BIA Report.pdf

Current Situation in BIA

TL 3110 – Air Transport Page 1

Content

1) Introduction……………………………………………………02

2) Passenger processing and Baggage Handling…………………03

3) Airport Capacity and Utilization………………………………12

4) Airport Infrastructure………………………………………….18

5) Air Traffic Services and Navigation…………………………...18

6) Ground Handling and Cargo Processing………………………22

7) References……………………………………………………...31

8) Group Members………………………………………………..32


Introduction

Bandaranaike International Airport – BIA (IATA:CMB, ICAO: VCBI) is the major

international airport serving Colombo city. It is located in Katunayake, 35 km north

of Colombo. It is administered by Airport and Aviation Services (Sri Lanka) Ltd. It is

the hub for SriLankan Airlines, the national carrier of Sri Lanka, and Mihin Lanka, the

budget airline of the country. The airport began as a Royal Air Force base during the World

War (ii). In 1957, the base was handed over to the Royal Ceylon Air Force and renamed as

Katunayake. Part of it still remains an Air Force base. The airport was completed in 1967 and

Air Ceylon started international operations.

At present, BIA consists of 4 aprons, 2 terminals and one cargo terminal. Future

projects of BIA include a second runway to support the Airbus A380, 8 passenger gates, a

domestic terminal, a five storey car-park, and a five star hotel neighboring the airport. 24

airlines currently serve the airport and the airport serves over 4 million passengers annually.

Passenger processing and baggage handling, airport capacity and utilization, airport

infrastructure, air traffic services and navigation, ground handling and cargo processing are

the major areas which have been covered in this report.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_airport_code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katunayake

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SriLankan_Airlines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihin_Lanka

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_(airport)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_terminal

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight


Passenger Processing and Baggage Handling

Departing Passenger Flow Diagram

Customs Counter

Drop Off

Emigration Counters

Waiting Area

The Main Entrance

Security Checking Lobby Area

Airline Counter

Access to Plane Departure Gates


Prior considering departing passenger process within the terminal building, since

access to the airport is the initial step, concerning it is important. Passengers can be accessed

using private vehicles, cabs, shuttle buses or public transport which is provided by Airport

and Aviation private limited. With the aim of facilitating private vehicle users there are two

main open airshort term parking areas at the premises and terminal park which is closer to the

terminal buildingcan accommodate about 400 vehicles.

Then through sidewalks they can reach to the terminal building and have to go

through security checking in which make sure passengers are not carrying dangerous,

explosive and not permitted goods. Besides, in here it measures the weight of luggage to

ensure the weight is in allowed limit. There after they can wait in lobby until the rest of the

process continue. While waiting in lobby passengers can be used available facilities such as

Cafeteria, kiddies area, feeding area, rest rooms, prayer rooms, restaurants, banks, money

transferring centers, shopping malls and most importantly there is an information counter

which is intended to provide all the relevant information to passengers . The function of

customs is to verify passengers are not carrying restricted items such as antiques, plants,

birds, firearms, pharmaceuticals. At the emigration, passport, visaand ticket of passengers are

checked and boarding pass is issued by the Airline counter. Finally passengers have to wait

until their flight arrives.

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight


Arriving Passenger Flow Chart

Aa

Although equally as important as the departing passenger areas, the arriving passenger

areas require less space compared to the departing passenger area. Firstly, passengers enter to

the immigration counter through arrival gate and after clearing immigration process they

should go through baggage claim hall where the whole baggage clearing process takes place.

While the baggage claim proceeds passengers should move to customs for relevant

inspections and finally, can exit from the baggage claim hall to the pickup.

Arrival Gate

Baggage Claim Exit

Customs Baggage Claim Hall

Immigration

Ground

Transportation Pick

Up


Baggage Handling For Departing Passengers

Departing passengers normally check their baggage at the ticket counters and then bags are

sent to a central sorting area where they are sorted according to flights. Then they are sent to

the appropriate gate to be loaded.

The Main Entrance

Transfer to the

Aircraft

Baggage Convey

Belts

Check In Counters Customs

Security Screening


Baggage Handling for Arriving Passengers

Arriving baggage is unloaded from the aircraft and sent to the central sorting are. Then sorted

bags are sent to either baggage claiming area or to storage for later pick up.

