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BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MESOPOTAMIAN MYTHOLOGY AND CREATION MYTHS

Paul-Alain BeaulieuDept. of NELCHarvard University

Collections of Texts in Translation.

Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux: Jean Bottéro and Samuel Noah Kramer, Lorsque les dieux faisaient l’homme(Paris, 1989) [French translation of Sumerian and Akkadian mythological texts with abundant notesand commentaries].

Bottéro, Mythes; Jean Bottéro, Mythes et rites de Babylone (Paris, 1985; Slatkine Reprints, Genève,1996) [contains studies of Enuma elish and minor Akkadian creation stories with translations].

Dalley, Myths: Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia (Oxford/New York, 1991) [Englishtranslations with brief introductions].

ETCSL: Web site of the Project "Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature" (OxfordUniversity): http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/ (or type ETCSL in Google Search Engine). Containsfull editions (transliterations, translations, lists of manuscripts) with bibliography of all classicalSumerian literary compositions. Each composition has a number, therefore references below aregiven as ETCSL followed by that number. The composition can be found by clicking the icon"Browse by Number" on the Web site.

Clifford, Creation: Richard J. Clifford, Creation Accounts in the Ancient Near East and in the Bible(The Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 26; Washington D.C., 1994) [partial translationsof creation accounts with commentary].

Foster, Muses: Benjamin R. Foster, Before the Muses, 2 vols. (Bethesda, Maryland, 1993) [Englishtranslations of a large number of Akkadian literary texts, with notes, bibliographies. lists ofmanuscripts].

Hallo/Younger, Context: William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger, Jr., eds., The Context ofScripture, vol.1. Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (Brill: Leiden, Boston, Köln,2000) [selection of Sumerian and Akkadian literary and mythological compositions in translation].

Jacobsen, Harps: Thorkild Jacobsen, The Harps that Once .... Sumerian Poetry in Translation (YaleUniversity Press: New Haven and London 1987) [selections from Classical Sumerian literature intranslation with brief introductions].

Labat, Religions: René Labat, André Cacquot, Muaurice Sznycer et Maurice Vieyra, Les religionsdu Proche-Orient asiatique (Fayard/Denoël; Paris, 1970) [French translations, with introductions,

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of selected Ancient Near Eastern religious literature].

TUAT III/3: Willem H.Ph. Römer and Dietz Otto Edzard, Mythen und Epen I (Texte aus der Umweltdes Alten Testaments, Band III, Weisheitstexte, Mythen und Epen; Gerd Mohn, Gutersloh, 1993)[German translations of select Sumerian compositions].

TUAT III/4: Karl Hecker, W.G. Lambert, Gerfrid G.W. Müller, Wolfram von Soden and AhmetÜnal, Mythen und Epen II (Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments, Band III, Weisheitstexte,Mythen und Epen; Gerd Mohn, Gutersloh, 1994) [German translations of select Akkadian and Hittitecompositions].

General Studies

Anthony Green, "Mythologie. B.I. In der mesopotamischen Kunst," in Reallexikon der Assyriologieund vorderasiatischen Archäologie 8 (1993-1997) 572-586.

A. Heidel, The Babylonian Genesis (Chicago, 1951) [also contains English translations of Akkadiancreation myths].

Wolfgang Heimpel, "Mythologie. A.I. In Mesopotamien," in Reallexikon der Assyriologie undvorderasiatischen Archäologie 8 (1993-1997) 537-564.

Wayne Horowitz, Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography (Mesopotamian Civilizations 8; Winona Lake,Indiana, 1998).

Wilfred G. Lambert, "Myth and Mythmaking in Sumer and Akkad," in J.M. Sasson, ed.,Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, 4 vols. (New York, 1995).

Wilfred G. Lambert, "The Cosmology of Sumer and Babylon," in C. Blacker and M. Loewe, AncientCosmologies (London, 1975), pp. 42-65.

