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![Page 1: BIASES IN QUESTIONNAIRES Introduction to Medicine II School Year 2010/2011 Class 8, First Year Regent Teacher: Altamiro Costa Pereira Supervisor Teachers:](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5518c504550346a61f8b575d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIASES IN QUESTIONNAIRES
Introduction to Medicine IISchool Year 2010/2011Class 8, First Year
Regent Teacher: Altamiro Costa PereiraSupervisor Teachers: Cristina da Costa Santos and
Luís Pinto
FICTION OR REALITY?
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Summary
Introduction
Importance of questionnaires
Biases
Types of biases
Importance of our work
Aim
Participants and Methods
Questionnaires
Expected Results
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
![Page 3: BIASES IN QUESTIONNAIRES Introduction to Medicine II School Year 2010/2011 Class 8, First Year Regent Teacher: Altamiro Costa Pereira Supervisor Teachers:](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5518c504550346a61f8b575d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The importance of questionnaires
People’s Opinion Politics Religion Sports ScienceDemography Medicine …
Introduction
Collected through
Have applications in…
Questionnaires
(1) Bowling A. Mode of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality. J Public Health (Oxf). 2005;27(3):281-91
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Biases
Introduction
Sistematic mistakes or Biases:
The way each question of a questionnaire is written may or may not influence the answer of the inquired person
Errors related to not measuring the situation that is intended to be
measured.
Biased Questionnaire
(2) Choi BC, Noseworthy AL. Classification, direction, and prevention of bias in epidemiologic research. J Occup Med 1992;34:265-71.
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(5)
Question Design
Questionnaire Design
Administration of
Questionnaire
• Insensitive measure
• Forced choice
• Sensitive question
• Vague word
• Overlapping interval
• Ambiguous question
• Juxtaposed scale
• Horizontal response format
• End aversion
• Primacy and recency
Types of Biases
(3) Rodríguez MD, Llorca J. Bias. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004. 58(8): 635-641.(4) Hunt DM, Magruder S, Bolon DS. Questionnaire format bias: when are juxtaposed scales appropriate: a call for further research. Psychol Reports 1995;77:931-41.
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(5) Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
Biases
Introduction
“A catalog of biases in
questionnaires”
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… it wasn’t found any article which proves the influence of those biases in questionnaires.
There are several articles identifying possible biases.
BUT…
(6) Sudman S, Bradburn NM. Asking questions: a practical guide to questionnaire design. San Francisco (CA): Jossey-Bass Pulishers; 1982.(7) Foddy W. Constructing questions for interviews and questionnaires: theory and practive in social research. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1993.(8) Choi BC, Pak AW. Bias, overview. In: Armitage P, Colton T, editors. Encyclopedia of biostatistics. Vol 1. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley&Sons, Inc; 1998. p. 331-8. (9) Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J Chron Dis. 1979;32:51–63.
Importance of the Work
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Summary
Introduction
Importance of questionnaires
Biases
Types of biases
Importance of our work
Aim
Participants and Methods
Questionnaires
Expected Results
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
![Page 9: BIASES IN QUESTIONNAIRES Introduction to Medicine II School Year 2010/2011 Class 8, First Year Regent Teacher: Altamiro Costa Pereira Supervisor Teachers:](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5518c504550346a61f8b575d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Find out if the types of biases such as:
Question Design;
Questionnaire Design;
Administration of Questionnaire…
…Influence the answers given in a questionnaire.
Aim
Could the way each question is made affect, in a significant way, the answers given by the
inquired person?