The Aircraft

Exit

Customs Baggage Convey

Belt

Baggage Carriers


I. Required Documentations

Passport- certifies the identity and nationality of the holder and is issued by

the government of his motherland.

Visa- is issued by the authorized agency in a particular country in order to

allow international travel.

Airline Ticket - is issued by an airline or a travel agency in order to confirm

that an individual has purchased a seat on a flight on an aircraft.

Boarding Pass – is given during check in and this allows passenger to board

the aircraft.

II. Equipment Used in the Process

Scanners

Large XRay machines

Security Screening Equipment – As passenger walk through the detector the

presence of non-permitted item is detected.

III. Authorities and Organizations Involved

AASL (Airport and Aviation Services Limited)-Is actively involved in the

national infrastructure development, especially in the field of the aviation and

the construction.

Department of Emigration and Immigration

Department of Customs

Banks(Bank of Ceylon, Peoples Bank ,Sampath Bank and Hatton National

Bank) / Currency Exchange Centers

Medical Center – Comprised with accident and emergency units, qualified

staff

Post Office


b) As identified in part (a), Steps which have critical bearing on the Airport passenger

handling capacity

As all the processes are linked together, efficiency, speed and accuracy of each

process’s performance directly affects and determines the total time that passenger has to

spend from the moment he has entered to the terminal and until clearing all the check in

processes. A well-organized, synchronized system could reduce unnecessary movements,

improve the efficiency and ultimately it would result effective utilization of available

space.

i. Inadequacy of active ticketing counters

Available number of ticketing counters are not adequate to cater when demand

is high, therefore by adding counters or by improving efficiency of existing

counters, dedicating them for exclusive use of a particular airline could

minimize delays in total process.

ii. Inadequacy of departing gates compared to arriving gates

Generally compared to number of arriving passengers, departing passengers

are significantly high at any airport, therefore in order to avoid congestion at

departing gates, number of gates should be increased appropriately.

iii. Inadequate space in baggage claiming area

Existing baggage claim area is consisted with six conveyor belts. Due to space

unavailability expansion is not allowed. But if existing number of conveyor

belts increase that available space can be utilized because conveyor belts allow

passenger access to their luggage without increasing the size of the claim area.

iv. Lack of high tech equipment

Unavailability of high tech equipment for security screening, baggage

handling, boarding pass verification, ticketing has resulted long queues and

more waiting time at each counter.

If there are automated systems for ticketing, check in and security screening,

time that consume for these processes would be minimized.

v. Inadequate seating capacity in waiting area

Adding more comfortable seats would be ease the seating of passengers.


c) Suggestions to increase the efficiency of check in passengers

Equip ticketing counters with high tech equipment to facilitate more air carriers and

passengers.

Because of self-operated ticketing counters time take will be less compared to

manually operated process. Besides, physical space needed for counter can be reduced

and that space can be utilized for another process.

On the other hand, at the beginning use of high tech equipment would be difficult

because of unfamiliarity.

Encourage e ticket purchasing

That will reduce vast number of processes manually done in check in counters such as

assignment of seats, issuance of boarding pass.

d) Security Aspects in ensuring completely sterile aircraft

1) Passenger Screening

Screen for non-permitted items such as weapons using

“magnetometer”, which detects items as a passenger walk through it.

If the magnetometer is detected an item, that passenger is subject to

manual search.

Hand bags are inspected using x ray machines to make sure they are

free from sharp objects, weapons, firearms and so on.

Detected bags are further inspected through the use of Explosive Trace

Detection equipment.

2) Baggage Screening

Prior loading luggage in to aircraft, screening using Explosive

Detection System should be done.

Checked baggage is screened by the use of Electronic Detection

System


e) Affiliated State or Private agencies at the Airport

The Ceypetco – Supply of fuel

The Fire Brigade- Fire and Rescue services

Tourism Bureau- Handling all promotional and marketing activities

related to travel and tourism.

Department of Meteorology- Function as official weather forecast

information provider.

The Civil Aviation Authority- To facilitate the operations of aviation

industry through strategic planning and effective regulations.


