boyce, James K, Pastor, Manuel , The political economy of complex humanitarian emergencies :lessons from El Salvador , World Institute for Development Economics Research, WIDER workingpapers ; No. 131, Helsinki, Finland : UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research(UNU/WIDER), 1997.

Brown, T. C. Causes of continuing conflict in Nicaragua: a view from the radical middle , Hoover Institution: Stanford, 1995.

Eguizbal, C. et al. Humanitarian challenges in Central America: learning the lessons of recent armedconflicts, Thomas J. Watson Institute for International Studies Occasional Paper , #14, Providence RI,1993.

*Lent, Tom, Blessed are the Spacemakers: Constructing Peace and Peace Processes in Conflictual Situations. A Case Study of Guatemala 1976-1996 , Cambridge MA: Collaborative for DevelopmentAction, 1996.

*Mahony, Liam, Risking Return: NGOs in the Guatemalan refugee return , Uppsala: Life & PeaceInstitute, 1999.

Murray, K. et al. Rescuing Reconstruction The Debate on Post-War Economic Recovery in El Salvador, Hemisphere Initiatives: Cambridge - Massachusetts & San Salvador, El Salvador, 1994.

*Murray, K. et al. Inside El Salvador , Camridge MA & San Salvador: Hemisphere Initiatives 1994.

7. AID, CONFLICT, NGOS IN ASIA - GENERAL

Atmar, Haneef, Sultan Barakat and Arne Strand (ed .) From Rhetoric to Reality The role of aid in local peacebuilding in Afghanistan , York: PRDU, The University of York, 1998.

*Bastian, S, The Failure of State Formation, Identity Conflict and Civil Society Responses: The Caseof Sri Lanka, Peace Building and Complex Political Emergencies Working Paper No. 4, IDPM,Manchaester: University of Manchester, 1999.

*Buwalda, Hans, Children of war in the Philippines, in Deborah Eade (ed), Development in States of War -A Development in Practice Reader , Oxford: Oxfam, 1996.

*Clements, Kevin P, Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Asia Pacific region: Culture, Problem-Solving and Peacemaking, Pacific Review , Vol. 6, No. 2, 1994, pp. 1-15.

Goodhand, Jonathan, Hulme, David/Lewer, Nick, NGOs and Peacebuilding in Complex Political Emergencies: a Case Study of Sri Lanka . Peace Building and Complex Political EmergenciesWorking Papers No. 2. University of Manchester, 1999.

Goodhand, Jonathan, Hulme, David, NGOs and Peacebuilding in Complex Political Emergencies: aStudy of Afghanistan . Peace Building and Complex Political Emergencies Working Papers No. 3.University of Manchester, 1999.

*Goodhand, Jonathan, Hulme, David, From Holy War to Opium War?: A Case Study of the OpiumEconomy in North Eastern Afghanistan, Peace Building and Complex Political Emergencies WorkingPaper No. 5, IDPM, Manchester: University of Manchester, 1999.

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Nicholds, Nigel, Borton, John, The changing role of NGOs in the provision of relief and rehabilitationassistance : case study 1 : Afghanistan/Pakistan, Overseas Development Institute Working Paper ,No. 74, 1994.

Rotberg, Robert (ed.), Creating peace in Sri Lanka: Civil war and reconciliation , Washington DC:

Brookings Inst. Press, 1999.*Van Brabant, K., NGO-government relations in Sri Lanka, in J. Bennet (ed.) NGOs and Governments: A Review of Current Practice for Southern and Eastern NGOs , Oxford, INTRAC, 1997,pp. 161-172.

Youssef, Nadia H., The Demographics of Ethnicity: Implications for Project Support in Central Asia .World Bank, 1998.

8. AID, CONFLICT, NGOS IN EUROPE / EURASIA - GENERAL

BoHeMSA. Final Report from the International Workshop on Medicine, War and Peace - the BosnianExperience, Sarajevo: Bosnian and Hezegovinian Medical Students Association, 1997.

Forced Migration Projects, Open Society Institute , Eurasia's Dispossessed: NGOs and HumanSecurity , New York: Open Society Institute, 1999.

*International Centre on Conflict and Negotiation, Restoring the Culture of Peace in the Causasus: AHuman Solidarity Document , Georgia: ICCN, 1999.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Repatriation, return and Integration to/in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: position

paper , Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 1997.

Mercier, Michele, Crimes without punishment : humanitarian action in former Yugoslavia , London ;East Haven, Conn. : Pluto Press, 1996.

Trier, Tom & Hansen, Lars Funch (eds.) Conflict and Forced Displacement in the Caucasus:Perspectives, Challenges and Responses, International Conference on the Caucasus Region ,Copenhagen: DRC, 1999.

Volkan, Neu J., Developing a Methodology for Conflict Prevention: The Case of Estonia , Atlanta, GA:The Carter Center, Special Report Series, 1999.

9. CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR WORKING IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - GENERAL

Actionaid (ed.) Understanding conflict, Report from an Actionaid Workshop , Jinja, Uganda, 17-23July 1994.

Actionaid (ed.) Understanding peace and conflict management, Report from an Actionaid Workshop ,Ghana, 22-26 May 1995.

Adams, M. and Bradbury, M. Organisational adaptation in conflict situations, Oxfam: Oxford, 1995.

*Anacleti, Odhiambo, Successful Emergency Response, Then What? Learning from the Past to Work in Post-Emergency Situations , [Oxford]: Oxfam UK/I Africa Desk, 1996.