Francesca Rochberg, "Mesopotamian Cosmology," in N.S. Hetherington, ed., Cosmology. Historical,Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives (New York and London; 1993), pp.37-52.

Marie-Joseph Seux, "La création du monde et de l’homme dans la littérature suméro-akkadienne,"in F. Blanquart, ed., La création dans l’Orient ancien (Lectio Divina 27; Paris, 1987).

Åke Sjöberg, "In the Beginning," in T. Abusch, ed., Riches Hidden in Secret Places. Ancient NearEastern studies in memory of Thorkild Jacobsen (Winona Lake, IN, 2002), pp. 229-247 [study ofthree early cosmological texts].

J.J.A. van Dijk, "Le motif cosmique dans la pensée sumérienne," Acta Orientalia 28/1-2 (1964), pp.

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1-59.

List of Mythographic Sources.

1. Sumerian1.1 "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld"1.2. "The Debate Between Tree and Reed"1.3. "The Debate Between Summer and Winter"1.4. "The Debate Between Ewe and Wheat" (or "Sheep and Grain")1.5. "The Debate Between Bird and Fish" 1.6. "Enki and the World Order"1.7. "Enki and Ninmah."1.8. "Enki and Ninhursag" ("The Dilmun Myth")1.9. "How grain came to Sumer"1.10. "The Eridu Genesis" ("The Flood story")1.11. "The Time Before Creation" (NBC 11108 and AO 4153)1.12. "Enki's Journey to Nibru"1.13. "The Song of the Hoe" ("In praise of the Pickaxe") 1.14. "The Rulers of Lagash"1.15. "The Barton Cylinder"

2. Akkadian2.1. Atrahasis2.2. Enuma Elish ("The Babylonian Epic of Creation")2.3. "The Dunnu Theogony" ("The Harab Myth")2.4. "The Incantation of the Worm" ("Against Toothache")2.5. "The creatress river"2.6. Prayers of the kalû priest2.7. "The Debate Between Two Insects"2.8. The flood story in Gilgamesh 2.9. The two incantations of the ergot 2.10. Prayer to dedicate the foundation brick of a temple2.11. "The Chaldean Genesis" ("The Foundation of Eridu")2.12. "The Debate Between Palm and Tamarisk"2.13. "The Debate Between Ox and Horse"2.14. "The Creation of Man and King"2.15. A medical incantation2.16. The fragment K 7067

3. Bilingual and Lexical3.1. Prologue of astrological treatise Enuma Anu Enlil3.2. KAR 43.3. Lugale

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3.4. God Lists

4. Greek4.1. The Babyloniaka of Berossus

Bibliography of Mythographic Sources

1. Sumerian

1.1. "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld"

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 478-479; Clifford, Creation, pp. 23-25; ETCSL 1.8.1.4.

A.R. George, The Epic of Gilgamesh. A New Translation (New York, 1999), pp. 175-195.

Aaron Shaffer, Sumerian Sources of the Tablet XII of the Epic of Gilgamesh, University ofPennsylvania: Philadelphia (Ph.D dissertation, 1963) (commentary, translation, composite text,handcopy)

J.J. Tournay and A. Shaffer, L'épopée de Gilgamesh (Paris, 1994) 249-274 (translation)

1.2. "The Debate Between Tree and Reed"

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 479-481; Clifford, Creation, pp. 25-27; ETCSL (notavailable yet); TUAT III/3, pp. 357-360 (by W.H.Ph. Römer).

1.3. "The Debate Between Summer and Winter"

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 481-483; ETCSL 5.3.3; Hallo/Younger, Context, pp. 584-588.

J.J.A. van Dijk, La Sagesse suméro-accadienne (Brill: Leiden, 1953) 42-57 (composite text,translation, commentary; partial edition).

1.4. "The Debate Between Ewe and Wheat" (or "Sheep and Grain")

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 511-514; Clifford, Creation, pp. 45-46; ETCSL 5.3.2;Hallo/Younger, Context, pp. 575-578.