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Summary
Introduction
Importance of questionnaires
Biases
Types of biases
Importance of our work
Aim
Participants and Methods
Questionnaires
Expected Results
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
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Participants and Methods
“Utilização dos telemóveis pelos estudantes do primeiro ano do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina (MIM) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP)”
All the students of the first year of MIM from FMUP
Question Design Questionnaire Design Administration of Questionnaires Other questions
Define the theme of the questionnaire
Define the target
population
Types of biased
questions
Elaboration of two versions
of a questionnaire
Random distribution of questionnaire
s by per of classes
Collect, organize and
analyse
A1
A2
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Participants and Methods
IBM SPSS STATISTICS 1
Collect, organize and analyse
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Participants and Methods
Website
http://www.wix.com/fmupturma08/im11
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Summary
Introduction
Importance of questionnaires
Biases
Types of biases
Importance of our work
Aim
Participants and Methods
Questionnaires
Expected Results
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
![Page 15: BIASES IN QUESTIONNAIRES Introduction to Medicine II School Year 2010/2011 Class 8, First Year Regent Teacher: Altamiro Costa Pereira Supervisor Teachers:](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5518c504550346a61f8b575d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Questionnaires (9)
Questionnaire A2
Visual Analogical Scale
Questionnaire A1
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Questionnaire A2
Questionnaire A1
Questionnaires
Question design - Forced Choice
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A1
Questionnaire A2
QuestionnairesQuestion design - Sensitive question
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A2
Questionnaire A1
Questionnaires
(10) Hunt DM, Magruder S, Bolon DS. Questionnaire format bias: when are juxtaposed scales appropriate: a call for further research. Psychol Reports 1995;77:931-41.
Questionnaire design - Juxtaposed scale
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Questionnaire A1
Questionnaire A2
QuestionnairesQuestion Design – Forced Choice
5.
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A1
Questionnaire A2
QuestionnairesQuestion Design - Vague Word
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A1
Questionnaire A2
QuestionnairesQuestion Design - Overlapping interval
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A2
Questionnaire A1
QuestionnairesQuestion Design - Ambiguous question
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A2
Questionnaire A1
QuestionnairesQuestionnaire Design - Horizontal response format
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A1
Questionnaires
Questionnaire A2
Administration of Questionnaire – Primacy and recency
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Summary
Introduction
Importance of questionnaires
Biases
Types of biases
Importance of our work
Aim
Participants and Methods
Questionnaires
Expected Results
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
![Page 26: BIASES IN QUESTIONNAIRES Introduction to Medicine II School Year 2010/2011 Class 8, First Year Regent Teacher: Altamiro Costa Pereira Supervisor Teachers:](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5518c504550346a61f8b575d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Expected Results
Answers
Questions of Questionnaires
A1
Questions of Questionnaires
A2≠
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Expected Results
The way each question is made affects, in a significant way, the answers given by the inquired
person.
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Summary
Introduction
Importance of questionnaires
Biases
Types of biases
Importance of our work
Aim
Participants and Methods
Questionnaires
Expected Results
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
![Page 29: BIASES IN QUESTIONNAIRES Introduction to Medicine II School Year 2010/2011 Class 8, First Year Regent Teacher: Altamiro Costa Pereira Supervisor Teachers:](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5518c504550346a61f8b575d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Results and Discussion
Questionnaire A1 Questionnaire A2
Total* of inquired students (N) 107 of 118 98 of 120
Percentage of inquired students 91% 82%
* The total number of students who should answer the questionnaires AI and A2 was 118 and 120, respectively. However, only 107 and 98 answered because the others weren’t present when the questionnaires were delivered.
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Questionnaire A2Questionnaire A1
Questionnaire A1 (N=107)
Questionnaire A2 (N=97)
p Value
Quão importante é o telemóvel para ti?Median (min-max)
7,4 (0-10) 8,0 (3-10) < 0,001
Tests: Mann-Whitney
Results and Discussion
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
![Page 31: BIASES IN QUESTIONNAIRES Introduction to Medicine II School Year 2010/2011 Class 8, First Year Regent Teacher: Altamiro Costa Pereira Supervisor Teachers:](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5518c504550346a61f8b575d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Questionnaire A2Questionnaire A1
RESPOSTAS VÁLIDAS:Questionnair
e A1(N=85)
QuestionnaireA2
(N=98)
p Value
Conseguia fazer a vida normal sem telemóvel. *
N (%)
29 (34%) 32 (33%) 0,834* Neutral questions (“Não sei”) weren’t considered.