*Anderson, Mary, B., A Framework for Considering the Role and Impact of International Assistance ina Post-Conflict Situation , Cambridge MA:Collaborative for Development Action, 1995.

Anderson, Mary B. & Woodrow, Peter J . Rising from the ashes: Development strategies in times of disaster , Lynne Rienner: London 1989.

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Apthorpe, R. (ed.) Towards Emergency Humanitarian Aid Evaluation, Canberra: Australian NationalUniversity, NCDS, 1998.

Atkinson, P., Goodhand, J. & Hulme, D. Missing Voices: Rapid and participatory methods for understanding conflict and peace at the community level, Paper presented at Development Studies

Association Conflict Group conference , London: South Bank University, 26th March 1999.Auvinen, Juha Aid and conflict: opportunities for Finnish preventive action; Acta Politica , No. 5,1997.

Azar, Edward E. & Moon, Chung In, Managing Protracted Social Conflicts in the Third World:Facilitation and Development Diplomacy, Millenium, Journal of International Studies , vol. 15, no. 3,1995, pp. 393-406.

Baranyi, Stephen, From Ideas to Action: Operationalising Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment.Paper for the Canadian Peacebuilding Consultations , Ottawa, March 2-3, 1999, IDRC, Peacebuildingand Reconstruction Programme Initiative.

*Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, European Centre for Conflict,International Alert, Life & Peace Institute, Code of Conduct/Guidelines for Conflict Transformation ;Draft Conference Report; Soesterberg, The Netherlands, 1999.

Black, R. & Koser, K., The end of the refugee cycle: refugee repatriation and reconstruction , Oxford:Berghahn Books, 1999.

Bock, Joseph G. & Anderson, Mary B. Dynamite under the Intercommunal Bridge: How Can AidAgencies Help Defuse It? Journal of Peace Research , Vol. 36, No. 3, 1999.

Bradbury, M. Aid under fire: redefining relief and development assistance in unstable situations ,Wilton Park paper 104; HMSO: London, 1995.

Brabant, Koenraad Van, Cool Ground for Aid Providers: Towards Better Security Management in AidAgencies , Disasters, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1998.

Bremner, Davin, Accountability Relationships and Third Party Intervention, in Landon E. Hancock etal, (eds.) Soldier, Scientist, Diplomat, Mediator: The Multi-Disiplinary Context of Conflict Resolution ,George Mason University - Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, 1998.

Canadian Peacebuilding Coordinating Committee, Towards a Lessons-Learned Framework for NGOsin Peacebuilding: A Preliminary Report . Ottawa: CPSS, March 1999.

*Cahill, Kevin, A Framework for Survival: Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Assitance inConflictc and Disasters , New York: Basic Books & The Council on Foreign Relations, 1993.

*Carlarne, J., Collaborative Action Research and Peacebuilding, International Peacekeeping , Vol. 4,No. 4, 1997, pp.79-85.

Chalinder, Andrew, Temporary Human Settlement Planning for Displaced Populations inEmergencies, Good Practice Review , London: ODI in association with EuronAid, 1998.

CIDA, Peacebuilding Unit, Conflict Prevention and Post Conflict Reconstruction: A Matrix of Analytical Tools Available Internationally for Peacebuilding and Donor Coordination . Work in Progress. Hull,1998.

Clayton, Andrew, NGOs, civil society, and the state : building democracy in transitional societies ,INTRAC NGO management & policy series ; No. 2 Oxford : INTRAC, 1996

*Conflict Management Group, Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Humanitarian Assistance in Areas inConflict,Working Paper Series , Cambridge MA: Conflict Management Group, 1994.

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Cornelius, Helena & Faire, Shoshana, Everyone Can Win: How to Resolve Conflict , Rosewood, NSW,Australia: Simon Schuster, 1994.

Crawley, John, Constructive Conflict Management: Managing to Make a Difference , Lonodn, NicholasBrealey, 1992.

Cuny, F. with Hill, R. & Reed, P., Famine, conflict and response, a basic guide , W Hartford, Conn:Kumarian Press, 1999.

Cutts, Mark Safety first: protecting NGO employees who work in areas of conflict; Save the Children,London, 1998.

DAC-OECD. Civilian and military means of providing and supporting humanitarian assistance during conflict : a comparative analysis , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentDevelopment Assistance Committee, OECD working papers, Vol. 6, No. 49, Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998.

DAC Working Party on Aid Evaluation, Guidance for Evaluating Humanitarian Assistance in Complex Emergencies . Paris: OECD, 1999.

Davies, John L. & Gurr, Robert Ted, Preventive Measures: Building Risk Assessment and Crisis Early Warning Systems . Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997.

Department for International Development (DfID), Social Development Division, Stakeholder Participation and Analysis . London, 1995.

Department for International Development (DfID)/Michael Warner, Discussion Paper on Conflict Impact Assessment . London: DFID/ODI, 1999.

*Doucet, Ian, Resource Pack for Conflict Transformation , London: International Alert, 1996.

Duffield, Mark, Evaluating Conflict Resolution. Context, Models and Methodology . Bergen: Ch.Michelsen Institute, 1997.

Eade, D. (ed.) Development and Management: Experiences in Value-Based Conflict - Development inPractice Readers, Oxford: Oxfam, January 2000.