Bendt Alster and Herman L.J. Vanstiphout, "Lahar and Ashnan. Presentation and Analysis of aSumerian Disputation," Acta Sumerologica 9 (1987) 1-43 (commentary, composite text, translation)

1.5. "The Debate Between Bird and Fish"

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Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 517-520; Clifford, Creation, pp. 38-39; ETCSL 5.3.5;Hallo/Younger, Context, pp. 581-584.

Samuel Noah Kramer, "Sumerische Litteraire Teksten uit Ur," Phoenix 10 (1964) 99-108(translation, commentary).

Th.J.H. Krispijn, "Dierenfabels in het oude Mesopotamië", in Idema, E.L. et al. (ed.), Mijn naam ishaas. Dierenverhalen in verschillende culturen (Ambo: Baarn, 1993), pp. 131-148 (translation,commentary).

1.6. "Enki and the World Order"

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 165-188; Clifford, Creation, pp. 34-35; ETCSL 1.1.3;TUAT III/3, pp. 402-420 (partial, by W.H.Ph. Römer: lines 248-273, and 308-447).

C.A. Benito, "Enki and Ninmah" and "Enki and the World Order" (Ph.D Dissertation, Philadelphia1969), pp. 77-160 (translation, composite text, commentary).

S.N. Kramer and J. Maier, Myths of Enki, the Crafty God (Oxford University Press: NewYork/Oxford 1989), pp. 38-56 (translation, commentary).

1.7. "Enki and Ninmah."

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 188-198; Clifford, Creation, pp. 39-42; ETCSL 1.1.2;Hallo/Younger, Context, pp. 516-518; Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 151-166 ("The Birth of Man"); TUATIII/3, pp. 386-401 (by W.H.Ph. Römer).

C.A. Benito, "Enki and Ninmah" and "Enki and the World Order" (Ph.D Dissertation, Philadelphia1969), pp. 77-160 (translation, composite text, commentary), pp. 1-76 (translation, composite text,commentary).

S.N. Kramer and J. Maier, Myths of Enki, the Crafty God (Oxford University Press: NewYork/Oxford 1989), pp. 13-14, 31-37, 124, 132-133, 176 (commentary, translation).

1.8. "Enki and Ninhursag" ("The Dilmun Myth")

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 151-164; Clifford, Creation, pp. 35-38; ETCSL 1.1.1;Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 181-204; TUAT III/3, pp. 363-386 (by W.H.Ph. Römer).

P. Attinger, "Enki et Ninhursaga," Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 74 (1984) 1-52 (composite text, scoretransliteration, French translation, commentary).

1.9. "How grain came to Sumer"

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Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 515-517; Clifford, Creation, p. 47 (top of page); ETCSL1.7.6; TUAT III/3, pp. 360-363 (by W.H.Ph. Römer).

Françoise Bruchweiler, Inanna: la déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne.Recherche lexicographique (Les cahiers du CEPOA 4; Editions Peeters: Leuven 1987), pp. 54-57(composite text, translation, commentary).

1.10. "The Eridu Genesis" ("The Flood Story")

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 564-567; Clifford, Creation, pp. 42-45; ETCSL 1.7.4;Hallo/Younger, Context, pp. 513-515; Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 145-150; TUAT III/3, pp. 448-458 (byW.H.Ph. Römer).

Thorkild Jacobsen, "The Eridu Genesis," Journal of Biblical Literature 100 (1981) 513-529(composite text, translation, commentary).

Samuel Noah Kramer, "The Sumerian Deluge Myth. Reviewed and Revised," Anatolian Studies 33(1983) 115-121 (translation, commentary)

W.G. Lambert and A.R. Millard, Atra-Hasis: the Babylonian Story of the Flood (Clarendon Press:Oxford 1969), pp. 138-145 (translation, commentary, score transliteration; by M. Civil)

Giovanni Pettinato, Das altorientalische Menschenbild und die sumerischen und akkadischenSchöpfungsmythen (Winter: Heidelberg 1971) (translation, commentary, composite text, ll. 37-50;84-100).