Tests: Chi-square
Results and Discussion
21% “não sei”CI95%=[13%,29%]
0%Mmissing answers
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A1 Questionnaire A2
Questionnaire A1 (N=107)
QuestionnaireA2
(N=98)
p Value
Considera-se viciado no uso do telemóvel
N (%)
21 (20%) 19 (19%) 0,966
Tests: Chi-square
Results and Discussion
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A2Questionnaire A1
(10) Hunt DM, Magruder S, Bolon DS. Questionnaire format bias: when are juxtaposed scales appropriate: a call for further research. Psychol Reports 1995;77:931-41.
Questionnaire A1 (N=106)
Questionnaire A2 (N=98)
p Value
Quão importante/satisfei
to está com as aplicações do
telemóvel.Mediana (1º quartil – 3º
quartil)
AplicaçõesImportân
ciaSatisfaç
ãoImportân
ciaSatisfaç
ãoImportân
ciaSatisfação
Funcionalidades
3 (2-4) 4 (4-5) 3 (3-5) 4 (4-5) 0,011 0,655
Duração da bateria
4 (4-5) 3 (3-4) 5(4-5) 3 (2-4) 0,006 0,214
Tarifário5 (4-5) 4 (3-5) 5(4-5) 4 (3-5) 0,177 0,778
Design3 (2-4) 4 (3-5) 3(2-4) 4 (4-5) 0,104 0,817
Tests: Mann-Whitney
Results and Discussion
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Questionnaire A1 Questionnaire A2
“Concordo/Discordo” not considered Questionnaire A1 (N=45)
Questionnaire A2 (N=97)
p Value
Concorda com o desbloqueio ilegal dos telemóveis. *
N (%)
Concordo
32 (71%) 66 (68%) 0,713
Tests: Chi-Square
Results and Discussion
58% “Concordo/Discor
do”CI95%=[49%;68
%]
1Missing answer
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A1 Questionnaire A2
Questionnaire A1 (N=107)
QuestionnaireA2
(N=98)
p Value
Em média, frequência de envio
de mensagensN (%)
Nunca (0 mensagens diárias)
1 (1%) 0 (0%)
Raramente (1-2 mensagens diárias)
5 (5%) 2 (2%)
Ocasionalmente (3-10 mensagens diárias)
27 (25%) 20 (20%)
Frequentemente (11-30 mensagens diárias)
39 (36%) 61 (62%)
Constantemente (mais de 30 mensagens diárias)
35 (33%) 15 (15%)
Results and Discussion
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A1 Questionnaire A2
Questionnaire A1 (N=107)
Questionnaire A2 (N=98)
p Value
Mensagens enviadas numa aula teórica
Zero6 (6%) 1 (1%)
Uma a três24 (23%) 25 (26%)
Quatro a dez40 (38%) 37 (38%)
Mais de dez36 (34%) 35 (36%)
Results and Discussion
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A2Questionnaire A1
Questionnaire A1 (N=107)
Questionnaire A2 (N=97)
p Value
Uso de telemóveis prejudica as relações
sociais dos jovensN (%)
Sim 29 (27%) 21 (22%) 0,366
Tests: Chi-Square
Results and Discussion
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A2Questionnaire A1
Questionnaire A1 (N=107)
Questionnaire A2 (N=98)
p Value
Quando utilizas o telemóvel, o que fazes mais frequentemente?