*Finucane, Aengus, The changing roles of voluntary organizations, in Kevin Cahill (ed.) AFramework for Survival: Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Assistance in Conflicts and Disasters , New York: Basic Books & The Council on Foreign Relation,1993, pp. 175-190.

Fisher, Roger, Beyond Macchiavelli: Tools for Coping with Conflict , USA: Harvard University Press,1992.

Fuchs, P. Emergency coordination - a problem of humanitarian actors or rather of politicians andgenerals?; a speech by ICRC President, Chatham House; London: RIIA, 1994.

Garcia, Edmundo, Participative Approaches to Peacemaking in the Philippines , Tokyo: UnitedNations University Press, 1993.

Garcia, Edmundo (ed.), Pilgrim Voices: Citizens as Peacemakers , Philippines: Ateneo de ManilaUniversity Press, 1994.

*Gasper, Des, Drawing a Line Ethical and Political Strategies in Complex Emergency Assistance,The European Journal of Development Research , Vol. 11, No. 2, 1999, pp. 87-114.

*Ginifer, Jeremy, Eide, Espen Barth, Ronnfeldt, Carsten, (eds.) Preventive Action in Theory and Practice The Skopje Papers , Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1999.

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Griffiths, A.L.(ed.), Building Peace and Democracy in Post-Conflict Societies , Centre for ForeignPolicy Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, 1999.

Goyder, Hugh, Rich Davies, Winkie Williamson, Participatory Impact Assessment . Somerset:ActionAid, 1998.

Hallam, A. Evaluating humanitarian assistance programmes in complex emergencies ; Relief and Rehabilitation Good Practice Review , No. 8, RRN-ODI: London, 1998.

Hammock, J. and Lautz, S. Coping with crisis; coping with aid: capacity building, coping mechanismsand dependency, linking relief and development, HPG Library, London: ODI, 1996.

Hansen, Greg & Seely, Robert Building Local NGO Capacity To Promote Peace, Surviving Together , Vol. 15, No. 1, 1997.

Harvey, P. Rehabilitation in complex political emergencies: Is rebuilding civil society the answer?; inDisasters , Vol. 22, No. 3, September 1998, pp. 200-217.

Hay, Robin, Draft Peacebuilding Typology: A Framework for Taking Action and Learning Lessons .Canadian Peacebuilding Coordinating Committee, 1998.

Higson-Smith, Craig Linking and empowering : key concepts for intervention following war anddisaster; Development in Practice , Vol. 9 No. 3, May 1999, pp. 330-336.

Hill, R.,Famine, Conflict & Response: A Basic Guide by Fred Cuny (posthumously) , Connecticut:Kumarian Press, 1999.

International Alert, Code of Conduct for Conflict Transformation Work . London, 1998.

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Principles of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Response Programmes . Geneva, 1996.(http://www.ifrc.org/pubs/code/)

Jaspars, Susanne and Young, Helen, General Food Distribution in Emergencies: From NutritionalNeeds to Political Priorities, Good Practice Review , London: ODI in association with EuronAid, 1996.

*Johnston, Philip, Relief and reality, in Kevin Cahill (ed.) A Framework for Survival: Health, HumanRights, and Humanitarian Assistance in Conflicts and Disasters , New York: Basic Books & TheCouncil on Foreign Affairs, 1993.

Jolly, R (ed.). Working in long-term conflict: managing the organisational challenge, Oxford, INTRAC,1997.

Jones, Bruce D., Bryans, Michael & Stein, Janice Gross Mean times: humanitarian action in complex political emergencies - stark choices, cruel dilemmas: report of the NGOs in complex emergencies project, The Program on Conflict Management and Negotiation - Centre for International Studies,University of Toronto: Toronto, 1999.

Kapoor, Ilan, Indicators for Programming in Human Rights and Democratic Development: APreliminary Study . CIDA, 1996.

Kuperus, G, The desirability and feasibility of stakeholder participation in planning, monitoring andevaluation within MSF-Holland;MSF Holland Discussion Paper , 1998.

Laprise, Anne-Marie, Programming for Results in Peacebuilding: Challenges and Opportunities inSetting Performance Indicators . Canadian International Development Agency, October 1998.

*Lang, Peter (compiled by), Assisting in Disasters: Notes from the Asia Workshop on Emergencies ,[Oxford]: Oxfam, 1992.

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Lederach, John Paul, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies , Tokyo: UnitedNations University, 1995.

*Lederach, John Paul, Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation across Cultures , Syracuse:Syracuse Press, 1995.

Macnair, Rebecca, Room for Improvement: The Management and Support of Relief Workers, Relief and Rehabilitation Network Papers, London: ODI, 1995.

Macrae, J. & Zwi, A. (eds.) War and hunger: rethinking international responses to complex emergencies , Zed Books in association with Save the Children Fund UK: London and New Jersey,1994.

Macrae, Joanna, Purity or Political Engagement?: Issues in food and heath security inverventions incomplex political emergencies, Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , http://www-

jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a574.htm posted on 7 March 1998.

*Macrae, Joanna, Training for it: some reflections on training for rehabilitation and reconstruction inpolitically volatile areas, Training for Donor Program Personnel in Politically Volatile AreasWorkshop , Uppsala, Sweden: 1999.

Maynard, Kimberly A. - Healing communities in conflict : international assistance in complex emergencies. - New York : Columbia University Press, 1999.

Minear, Larry, Learning to Learn, pp. 27-45 in: Humanitarian Coordination. Lessons learned. Report of a Review Seminar , Stockholm, April 3-4 1998. OCHA.