1.11. "The Time Before Creation" (NBC 11108 and AO 4153)

Translations: Clifford, Creation, pp. 27-29 (NBC 11108 only); TUAT III/3, pp. 353-356 (both texts,by W.H.Ph. Römer).

J.J.A. van Dijk, "Existe-t-il un ‘Poème de la création’ sumérien?," in B.L. Eichler et al., ed., KramerAnniversary Volume: Cuneiform Studies in Honor of Samuel Noah Kramer (Neukirchen-Vluyn,1976), pp. 125-133 (edition and French translation of NBC 11108, with discussion of creation mythsin Sumer).

1.12. "Enki's Journey to Nibru"

Translations: Clifford, Creation, pp. 29-30 ("Hymn to E’engura, the temple of Enki in Eridu");ETCSL 1.1.4.

Abdul-Hadi A. Al-Fouadi, The Journeys of the Gods (University of Pennsylvania, 1969; Ph.Ddissertation) [composite text, translation, commentary, photograph]

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Adam Falkenstein and Wolfram von Soden, Sumerische und akkadische Hymnen und Gebete(Artemis: Zürich/Stuttgart, 1953) (translation, by A. Falkenstein)

1.13. "The Song of the Hoe" ("In praise of the Pickaxe")

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 508-511; Clifford, Creation, pp. 30-32; ETCSL 5.5.4;Hallo/Younger, Context, pp. 511-513.

Miguel Civil, "Review of CT 44," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 28 (1969), p. 70 (partialtranslation, commentary).

Dietz Otto Edzard, "U 7804 // UET VI/1 26: "Gedicht von der Hacke"," in A.R. George and I.L.Finkel, eds., Wisdom, Gods and Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert(Eisenbrauns: Winona Lake, 2000), pp. 131-135 (score transliteration, commentary, handcopy,transliteration of duplicate ms.).

Gertrud Farber, ""Das Lied von der Hacke", ein literarischer Spass?", in H. Klengel and J. Renger,eds., Landwirtschaft im Alten Orient: ausgewählte Vorträge der XLI. Rencontre AssyriologiqueInternationale Berlin, 4.-8.7.1994 (Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient, 18; Dietrich ReimerVerlag: Berlin, 1999), pp. 369-373 (commentary).

Thorkild Jacobsen, "Sumerian Mythology, a Review Article", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5(1946), p. 134 (partial translation, commentary).

Giovanni Pettinato, Das altorientalische Menschenbild und die sumerischen und akkadischenSchöpfungsmythen (Winter: Heidelberg, 1971), pp. 82-85 (partial translation).

C. Wilcke, "Hacke - B. Philologisch," in Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4 (1972), pp. 33-38 and 36-38(commentary, partial translation).

1.14. "The Rulers of Lagash"

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 520-525. Clifford, Creation, pp. 47-48; ETCSL 2.1.2.

E. Sollberger, "The Rulers of Lagash," Journal of Cuneiform Studies 21 (1967), pp. 279-291 (scoretransliteration, translation, handcopy, commentary).

1.15 "The Barton Cylinder"

Translations: Clifford, Creation, p.25 (with references omitted).

B. Alster and A. Westenholz, "The Barton Cylinder," Acta Sumerologica 16 (1994), pp. 15-46.

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2. Akkadian

2.1. Atrahasis

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 527-601 ("La grande genèse babylonienne"); Clifford,Creation, pp. 74-82 (partial); Dalley, Myths, pp. 1-38; Foster, Muses, pp. 158-201; Hallo/Younger,Context, pp. 450-453; Labat, Religions, pp. 26-36; TUAT III/4, pp. 612-645 (by W. von Soden).

Note: the fragment of a deluge story from Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) and which names Atra-hasispossibly belongs here (Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 567-568).

W.G. Lambert and A. Millard, Atrah.asis. The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Oxford, ClarendonPress, 1970).