Airport capacity and utilization

Runway capacity of BIA in terms of aircraft movements that can be handled

per hour

The runway of BIA can handle around 30 arrival and departure aircraft per hour. It

means the runway capacity of BIA in terms of aircraft movements can be handled per hour is

nearly 30 (arrival and departure aircraft). Aircraft movements showed a growth in 2011 and it

is growing.

Current capacity utilization

Although BIA can handle 30 arrival and departure aircraft per hour, at present it

handles 6-7 aircraft on average per hour. Therefore, significant under utilization of capacity

can be seen in BIA. BIA has 4 aprons. 9 aircrafts can be accommodated in Apron Alpha, 8 in

Apron Bravo, 8 in Apron Charlie and 4 in Apron Delta. Apron Echo which is currently under

construction will have 17 parking bays.

Factors inhibit BIA to operate at its highest capacity

The both global and regional air travel demand for 2013 is showing a continuation of

the increase in passenger travel. Although the demand for international and domestic flights

increases, due to limitations in infrastructure, BIA is unable to operate in its highest capacity.

But BIA has potential for expansions. The main reason for underutilization of runway is

limitations in airport infrastructure including the runway itself and less capacity of aprons to

park aircrafts. That is why BIA’s future projects includes a second runway to support

the Airbus A380, a further eight passenger gates and a domestic terminal.

Although existing runway handles approximately 30 aircrafts per hours, passenger

and cargo handling and other ground handling operations are not very efficient in BIA, while

airports in developed countries use more efficient information systems and advanced

equipments for those processes to avoid delays. Absence of such efficient techniques make

delays aircraft at the airfield.

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight


BIA growth Trend

When compared to other transport related industries, aviation industry is more sensitive

(as the above graph) to changes in world or region such as civil war and terrorism, economic

crisis, natural disasters etc. Also those situations will reduce the demand for BIA from

international airlines. In addition, the aircraft traffic should have to be controlled somehow

due to environmental considerations, since BIA is still in primary stages in implementing

emission and noise control systems which allow the airport to have maximum traffic of

aircraft. Also airport should consist of shopping complexes, attractive restaurants etc to

attract more transit passengers.

About slot allocation to airlines for the problem of congestion in BIA

Bunching occurs when packets of aircraft arrive at the same, unexpected time, in a

congested area. Due to lack of infrastructure, drawbacks in infrastructure designs, inefficient

operational planning, BIA as a major entry point for international traffic is facing the problem

of congestion of aircrafts.

Below graphs shows the variations of aircraft fleet in a day (on average) at BIA.

When considering the distribution of aircraft fleet on a particular day (Instead of getting an

average for a day as below) it shows a significant difference from another day’s distribution.

In other words, consistent or unique distribution cannot be observed between days of

operation. Also when considering the below graphs, highest number of aircraft changes with

time without a common pattern. There are time periods where there are high numbers of

arrivals/departures and in contrast, the successive time period has very less number of

arrivals/departures.

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

19

83

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

20

03

20

05

20

07

20

09

Passenger Movements

DEP

ARR

Transfer

Total


So allocating slots to airlines can be problematic due to the variations of aircraft of

different airlines based on time period and based on the day. This arrangement requires

thorough consideration not only on schedules of BIA but also on all other international and

0 5 10 15 20 25

12 am-2am

2am-4am

4am-6am

6am-8am

8am-10am

10am-12pm

12pm-2pm

2pm-4pm

4pm-6pm

6pm-8pm

8pm-10pm

10pm-12am

Scheduled departures

No of aircraft

0 10 20 30

12 am-2am

2am-4am

4am-6am

6am-8am

8am-10am

10am-12pm

12pm-2pm

2pm-4pm

4pm-6pm

6pm-8pm

8pm-10pm

10pm-12am

Scheduled Arrivals

No of aircraft


regional aircraft movements. This arrangement will be problematic since each aircraft takes

different time to load or unload the passengers or cargo or both. (Eg: aircraft of cargo over

passenger aircraft, big passenger aircraft over smaller passenger aircraft). Therefore due to

delays in the airport, customer dissatisfactions and damages to cargo (Perishables), disruption

of normal schedules of airlines and associated costs will be possible. “A slot management

system is indicative of a failure of governments or airports to invest in adequate infrastructure

to keep pace with airline demand” says Peter Stanton, Head of Scheduling and Baggage

Services at IATA.