Moss, David & Farrington, John (eds .) Development as process: concepts and methods for working with complexity, Routledge, London and New York, 1998.

Ndelu, T. Conflict management and peace building through community development ; Journal of Social Development in Africa , Vol. 13, No. 1, 1998, pp. 67-74.

Nyamugasira, Warren, Nigel Marsh, Lincoln Ndogoni, Equipping Project Staff in Conflict Situations tobe Agents of Positive Development Energy . Discussion Papers. World Vision, 1998.

OCHA. Humanitarian Coordination Lessons Learned , Report of a Review Seminar, Stockholm, April3-4 1998, jointly organised by the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the UN Office fpr theCoordination of Humanitarian Affairs, OCHA, New York, 1998.

Operations Evaluation Department, World Bank, Designing Project Monitoring and Evaluation .Lessons & Practices No. 8, June 1996.

Operations Evaluation Department, World Bank, Evaluating Development Operations: Methods for Judging Outcomes and Impacts . Lessons & Practices No. 10, July 1997.

Oxfam, Conflict and development: organisational adaptation in conflict situations , an Oxfam workingpaper; Oxfam, Acord, Oxford and Birmingham: Responding to Conflict and the University of Birmingham, 1995

*Oxfam,Managing the Psychosocial Effects of Conflict Situations on Oxfam Staff , Health Unit, Oxford:Oxfam UK/I, 1991.

People in Aid, Code of Best Practice in the Management and Support of Aid Personnel , London:RRN-ODI, 1997.

*Prendergast, John, Aid with Integrity Avoiding the Potential of Humanitarian Aid to Susatin Conflict:A Strategy for USAID/BHR/OFDA in Complex Emergencies, Occasional Paper for USAID ,Washington DC: USAID, 1996.

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Ramsbotham, O. & Woodhouse, T . Humanitarian intervention in contemporary conflict: areconceptualization, Polity Press: Cambridge, 1996.

Reychler, Luc, Conflict Impact Assessment (CIAS) at the Policy and Project Level, paper presentedat the International Conference on Development and Conflict , 24 - 26 September 1998, EuropeanUniversity Centre for Peace Studies, Stadtschlaining, Austria.

Reychler, Luc, The Conflict Impact Assessment System (CIAS): A Method for Designing and Evaluating Development Policies and Projects . Ebenhausen: CPN, 1999.

Roche, Chris, Impact assessment for development agencies , Oxford: Oxfam & Novib, 1999.

Roche, Chris, Operationality in turbulence: the need for change, Development in Practice , Vol. 4,No. 3, 1994, pp.160-172.

Rotberg, Robert I. (ed.) Vigilance and vengeance: NGOs preventing ethnic conflict in divided societies, Brookings Institute Press, Washington D.C. and World Press Foundation, Cambridge,Massachusetts, 1996.

Rothman, Jay, Action-Evaluation and Conflict Resolution: In Theory and Practice, paper presentedat the National Conference on Peacemaking and Conflict Resolution . Pittsburgh, May 27, 1997. BrynMawr College and Haverford Colleges.

Schireh, Lisa. Keeping the peace: Exploring civilian alternatives in conflict prevention , Life and PeaceInstitute: Uppsala, 1995.

*Shackman, Jane, Reynolds, Jill, Training indigenous workers in mental-health care, in DeborahEade (ed), Development in States of War -A Development in Practice Reader , Oxford: Oxfam, 1996.

Shoham, Jeremy, Emergency Supplementary Feeding Programmes, Good Practice Review ,London: ODI in association with EuronAid, 1995.

Slim, H. The continuing metamorphosis of the humanitarian practitioner: some new colours for anendangered chameleon; Disasters ,Vol.19, No. 2, 1995, pp. 110-126.

Slim, Hugo, Planning between danger and opportunity: NGO situation analysis in conflict relatedemergencies , Vetaid Occasional Paper Series , No. 1, April 1996.

Slim, Hugo, Planning between danger and opportunity: NGO situation analysis in conflict relatedemergencies. Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , May 1996.

Slim, Hugo, Doing the right thing: relief agencies, moral dilemmas and moral responsibility in political emergencies and war, Nordic Africa Institute: Uppsala, 1997.

Slim, Hugo. Relief Agencies and moral standing in war: principles of humanity, neutrality, impartialityand solidarity, Development in Practice , Vol. 7, No. 4, 1997, pp. 342-352.

Small, Cleo. NGO management in situations of conflict; INTRAC Occasional Papers, No. 12,Oxford, 1996.

South House Exchange, Workshop Report. Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) of Development Projects in Conflict Zones . June 1 and 2, 1998. Ottawa, Canada. Ottawa: TheInternational Development Research Centre.

Spelten, Angelika, Crisis analysis in development co-operation . Bonn: Federal Ministry for EconomicCo-operation and Development, 1998.

Sphere Project, Preliminary edition of the Sphere Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards inDisaster Response , 1998. (http://www.sphereproject.org/)

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Stein, Barry N. & Cuny, Frederick C. Refugee repatriation during conflict: protection and post-returnassistance; Development in Practice , Vol. 4 No. 3, 1994, pp. 173-187.

Summerfield, Derek, The Impact of War and Atrocity on Civilian Populations: Basic Principles for NGO interventions and a Critique of Psychosocial Trauma Projects, Relief and RehabilitationNetwork Papers, London: ODI, 1996.