2.2. Enuma Elish ("The Babylonian Epic of Creation")

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 602-679; Clifford, Creation, pp. 82-93 (partial); Dalley,Myths, pp. 228-277; Foster, Muses, pp. 351-402; Hallo/Younger, Context, pp. 390-402; Labat,Religions, pp. 36-70; TUAT III/4, pp. 565-602 (by W.G. Lambert).

Jean Bottéro, Mythes et rites de Babylone (Paris, 1985; Slatkine Reprints, Genève, 1996), pp. 113-162 ("L’épopée de la création") [study].

L.W. King, Enuma Elish: The Seven Tablets of Creation (London, 1902) [cuneiform texts,transliteration, translation, commentary].

R. Labat, Le poème babylonien de la création (Paris, 1935) [transliteration, French translation,commentary].

W.G. Lambert, Enuma Eliš, The Babylonian Epic of Creation (Oxford, 1966) [composite cuneiformtext only; full edition in preparation].

J.B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. (Princeton,1969) 60-72 [translated by E.A. Speiser] and 501-502 [additions by A.K. Grayson]

J.-M. Durand, "Le mythologème du combat entre le dieu de l’orage et la mer en Mésopotamie," inMari, Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires. 7 (Paris, 1993) 41-61.

Th. Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness. A History of Mesopotamian Religion (NewHaven/London, 1976) 167-191.

W.G. Lambert, "Ninurta Mythology in the Babylonian Epic of Creation," in KeilschriftlicheLiteraturen, XXXII. RAI (Berlin, 1986) 55-60

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F.N.H. al-Rawi and A.R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library II: Tablet II of the BabylonianCreation Epic," Iraq 52 (1990) 149-57 [Tablet II: cuneiform text, transliteration, translation, briefcommentary]

B. Landsberger and J.V. Kinnier Wilson, "The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš," JNES 20 (1961) 154-79[Tablet V: transliteration, translation, commentary]

F.N.H. al-Rawi and J.A. Black, "A New Manuscript of Enãma eliš, Tablet VI," JCS 46 (1994) 131-139.

2.3. "The Dunnu Theogony" ("The Harab Myth")

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 472-478; Clifford, Creation, pp. 94-97; Dalley, Myths, pp.278-281; Hallo/Younger, Context, pp. 402-404; TUAT III/4, pp. 610-611 (by K. Hecker).

Th. Jacobsen, The Harab Myth (Sources from the Ancient Near East, vol.2, fasc.3; UndenaPublications, Malibu, 1984) [transliteration, translation, commentary].

2.4. "The Incantation of the Worm" ("Against Toothache")

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 483-486 (with study); Bottéro, Mythes, pp. 281-284 (withstudy); Clifford, Creation, pp. 55-56; Labat, Religions, p. 78; Foster, Muses, p. 878; TUAT III/4, pp.603-604 (by K. Hecker).

2.5. "The Creatress River"

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 486-487; Bottéro, Mythes, pp. 288-291; Clifford, Creation,pp. 58-59.

2.6. Prayer of the kalû priest

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 488-493; Bottéro, Mythes, pp. 293-299 (with study);Clifford, Creation, pp. 60-61; Labat, Religions, pp. 76-77; TUAT III/4, pp. 604-605 (by K. Hecker).

2.7. "The Debate Between Two Insects"

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 495-496; Bottéro, Mythes, pp. 313-316 (with study);Clifford, Creation, pp. 65-66.

2.8. The flood story in Gilgamesh (Tablet XI of the Epic)

Translations: Dalley, Myths, pp. 109-120; Hallo/Younger, Context, pp. 458-460; Labat, Religions,pp. 212-222; TUAT III/4, pp. 728-738 (by K. Hecker).

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A.R. George, The Epic of Gilgamesh. A New Translation (New York, 1999), pp. 88-99.

A.R. George, The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic. Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts,2 vols. (Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 700-725 [edition, translation].