BIA is not a very congested airport, when compared to other busiest airports in the

world. In the United States, most international airports (apart from New York JFK, Newark,

Chicago O’Hare, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Orlando) are free from slot allocations

even though those airports are having more congestion than in BIA. Therefore, due to costs,

delays and complexities of slots allocation, it is advisable of not implementing it at BIA at

current level of demand. But slot management system will ensure the efficiency of airport

operations and allow aircraft to enter to the congested airport in a controlled way.

Auto Docking System at BIA

This is a fully automated visual docking guidance system which gives information to

a pilot attempting to park an aircraft at an airport stand, usually via visual methods and this

system has been installed at the aircraft parking stands A6,A7,A8,A9,B10,B11,B12,B14 of

BIA. The system uses laser scanning technology; it tracks aircraft signature and the lateral

and longitudinal position of the aircraft. 3D technology makes sure the correct indication of

stop is provided to pilot. The necessary information for correct docking is shown on a LED

display pane.

Uditha

Highlight


Signage of Safe gate (Source – Wikipedia)

Far away, Right of centerline On centerline Left of centerline

No guidance

x

Near stopline Prepare to stop Stop now Overshop stop point

A rough sketch of the LED display and

laser scanning unit (Source: Civil

Aviation Authority)


Benefits of Auto docking

Ensure safety - Provides correct stop indication for the aircraft and tracks aircraft

signature, its lateral and longitudinal position.

Displays necessary information such as Azimuth guidance, continuous closing rate

information, aircraft type on a LED display to facilitate correct docking of aircraft.

High accuracy and efficiency due to fully automated system

Improvements to enhance the aircraft handling capacity in the maneuvering

area

Maneuvering area consists of areas to take off, landing, taxiing.

Expanding the existing runway and improving its quality

Building runways to handle increased aircraft traffic and as an alternative to

the existing runway(in emergency situations)

Upgrade taxiways/construct new taxiways in such a way that they maximum

contribute to runway capacity handling and to make efficient connections

between runway and apron (Eg; Rapid exit taxiways).

Use of technology and information system aid for passenger and cargo

handling.

Proper and efficient maintenance of runway, taxiways.

Regular inspection and proper maintenance of stop way to facilitate an aircraft

with a complete stop in an emergency situation ( Eg ; engine failure)


Airport Infrastructure

A) & B) Layout of the land side and airside of BIA is attached at the end of the report

C)

ICAO classification of BIA: VCBI

Category of BIA; International airport

Firefighting category – Category 10

Category 10 requirements

Aircraft overall length – 76m to 90m

Maximum fuselage width - 8m

Air Traffic Services and Navigation

Main three types of Air traffic services

A)

Area control service

Objective of this service is to provide air traffic control service for en-route controlled

flights except the aircraft associated with arrival or departure routes or ground

movements.

Approach control service

Objective of this service is to provide air traffic control service for controlled flights

associated with arrival or departure except the aircraft associated with ground

movements.

Aerodrome control service

Objective of this service is to provide of air traffic control service for aerodrome

traffic located around the airfield


B)

BIA control tower provides both the local and en-route weather information to pilots. It has

weather radar and facility of receiving satellite cloud pictures

C)

AIP stands for Aeronautical Information Publication, a publication issued by or with the

authority of a state. The publication contains aeronautical information relating to air

navigation. It acts as a manual to pilots to get the details of regulations, procedures and other

information relating to the country the aircraft flies. Usually it is issued by the relevant civil

aviation Organisation of the country.

ICAO guides the structure and its contents by international agreements. Every publication

therefore has mainly three parts, general, en route and aerodromes. It contains mainly charts

and details of charts

D) Following Aids are used at BIA

Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI):Helps pilots fly the approach for landing

VHF omnidirectional range (VOR):Help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are

often accompanied by a DME. BIA has an advanced VOR, which is DVOR, Doppler VOR.

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME):Determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also

located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon.