Telford, John, Counting and Identification of Beneficiary Populations in Emergency Operations:Registration and its Alternatives, Good Practice Review , London: ODI in association with EuronAid,1997.

Thompson, M. Empowerment and survival: humanitarian work in civil conflict, Development inPractice , Vol. 7, No. 1, 1997, pp. 50-58.

UNDP, National Long-Term Perspectives Studies: A Tool for Governance . New York, 1998.

UNHCR,Refugee Emergencies: A Community-based Approach , Revised May 1996, Second Edition.

USAID, Humanitarian Response and Post-crisis Transition - a Strategy Paper , USAID: WashingtonDC, 1995.

USAID, Centre for Democracy and Governance, Handbook of Democracy and Governance ProgramIndicators . Washington: Management Systems International, 1998.

van der Linde, A. L. Peacebuilding from below? how perspectives from critical social theory, ethnicity,normative discourse and civil society inform NGO roles in peacebuilding, [University of Bradford]:Bradford, 1998.

*Van Brabant, K., An Action Agenda for Protecting Aid Workers, Humanitarian Affairs Review , Vol.1, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-27.

van Tongeren, Paul, Exploring the local capacity for peace: the role of NGOs The Courier , No. 168,pp. 70-72, 1998.

von Kotze, A. & Holloway, A.Reducing risk: Participatory learning activities for disaster-mitigation inSouthern Africa, [Natal]: Oxfam, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies &Department of Adult and Community Education at the University of Natal, 1996.

Voutira, E. & Whishaw Brown, S.A. Conflict resolution: a review of some non-governmental practices:a cautionary tale, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet in cooperation with SIDA: Uppsala, 1995.

Walkup, Mark, Policy dysfunction in humanitarian organizations: the role of coping strategies,institutions, and organizational culture, Journal of Refugee Studies , Vol. 10, No. 1, 1997.

Weiss, Thomas G. Beyond UN subcontracting: task-sharing with regional security arrangements andservice-providing NGOs Third World Quarterly , Vol. 18, No. 3, 1997, pp. 417-619.

White, Sarah C. Depoliticising development: the uses and abuses of participation ; Development inPractice, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1996, pp. 6-15.

World Bank, Social Assessment: Key Concepts, Policies, Methods, Frequently Asked Questions ,1999.

World Vision, Conflict and development: responding to the challenge , Discussion papers 6, MiltonKenyes: World Vision, 1998.

Wright, Robert E., A framework for assessing the impact of distribution factors on the potentialeffectiveness of international short-term humanitarian aid, IJCM , Vol. 6, No. 1 & 2, 1996, pp. 38-50.

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Zielinski, Henryk Leszek, Health and humanitarian concerns : principles and ethics : guidelines for Red Cross/Red Crescent health professionals, Institut Henry-Dunant International Red Cross andRed Crescent Movement, Nijhoff law specials ; 5 Dordrecht : M. Nijhoff, 1994.

10. CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR WORKING IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - AFRICA

*Actionaid- Mozambique, Peace and Conflict: The Mozambique Situation, Report from an Actionaid Workshop , 22-26 May, Ghana: Actionaid, 1995.

*Adeniji, Olu, Mechanisms for Conflict Management in West Africa: Politics of Harmonization,Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , posted on 15October 1997.

Barnes, Sam, Humanitarian aid coordination during war and peace in Mozambique, 1985 - 1995, Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet in cooperation with SIDA, 1998.

De Waal, Alex, Democratizing the aid encounter in Africa, International Affairs , Vol. 73, No. 4 , pp.623-639, 1997.

Dugard, Jackie, Everatt, David & Orkin, Mark, Monitoring the monitors: a review of selected south African NGOs involved in conflict resolution , Community Agency for Social Enquiry, Interfund, JosephRowntree Charitable Trust: Johannesburg, 1996.

European Platform for conflict prevention and transformation, Report of the Conference Conflict Prevention and Peace Building in Africa organised by the European Centre for Conflict PreventionHosted by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, The Netherlands, October 15,1999.

Green, R. & Mavie, M., From Survival to Livelihood in Mozambique,IDS Bulletin , Vol. 25, 1994.

James, Rick. Demystifying organisation development: practical capacity-building experiences of African NGOs , NTRAC: Oxford, 1998.

IPA/OAU Civil society and conflict management in Africa,Report on IPA/OAU Consultation ; IPA:Cape Town, 1996.

International Alert. The Challenge for peace making in Africa: conflict prevention and conflict resolution , London: International Alert, 1994.

Macrae, J. Conflict, the continuum and chronic emergencies: a critical analysis of the scope for linking relief, rehabilitation and development planning in Sudan; Disasters , Vol. 20, No. 3, 1997, pp.223-243.

Mekenkamp, M., van Tongeren, P. & van de Veen, H. (eds.), Searching for Peace in Africa: AnOverview of Conflict Prevention and Management Activities, European Platform for ConflictPrevention and Transformation, 1999.

Mitchener, V.J. The participatory approach: contradiction and co-operation in Burkina Faso; World Development , Vol 26, No 12, pp. 2105-2118, 1998.

*Ohlson T. & Stedman, S.J., The New is not yet Born: conflict resolution in Southern Africa ,Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1994.

*Rotschild, D., Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: pressures and incentives for Cooperation ,Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1999.

11. CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR WORKING IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - ASIA

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Atmar, Haneef, Sultan Barakat and Arne Strand (ed .) From Rhetoric to Reality The role of aid in local peacebuilding in Afghanistan , York: PRDU, The University of York, 1998.

[British Agencies Afghanistan Group], NGOs and the common programming process: a considerationof the ways in which NGOs operating in Afghanistan can best engage with the common programming mechanism , [British Refugee Council: London 1998].

*Fielden, M, Goodhand, J, Peace-Making Where There Is No State: an Analysis of the AfghanConflict and Attempts to Resolve it, Peace Building in Complex Political Emergencies Working Paper No. 7, IDPM, Manchester: University of Manchester, 2000.

*Goodhand, J, Research Methodology to Examine the Role of NGOs in Peace Building: AfghanCase Study, Peace Building in Complex Political Emergencies Working Paper No. 8, IDPM,Manchester: University of Manchester, 2000.

Goodhand, Jonathan & Lewer, Nick: Sri Lanka: NGOs and peace-building in complex politicalemergencies Third World Quarterly , Vol. 20, No. 1, February 1999, pp. 69-88.

Van Brabant, Koenraad, The Coordination of Humanitarian Action: The Case of Sri Lanka, Relief and Rehabilitation Network Papers, London: ODI, 1998.

Ward, Patrick & Rimmer, Martin, Targeting the Poor in Northern Iraq: The Role of Formal andInformal Research Methods in Relief Operations, Relief and Rehabilitation Network Papers, London:ODI, 1995.

12. CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR WORKING IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - EUROPE / EURASIA

CIS Unit, UNHCRCatalogue of Capacity-Building Resources for NGOs in the Countries of the CIS ,Geneva: CIS Unit - UNHCR, 1999.

Forced Migration Projects, Open Society Institute, Coping with Conflict: A Guide to the Work of Local NGOs in the North Caucasus , New York: Open Society Institute, 1998.

*Fox, Robert, Peace in the Balkans: The Prospects and Perils in the Quest for Stability, A British-Italian dialogue ; the Taormina Conference; Taormina Sicily: The British Council, 2000.

Open Society Institute, Forced Migration Projects , Protecting Eurasia's dispossessed : a practical guide for NGOs working on issues of forced migration in the former Soviet Union New York: Open Society Institute, 1996.

Walsh, Martha. Post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina: Integrating womens special situation and gender perspectives in skills training and employment promotion programmes , Brighton: IDS, 1998.

13. EXPERIENCES OF NGOS WORK IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - GENERAL

Abourjaili, K.The role of research and training in promoting development in regions devastated by war: the experience of ILDES , Adult Education and Development/German Adult EducationAssociation, No. 50, 1998, pp. 79-83.

Actionaid, Actionaid working in emergencies in 1994 , London: Actionaid.

Actionaid- Pakistan, Working with conflict: strategies and skills for development workers, Report from an Actionaid Workshop , 16-20 July; Islamabad: Actionaid-Pakistan, 1995.

*Agerbak, Linda, Oxfams Work in Conflict:1978/9 to 1988/9 , [Oxford]: Oxfam Uk/I, 1991.

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*Bentley, Marigold, S., Conflict Resolution in Areas Affected by War, Emergency and RefugeeEducation Forum , Cambridge: International Extension College, 25 th May 1995.

Bergh, M. and Jareg, P. (ed.) Relief work in complex emergencies: the Norwegian NGO experience, Centre in Partnership in Development, Diakonhjemmet International Centre, Oslo, 1998.

Borton, J. with Nicholds, N., Benson, C. & Dhiri, S. NGOs and relief operations: trends and policy implications, London: ODI, 1994.

Borton, J. and Shoham, J. Experiences of non-governmental organisations in the targeting of emergency food aid: a report on a workshop at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,London, Jan 1989; Disasters , Vol. 13, No. 1, 19

*Brauman, Rony, The Medecins sans Fronteires Experience, in Kevin Cahill (ed.) A Framework for Survival: Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Assitance in Conflict and Disasters , New York:Basic Books & The Council on Foreign Relations, 1993, pp. 202-220.

DFAIT/CIDA,Peace in Progress. Canadas Peacebuilding Initiative . Ottawa, 1998.

*Duncan, Debi, The Effects on staff Working in Areas of Conflict , [Oxford]: Oxfam UK/I, 1992.

Feeney, P. Accountable Aid: local participation in major projects, Oxford: Oxfam, 1998.

Gould, Helen, The art of survival : investigating creativity in humanitarian aid, The social impact of arts programmes . working paper ; 3, Stroud : Comedia, 1996.

Harvey, P. PRA and participatory approaches in emergency situations: a review of the literature and ACTIONAIDs experience, London: ActionAid, 1997.

Hallam, A. Evaluating humanitarian assistance programmes in complex emergencies ; Relief and Rehabilitation Good Practice Review , No. 8, RRN-ODI: London, 1998.

*Hulme, David, Edwards, Michael, (eds.) Beyond the Magic Bullet NGO Performance and Accountability in the Post-Cold War World , West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1996.

Lund, Michael S., Formulating Effective Early Responses to Potential Violent Conflicts: The Role inFEWERs Work of the Assessment of Preventive Responses Impacts on Peace and Conflict.Discussion Paper . Washington: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, May.

Macrae, Joanna, Dilemmas of Post-Conflict Transition: Lessons from the Health Sector, Relief and Rehabilitation Network Papers, London: ODI, 1995.