N (%)
Música 4 (5%) 6 (7%)
Jogos 0 (0%) 1 (1%)
Chamadas 15 (18%) 14 (16%)
Internet 2 (2%) 1 (1%)
SMS/MMS 59 (72%) 67 (75%)
Fotos 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Messenger 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Outros 2 (2%) 0 (0%)
Results and Discussion
23% of missing answers (IC95%=
15,0;31,0)
9% of missing answers (IC95%=
3,3;14,7)
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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Questionnaire A1 Questionnaire A2
Questionnaire A1 (N=107)
Questionnaire A2 (N=98)
p Value
Quais são os três tipos de pessoas com quem mais falas ao
telemóvel?N (%)
Pai 36 (34%) 21 (23%) 0,051
Mãe 78 (74%) 59 (64%) 0,054
Amigos 83 (79%) 71 (77%) 0,397
Namorado(a) 43 (41%) 44 (48%) 0,495
Professores 1 (1%) 2 (2%) 0,607
Avós 0 (0%) 0 (0%) -
Irmão/Irmã 14 (13%) 18 (20%) 0,298
Primos 4 (4%) 2 (2%) 0,685
Colegas de Faculdade
56 (53%) 59 (64%) 0,257
Pessoas que não conheces
pessoalmente
0 (0%) 0 (0%) -Tests: Chi-Square
Results and Discussion
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
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It’s very hard to write a biased questionnaire with only one bias per question.
Limitations
Results and Discussion
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We want to understand if there are significant differences between the questionnaire considered biased
and the one considered neutral.
The same inquired person should answer both questionnaires
In what way is that a
limitation?
Limitations
Results and Discussion
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Minimize selection bias
The questionnaires were randomly distributed to the inquired people
Limitations
Results and Discussion
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Limitations
Results and Discussion
The homogeneity of the population:
Same age Same course Same college
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Limitations
Results and Discussion
Lack of sample size in some options
Some statistical tests
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Summary
Introduction
Importance of questionnaires
Biases
Types of biases
Importance of our work
Aim
Participants and Methods
Questionnaires
Expected Results
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
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Conclusion
Could the way each question is made affect, in a significant way, the answers
given by the inquired person?
Yes
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Questionnaire A1
Conclusion
Questionnaire A1
Questionnaire DesignJuxtaposed Scale
Visual Analogical Scale
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Conclusion
Some recommendations:
Use visual analogical scales;
Presence of neutral option;
Mixing concepts;
Attention to the order of the options.
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Summary
Introduction
Importance of questionnaires
Biases
Types of biases
Importance of our work
Aim
Participants and Methods
Questionnaires
Expected Results
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
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References
[1] Bowling A. Mode of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality. J Public Health (Oxf). 2005;27(3):281-91.
[2] Choi BC, Noseworthy AL. Classification, direction, and prevention of bias in epidemiologic research. J Occup Med 1992;34:265-71.
[3] Rodríguez MD, Llorca J. Bias. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004. 58(8): 635-641.
[4]Hunt DM, Magruder S, Bolon DS. Questionnaire format bias: when are juxtaposed scales appropriate: a call for further research. Psychol Reports 1995;77:931-41.
[5] Choi BC, Pak AW. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jan;2(1):A13.
[6] Sudman S, Bradburn NM. Asking questions: a practical guide to questionnaire design. San Francisco (CA): Jossey-Bass Pulishers; 1982.
[7] Foddy W. Constructing questions for interviews and questionnaires: theory and practice in social research. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1993.
[8] Choi BC, Pak AW. Bias, overview. In: Armitage P, Colton T, editors. Encyclopedia of biostatistics. Vol 1. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley&Sons, Inc; 1998. p. 331-8.
[9] Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J Chron Dis. 1979;32:51–63.
[10] Salant P, Dillman DA. How to conduct your own survey. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1994.
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Class 8
Ana Raquel Roca
Andreia Freitas
Bárbara Vaz
Bárbara Neto
Joana Costa
João Alves
Jorge Nogueiro
Lucas Lopes
Margarida Capitão
Maria Durães
Mariana Silva
Raquel Cardoso
Email: [email protected]