Instrument landing system (ILS):Find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they

cannot see the ground. Currently BIA uses ILS cat 1 system for runway 23 with middle

marker. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning

System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for instrument

landings.

Radar:The aircraft's horizontal and vertical movement is tracked via radar, and the controller

tells the pilot his position relative to the approach slope.

Runway lights

(Once the pilots can see the runway lights, they may continue with a visual landing.)

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight

Uditha

Highlight


E) Definition of Flight Information Region: An airspace of defined dimensions within which

flight information service and alerting service are provided.

(Map source – Google maps)

Coordinates

100000N 0800000E - 100000N 0820000E -

060000N 0920000E - 020000S 0920000E -

020000S 0780000E - 060000N 0780000E -

100000N 0800000E

Total area of the Colombo flight information region is 97500 sq.km

Adjoining FIRs

o India (Chennai

o Maldives (Male`)

o Indonesia (Medan /Jakarta)

o Australia (Melbourne)


F)

Following means are evidenced at BIA in respect of communication and surveillance

facilities

Long range HF radio equipment

o VHF, UHF communication

AMHS ; Aeronautical Message Handling System

DVCSS ; Digital Voice Communication Switching System

AWOS ;Automated Weather Observation Systems

ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service): Pilots can listen to ATIS

broadcast before they contact local control unit. It helps to reduce the

workload of the controller and the frequency congestion.

Radar -Mono Pulse Secondary Surveillance Radar (MSSR)


Ground Handling and Cargo Processing

Ground Handling

Currently SriLankan Ground Handling is the only ground handler at Bandaranaike

International Airport (BIA). It is a subsidiary of SriLankan Airlines Ltd, cater to ground

handling requirements of more than 30 regular airlines and ADHOC carriers operated at

Bandaranaike International Airport, including SriLankan Airlines. They employ

approximately 2000 well trained and experienced employees in their ground handling

services such as following:-

Aircraft maintenance

Aircraft servicing and cleaning

Airport aviation security

Cargo and mail handling (on/off-airport)

Catering services

Flight operations and crew administration

Coordination of Fueling with relevant parties

Load control and communications

Passenger and baggage handling

Ramp services

Representation and accommodation

Station supervision and administration

Surface transport of passengers and crews

Unit Load Device control and management

Hotel accommodation and leisure activities

Furthermore there are some other organizations working withSriLankan Ground Handling

to enhance the quality and efficiency of their services. In early 2013, SriLankan Airlines and

John Keells Computer Services (JKCS) jointly launched “Evinta Hand Held Check-In” at the

Bandaranaike International Airport (BIA) with the aim of reducing the traffic at the airport

check-in counters. With this, SriLankan ground agents come to the passengers, carry out the

check-in process and print out boarding passes from a portable printer within a matter of a

few minutes.


In any product or service providing industry, most of the times it is better to have more

than one player providing services to enhance the quality of the customer service eliminating

monopoly. In world context recently European Union has decided to have more competition

by increasing the minimum number of ground handling service providers up to three in EU

airports handling more than 15 million passengers and/or 200,000 tons of freight per year

(London Heathrow, London Gatwick, Manchester, Dublin and London Stansted). They have

decided so to enhance quality and efficiency of ground-handling services to maximize

passenger satisfaction. But in BIA the number of passengers handled is around six million

passengers a year. With that demand it is not difficult it to be done by a single service

provider. Other than that operating more than one ground handler might be complex. There

will be separate procedures and lack of integration might lead to inconvenience and

confusion for passengers. Space required also will increase to have separate functions. So it is

advisable to stick with only one ground handler at BIA. But at the same time the government

and relevant authorities must keep an eye on every service activity in ground handling to

eliminate any exploitation done to passengers due to monopoly power.

Ground Handling Equipment/Vehicles

In an airport apron, lots of specially designed vehicles and equipment are used to

support aircraft maintenance and service, cargo and passenger handling. It is very important

to have speedy, efficient, and accurate equipment in ground handling in order to minimize the

aircraft turnaround time.