*NPI-Africa, Stategic and Responsive Evaluation of Peacbuilding: a framework for learning and assessment ; Report on an Action-Reflection Seminar, Kenya: NPI-Africa, 1999.

OReilly, Siobhan, The Contribution of Community Development to Peacebuilding: World Visions Area Development Programmes , Milton Keynes: World Vision UK, 1998.

Oxfam, Problems and lessons identified from evaluations of emergency interventions 1984-1992,Planning and Evaluation Unit, Oxford: Oxfam, 1993.

*Oxfam,Oxfam America: Countries in Transition Programme , [Boston]: Oxfam America, 1995?.

*Roche, Chris, Through the Looking Glass: NGOs in Wonderland , Policy Department, Oxford: Oxfam,1995.

Spencer, T. A. Synthesis of evaluations of peace-building activities undertaken by humanitarianagencies and conflict resolution organisations , London: ODI-ALNAP, 1998.

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Stiefel, Matthias, Rebuilding after War: A Summary Report of the War-Torn Societies Project .Geneva: WSP/UNRISD, 1998.

Uvin, P., The Influence of Aid in Situations of Violent Conflict A synthesis and a commentary on thelessons learned from case studies on the limits and scope for the use of development assistanceincentives and disincentives for influencing conflict situations , OECD, Development Assistance

Committee, Informal Task Force on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation, Paris, 1999.Voutira, Efthira & Whishaw Brown, Shaun A., Conflict Resolution: A Review of Some Non-Governmental Practices: A Cautionary Tale, Report no. 4, Studies on Emergencies and Disaster Relief , Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet and Swedish International DevelopmentCooperation Agency, 1995.

World Vision, Conflict and development: responding to the challenge , Discussion papers 6, MiltonKenyes: World Vision, 1998.

14. EXPERIENCES OF NGOS WORK IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS - AFRICA

Abdillahi, Mohamed Sheikh. The emergence of local NGOs in the recovery and developmentprocesses of Somaliland (northwest Somalia); Voices from Africa , No. 8, 1998, pp. 73-83.

Acord, Development in conflict: case study: Acords programming in Gulu , Uganda, [London]: Acord,1994.

*Acord, Development in conflict: The experience of Acord in Uganda, Sudan, Mali, and Angola ,London: Overseas Development Institute, 1995.

*Actionaid- Somalia, ActionAid in Somalia and Timeline for Somalia, Somaliland, and Sanaag,Paper presented at ActionAid Conference , Ghana: Actionaid, 22-26 May 1995.

*Adams, Mark, Conflict and Development Gulu , London: Acord, 1994.

*Adams, Mark, Development in Conflict Case Study: Acords Programming in Southern Sudan,Report prepared for the Development in Conflict Workshop , London: Acord, 1-3 November 1994.

*Adibe, Clement E., The Liberian Conflict and the ECOWAS-UN partnership, in Thomas G. Weiss(ed.) Beyond UN Subcontracting Task Sharing with Regional Security Arrangements and ServiceProviding NGOs , Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.

*African Rights,Rwanda A Waste of Hope: The United Nations Field Operations , London: AfricanRights, 1995.

Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development, Development in conflict: The experience of ACORD in Uganda, Sudan, Mali and Angola . Network Paper No. 9. ODI, Relief and RehabilitationNetwork, April 1995.

Ahmed, Ismail I. & Green, Reginald Herbor, The heritage of war and state collapse in Somalia andSomaliland: local-level effects, external interventions and reconstruction Third World Quarterly , Vol.20, No. 1, February 1999, pp. 113-128.

Atkinson, P, Mulbah, E, NGOs and Peace Building in Complex Political Emergencies: AgencySurveys from Liberia, Peace Building and Complex Political Emergencies Working Paper No. 10,IDPM, Manchester: University of Manchester, 2000.

Baden, Sally, Post-conflict Mozambique: Womens special situation, population issues and gender perspectives to be integrated into skills training and employment promotion , [Brighton]: IDS, 1998.

Ball, N. (with the assistance of Spies, C.) Managing conflict: lessons from South African PeaceCommittees , For USAID/CDIE/POA, IQC Contract No AEP - 0085-6020, Task Order #3, 1997.

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Barnes, S. NGOs in peace-keeping operations: their role in Mozambique, Development in Practice ,Vol. 8, No. 3, 1998, pp. 309-322.

Borton, J., Nicholds, N., Shoham, J. and Mukhier, M.O . An evaluation of Concerns 1990-91Emergency Programme in Kosti Province, Sudan , ODI: London, 1992.

Borton, John, The changing role of NGOs in the provision of relief and rehabilitation assistance : casestudy 3 - Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea , Overseas Development Institute Working, No. 76, 1994.

*Borton, John, Masking a Policy Vacuum?: Reviewing the Lessons of the International Response tothe Rwanda Crisis, Disasters:The Journal of Disaster Studies , Vol. 20, No. 4, 1996, pp. 281-352.

Bradbury, M. Peace-enforcement, peace-making and peace-building: options for resolving theSomali conflict, an exploratory report for Oxfam UK/I, Oxford: Oxfam, 1993.

Bradbury, M. Development in Conflict: Experiences of ActionAid in Somalia; Responding to Conflict Discussion Paper , No. 1, Birmingham, 1994.

Bradbury, M. The case of the yellow settee: experiences of doing development in post-war Somaliland; Community Development Journal , Vol. 29, No. 2, 1994, pp. 113-122.