2.9. The two incantations of the ergot

Translations: Bottéro, Mythes, pp. 285-288 (with study); Clifford, Creation, pp. 56-58; Foster,Muses, p. 854; Labat, Religions, p.79.

2.10. Prayer to dedicate the foundation brick of a temple

Translation: Bottéro, Mythes, pp. 299-301; Clifford, Creation, pp. 61-62.

2.11. "The Chaldean Genesis" ("The Foundation of Eridu")

Translation: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 497-502 ("Marduk, créateur du monde"); Bottéro, Mythes,pp. 301-313 (with study: "Prière pour la fondation d’un temple"); Clifford, Creation, pp. 62-65;Labat, Religions, pp. 74-76 ("La cosmologie chaldéenne"); TUAT III/4, pp. 608-609 (by K. Hecker).

2.12. "The Debate Between Palm and Tamarisk"

Translation: Clifford, Creation, pp. 66-67.

2.13. "The Debate Between Ox and Horse"

Translation: Lambert, BWL, pp. 175-185 (full edition; a few remaining words at the beginningindicate that there was originally a mythological introduction).

2.14. "The Creation of Man and King"

Translation: Clifford, Creation, pp. 69-71.

W.R. Mayer, "Ein Mythos von der Erschaffung des Menschen und des Königs," Orientalia 56 (1987)55-68 (editio princeps).

2.15. A medical incantation

Translation: Bottéro, Mythes, pp. 291-293 (with study); Clifford, Creation, p. 59.

2.16. The fragment K 7067

Translation: Bottéro, Mythes, pp. 319-321 (with study).

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3. Bilingual and Lexical

3.1. Prologue of astrological treatise Enuma Anu Enlil

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 493-495; Bottéro, Mythes, pp. 316-319 (with study);Clifford, Creation, pp. 67-69.

Ulla Koch-Westenholz, Mesopotamian Astrology. An Introduction to Babylonian and AssyrianCelestial Divination (CNI Publ. 19; Copenhagen, 1995), pp. 76-78 (transliteration, translation)

3.2. KAR 4

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 508; Clifford, Creation, pp. 49-51; TUAT III/4, pp. 606-608 (by K. Hecker).

3.3. Lugale

Translations: Bottéro/Kramer, Dieux, pp. 339-377; ETCSL 1.6.2 ("The exploits of Ninurta");Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 233-272; TUAT III/3, pp. 434-448 (partial, by W.H.Ph. Römer).

Note: this composition also exists in unilingual Sumerian version.

J.J.A. van Dijk, LUGAL UD ME-LÁM-bi NIR-GÁL. Le récit épique et didactique des travaux deNinurta, du déluge et de la nouvelle création. 2 vols. (Brill: Leiden, 1983) [composite text,translation, photograph, handcopy, score transliteration, commentary].

S. Seminara, La versione accadica del lugal-e: la tecnica babilonese della traduzione dal sumericoe le sue regole. Materiali per il vocabolario sumerico 8 (Rome, 2001) [full edition with commentary;Akkadian vesion only].

3.4. God Lists.

Translations: Clifford, Creation, pp.16-22.

4. Greek

4.1. The Babyloniaka of Berossus

S.M. Burstein, The Babyloniaca of Berossus (SANE I/5; Malibu, 1978) [English translation andcommentary].

G. Komoroczy, "Berosos and the Mesopotamian Literature," Acta Antiqua Academica ScientiarumHungarica 21 (1973) 125-152.

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A. Kuhrt, "Berossus’ Babyloniaka and Seleucid Rule in Babylonia," in A. Kuhrt and S. Sherwin-White, eds., Hellenism and the East: Interactions of Greek and Non-Greek Civilizations from Syriato Central Asia after Alexander (London, 1987) 53-56.

P. Schnabel, Berossos und die babylonisch-hellenistische Literatur (Leipzig, 1923).

G.P. Verbrugghe and J.M. Wickersham, Berossos and Manetho, Introduced and Translated. NativeTraditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1996).