Aircraft Maintenance & Service Equipment/Vehicles

Refueler Water Truck Lavatory service vehicle

Self-contained fuel truck or

hydrant truck use to fuel the

aircraft

Empty lavatories onboard

aircraft and refill with a mixture

of water and a disinfectant

Use to carry drinking water and

fill up tanks in aircraft


Ground power Unit Air starter Pushback tugs and tractors

Cargo & Passenger Handling Equipment/Vehicles

Baggage carts Tugs and Tractors Forklifts

Container/ULD handlers Conveyor belt loaders Passenger boarding stairs

Supply power to aircraft

parked on the ground

A vehicle with a built-in gas

turbine engine, use to generate the

necessary quantity of air to start

the engine

A powerful engine with

wheels use to push an

aircraft away from the gate

when it is ready to take off

Transports mail, cargo and

other materials between the

aircraft and the terminal

Move equipment that cannot

move itself such as baggage carts,

lavatory carts, air starters, etc

Vehicle with movable belts for

loading and unloading of

baggage and cargo to and from

aircraft

Use for loading and unloading

of cargo placed in containers

or ULD

Use to move people between

the aircraft door and ground

Use to lift and move pallets and

other cargo within the airport


Trolleys Apron Buses

Cargo Handling Capacity & Current Utilization

Cargo Facilities

Cargo

Terminal

Handling Capacity 250,000 MT/Year

Ground 7785 m2

First Floor 2,000 m2

Freezer & Cold Room 133 m3

Cargo Village

Terminal I

Floor Area 2,787 m2

Cargo Village

Terminal II

Floor Area 1,858 m2

Cargo Village

Terminal III

Total Area 2,320 m2

Current cargo capacity at Bandaranaike International Airport is 250,000 metric tons

per year. Moreover they possess 20 forklifts operated by well trained employees to support

cargo handling. With the expansion project commenced in 2012 it is supposed to double the

cargo handling capacity to accommodate potential future needs of the industry. SriLankan

Cargo, the cargo subsidiary of SriLankan Airlines is the main cargo handling body operates

at BIA. They have separate storage rooms for unitized and loose cargo in both cold and

freeze conditions.

In 2010 BIA has handled cargo volume of 156,142 metric tons. In 2012 it was

approximately 180,000 metric tons showinga high increment in cargo handling within the

airport.

Transport containers and pallets Transport people from the

terminal to either an aircraft or

another terminal


Cargo Handling Process

Srilankan cargo is the cargo handling agent at Bandaranaike International Airport. They

receive cargo from both freight forwarders and individual consignors. After receiving the

ready for carriage (RFC) shipment to the airport with master/house air waybills and other

documents, following process is done in the airport.

After landing on the destination airport the opposite process happens and eventually cargo

is loaded into the truck. But in transit cargo process this process will expand due to the

involvement of more than one airport. In that case cargo in transferred into another aircraft at

an air cargo hub. That procedure looks like below,

In some cases where high priority or urgent cargo included in transit cargo, they are

loaded into the next aircraft as in the same pack/ULD which it was in the previous aircraft

without breaking down. That process looks as this,

Unload Truck

Incoming Check

&

Administra-tion

Sort goods &

documents

Outgoing checks

&

administra-tion

Build ULD's

Ramp transport

&

Security check

Load aircraft

Flight

Flight 1 Unload aircraft Ramp transport

Breakdown ULD's Incoming checks & administration

Sort goods & documents

Outgoing checks & administration

Build ULD's

Ramp transport & security check

Load aircraft Flight 2

Flight 1 Unload aircraft Ramp transport Load aircraft Flight 2

Landside Airside

Landside

Airside

Airside

Airside


Documents Involved in Air Cargo Exporting/Importing

In every cargo import and export process,correct documents with complete and accurate

information is very important to avoid any potential inconveniences for parties involved.

There are different kinds of documents issued relevant with air transportation, custom and

other regulatory bodies, financial and commercial purposes.