Bradbury, Mark. The Somali conflict: prospects for peace, an Oxfam Working Paper ; Oxford: Oxfam,1994.

Bradbury, M., Fisher, S. & lane, Charles Working with pastoralist NGOs and land conflicts inTanzania a report on a workshop held in Terrat, Tanzania, 11th-15th December 1994; IIED,Drylands, Forests, Trees and People Programme , Responding to Conflict; London, 1995.

Brusset, Emery, EU Cooperation with Politically Fragile Countries. Experiences from Liberia . ECDPMDiscussion Paper No. 2. Brussels: February, 1999.

*Capezzuoli, Silia, Adams, Mark, Development in Conflict Case Study: Acords Programming in Mali ,[London]: Acord, 1994.

*Chiffe, L., Regional Dimensions of conflict in the Horn of Africa,Special Issue: Complex Political Emergencies, Third World Quarterly , 1998.

*Chin, Sally, Davies, John, Deshmukh, Rohini, Kitevu, Raymond, Ivanov, Anton, Nodia, Ghia,Nyheim, David, Odera, Josephine, Piza-Lopez, Eugenia, Tishkov, Valery, Zeynalov, Eldar,Challenges and Lessons Learned in Setting Up Early Warning Pilot Projects in the Caucasus and theGreat Lakes , London: Conflict Prevention Network,

*Clarke, Walter, Herbst, Jeffrey, (eds.) Learning from Somalia The Lessons of Armed HumanitarianIntervention , Boulder: Westview Press, 1997.

*Commission on Africa Regions in Crisis, King Baudouin Foundation, Medecins sans Frontieres,Conflicts in Africa: an analysis of crises and crisis prevention measures , Brussels: GRIP, 1997.

Crichton, P., Katet, B., Mosowoya-Keys, A. & Buchanan-Smith, M . Situation analysis and revised strategy for Actionaid-Rwanda , Actionaid: Kigali, 1997.

*de Waal, Alex, African Encounters Intervention: Africa,Index on Censorship , Vol. 6, 1994.

*Dicklitz, S.,The Elusive Promise of NGOs in Africa: lessons from Uganda , Baskinstoke: Macmillian,1998.

Dodd, R. Research and advocacy plan: Peace, conflict and reconciliation , Actionaid Country Programme Visit , No. 2 - Burundi; London: Actionaid, 1996.

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*Drisdelle, Rheal, Fiddling While Rome Burns (Mali Background) , Mali: Oxfam UK/I, 1994.

*Drisdelle, Rheal, Oxfam Mali Memorandum , Mali: Oxfam UK/I, 1995.

*Duffield, M., Karim, A., Macrae, J., Operation Lifeline Sudan: A Review,Report for UNDHA , Genva:UN, 1996.

Egan, Erica Relief and rehabilitation work in Mozambique: institutional capacity and NGO executionalstrategies; Development in Practice , Vol. 1, No. 3, 1991, pp. 174-84.

Farah, A. Y. & Lewis, I. M. Somalia: the roots of reconciliation: peace making endeavours of contemporary lineage leaders: a survey of grassroots peace conferences in Somaliland , London:Actionaid, 1993.

*Haile, Tsige, Tekaligne, Yitna, Working in Conflict/Neutrality: Actionaid Ethiopia Experience,Paper presented at Actionaid Conference , Ghana: Actionaid, 22-26 May 1995.

Heinrich, W. Building the peace: Experiences of collaborative peacebuilding in Somalia 1993-1996 ,Life & Peace Institute: Uppsala, 1997.

Howell, P. & Young, M. Responding to conflict: Actionaid - Sierra Leones emergency experience inKambia and North Bombali districts 1995-1996, [ London]:Actionaid, 1997.

Huddock, A. Facilitating PRA amidst war: experiences from Sierra Leone; PLA Notes , No. 25, 1996.

IPA/OAU Civil society and conflict management in Africa,Report on IPA/OAU Consultation ; IPA:Cape Town, 1996.

International Alert. The Challenge for peace making in Africa: conflict prevention and conflict resolution , London: International Alert, 1994.

Jaspars, Susanne, The Rwandan Refugee Crisis in Tanzania: Initial Successes and Failures in FoodAssistance, Relief and Rehabilitation Network Papers, London: ODI, 1994.

*Jones, Bruce D., Intervention without Borders: Humanitarian Intervention in Rwanda, 1990-1994,Millennium: Journal of International Studies , Vol. 24, No. 2, 1995, pp. 225-249.

*Joyner, Alison, Supporting education in emergencies: a case study from southern Sudan, inDeborah Eade (ed), Development in States of War -A Development in Practice Reader , Oxford:Oxfam, 1996.

*Kennes, Erik, Laakso, Liisa, Reychler, Luc, Schraeder, Peter J., Vandeginste, Stef, The CongoCrisis: Background and International Dimension , Helsinki: Department of Political Scince, Universityof Helsinki, 1999.

Kuzwe, C. N. The role of NGOs in democratisation and education in peace-time (Rwanda); Journal of Social Development in Africa , Vol. 13, No. 1, 1998, pp. 37-40.

Lake, E., After the Wars - Reconstruction in Afghanistan, Indochina, Central America, Southern Africaand the Horn of Africa , Overseas Development Council, Washington DC, 1990.

*Lautze, S., Jones, B.D., Duffield, M., Strategic Humanitarian Coordination in the Great Lak

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