Air Transport Documents

Air Waybill

House Air Waybill

Shipper’s Declaration for Dangerous Goods

Acceptance Declaration Form

Freight Arrival Notice

Delivery notice

Legal Documents

Certificate of Origin

Import / Export License

Customs Invoice

Custom Declaration form (Import / Export Declaration)

Commercial Documents

Quotation

Sales Contract

Pro Forma Invoice

Packing List

Insurance Policy/ Certificate

Financial Documents

Documentary Credit (D/C)

Collection Instruction

Bill of Exchange (B/E)

Trust Receipt (T/R)


Dangerous Goods Identification

At an airport some goods carried by the passengers and within cargo are regarded and

classified as dangerous goods by main global air transportation regulatory bodies such as UN,

ICAO and IATA. Those goods are either prohibited totally or allowed to carry with the

permission of relevant airline and airport after packaging and labeling as a dangerous good

under special safety conditions.

At Bandaranaike International Airport those dangerous items are handled in accordance

with IATA laws and regulations by 24 hours working IATA qualified staff. Sometimes

passengers might carry dangerous goods intentionally or ignorantly. So passenger carry-on

baggage and suitcases are checked manually or with a scanner. In cargo handling dangerous

goods are recognized by globally recognized warning signs on the packaging. At the same

time with any air cargo package, the shipper should either describe the contents or confirm

that the cargo does not contain dangerous goods to inform relevant cargo handling parties at

the airport. If the cargo contains dangerous goods, with declared dangerous goods shipper

should complete the “Shippers Declaration” form. With that the shipper ensures that all the

parties know what contains and it is handled properly on land and aircraft on board.

Classification of Dangerous Goods & Signage

There are 9 classes of dangerous goods which are globally accepted. Those every class is

having a unique diamond-shaped sign to identify the danger accompanied with the good. So

the manufacturer or person packaging the product is responsible to display the correct class

label on every dangerous good transported via air.


1. Explosives - substances used to produce explosions in work such as earthmoving or

demolition

2. Gases

2.1.Flammable gases - gases which can burst into flames in air on contact with a

source of ignition

2.2.Non-flammable, non-toxic gases - gases which are neither flammable or toxic

but can cause an asphyxiation hazard

2.3.Toxic gases - gases which are toxic and disperse rapidly if there is a leak

which can cause death or serious injury if inhaled

3. Flammable liquids - liquids which can burn on contact with a source of ignition

4. Flammable solids

4.1.Flammable solids - solids which are easily ignited either by external sources

such as sparks and flames or can cause or contribute to fire

subjected to friction

4.2.Spontaneously combustible - Substances likely to heat spontaneously and

ignite

4.3.Dangerous when wet - produce flammable or toxic gases if contact with water

5. Oxidising substances and organic peroxides

5.1.Oxidising substances - substances which can contribute to or accelerate the

combustion of other combustible or flammable materials

5.2.Organic peroxides - substances can ignite spontaneously and possibly explode

6. Toxic and infectious substances

6.1.Toxic substances - substances which can cause death or serious injury if they

are swallowed, inhaled or make contact with skin

6.2.Infectious substances - substances containing pathogens, which can be

life-threatening or fatal disease in humans or animals

7. Radioactive materials - materials or combinations which spontaneously emit harmful

levels of radiation

8. Corrosive substances - corrosive substances which may destroy or permanently

damage another substance it comes into contact with

9. Miscellaneous substances - substances which can cause danger not covered by other

classes described above


References

http://www.airport.lk/

http://www.srilankan.com/pdf/annual-

report/SriLankan_Airlines_Annual_Report_2011_2012.PDF

http://www.srilankan.com/ground-handling/services/spectrum-of-services.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_support_equipment

http://www.neurope.eu/article/eu-increases-competition-ground-handling-services

http://www.airport.lk/about-aasl/air-cargo.php

http://air-cargo-how-it-works.blogspot.com/2011/01/air-transport.html

http://hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Small-Business-

Resources/Common-Import-Export-Documents/sbr/en/1/1X000000/1X006MLL.htm

http://www.airport.lk/

http://www.srilankan.com/pdf/annual-report/SriLankan_Airlines_Annual_Report_2011_2012.PDF

http://www.srilankan.com/pdf/annual-report/SriLankan_Airlines_Annual_Report_2011_2012.PDF


Group Members - Extender

1) IshaniMaheshika 101427A

2) Dilini Manage 101428D

3) SameeraNalaka 101430C

4) UdithaNarawita 101431F

5) RandikaNirman 101433M

BIA Report.pdf

Documents

Transcript of BIA Report.pdf