Bhaumik FINAL 1

INTERNATIONAL AIR – TRAVEL AND TICKETING

CHAPTER - 1

Introduction Aviation History

In every ancient time, there were every few

Options for people who wanted to go from one place to

another. If they were traveling on land, they had to walk

or run or if they had to cross a water body, they had to

swim .The domestication of animals made things easier.

They were used to carry loads as well as people.

The History of aviation began on Dec 17,1903

near Kitty Hawk. On that day two brothers Orville and

Wright who operated a bi-cycle manufacturing shop in

Dayton, Ohio made the world’s first successful airplane

flight. They had built their aero plane after studying the

writings of other aviation pioneers and experimenting with

gliders and kites & wind tunnels. They had themselves

built an aircraft named “flyer”, which was a biplane with a

four-cylinder gasoline engine. It flew, landing safely on the

sand 120 feet away. The plane had been in the air only 12

second, but those were 12 seconds of history. It was the

first flight” in which a machine carrying a man had raised

itself by its own power in to the air in full flight, had sailed

forward without reduction of speed, & had finally landed at

a point as high as that from which it started”. The wrights

made 3 more flights that day, taking turns. On the last

flight the Flyer covered 852 feet in 59 seconds. Wrights

BHAUMIK PATEL, IV YEAR


brothers built another plane in 1904,flying it over a 68-

acre cow pasture near Dayton. In 1905 they built a third &

better plane. On the 3rd October, they made record-

breaking flight of 24.2 miles in 38 minutes. After that,

afraid that their invention might be stolen, they gave up

flying for two and a half years.

On January 13,1908,Henri Forman won a prize of

50,000 francs for a circular flights of almost one mile. That

was the beginning of a great year of aviation, a year to be

long remembered.

In 1919,the first international commercial flight

was introduced between London and Paris. All through the

1920’s and 1930’s there were improvements in engines,

instruments, and landing aids that made flying safer and

more comfortable. High speed was the aim of most

airplane designers during the 1930’s and 1940’s, and

finally they produced planes without propellers that raced

the sound of their own flight. Meanwhile, a few other

designers were working on the helicopter, a plane without

wings, for a different kind of flight. These designers were

not interested in high speed. Infact, they wanted to

develop a craft that could move at very low speeds and

even hang motionless in the air. They also wanted it to

move straight up and down, and fly forward, backward,

and sideways.



Thus by the late 1930’s airplanes had become

an important means of transportation. In the 1950’s

engineers developed jet liners and air travel grew

enormously. In 1960, the worlds air lines carry about

100million passengers. In the early 1980’s they carried

700millions annually. The speed of the aeroplane gave

travel a new dimension. It is now possible to cross the

Atlantic in 3 1\2 hours by “Concorde”(SST- Super Sonic

Transport).

1952- The first jet transportation of a schedule flight

with the introduction of the ill fated Havill and Comet-

I.

1969-Introduction of the first wide body jet, Boeing

747-100 for commercial flight.

1979-The first commercial flight at supersonic speed

operated by Concorde twice the speed of sound

cruising at 2,200 km per hour (1,350 miles per hour).

From the beginning, the technology and

development of civil aircraft were mainly influenced by

invention of military origin and later on even space

programmers; and even today, production of civil aircraft

is a small percentage of the total when compared with the

number of military planes produced. In the 21st century,

the word look forward to the future, and what change



would come, in the ways of flights, as an everything else.

It was hard to imagine that there was a time, when men

could not fly and it was hard to believe that they once

envied the birds, and told tales of gods devil moving

across the sky. And yet it was only in 1903 that the Wright

brothers rose from the sands of Kitty Hawk in their crude,

clumsy craft. In less than sixty years man has learned to

rule the air and travel by plane, has become a common

thing. Now man-made satellites are circling the earth and

the Sun.

Jet and super Sonic Concords are covering

continents in fewer and fewer hours. The air transport

industry has progressed tremendously since the day at

Kitty Hawk in 1903, and now represents the pre-eminent

long distance mover of people.



CHAPTER - 2

OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, METHODOLGY,

LIMITATION

OBJECTIVE : To study the International Airlines &

Ticketing procedure.

SCOPE :

To assess future prospect of airline industry.

To study the present scenario of airlines &new

techniques in ticketing.

METHODOLOGY:

Domestic as well as International airlines were surveyed.

Airline staff &travelers were interviewed. Data was

collected from the airline offices, from websites & from

some written materials.

LIMITATIONS:

Survey is restricted only to Ahmedabad & Bombay.

While interviewing airline personnel exact

information could not be received as they named it

as business or trade secrets. Hence information

gathered complied from them cannot be trusted fully.



CHAPTER - 3

INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES

Airline Designator Codes

Airline Code Nos.

Atitalia AZ 055

Aloha Airlines Inc. AQ 327

British Airways BA 125

British Midland BD 236

Biman Bangladesh Airlines BG 997

Royal Brunei Airlines BI 672

Air China CA 999

China Airlines CI 297

Cathay Pacific Airways CX 160

Continental Airlines Inc. CO 005

Cyprus Airways CY 048

Canadian Airlines International CP 018

Delta Airlines DL 006

Emirates EK 176

Alyemeda EKDemocratic Yemen

Airlines

DY 607

DHL Airways (Cargo) ER 423

Ethiopian Airlines ET 071

Tower Air FF 305

Air Pacific FJ 260

Garuda Indonesia GA 126

Gulf Air GF 072



Hawiin Airlines HA 173

Air Seycelles HM 061

Iberia IB 075

Indian Airlines IC 058

Iran Air IR 096

Yemenia Yemen airways IY 635

Span Air JK 680

Japan Airlines JL 131

Koren Air KE 180

KLM –Royal Dutch Airlines KL 074

Kenya Airways KQ 706

Kuwait Airways KU 229

Lufthansa LH 220

LOT-Polish Airlines LO 080

EI AI Isreal Airlines LY 114

Malaysian Airlines MH 232

Air Mauritius MK 239

Egypt air MS 077

(MEA) Middle East Airlines ME 076

Northwest Airlines NW 012

Air New Zealand NZ 086

All Nippon Airways Co. LTd. NH 205

Olympic Airways OA 050

Czechoslovak Airlines OK 064

Croatia Airlines OU 831

Austrian Airlines OS 257

Pakistan International Airlines PK 214



Qantas Airways QF 081

Zambia Airways QZ 169

Qatar Airways Q7 157

Royal Nepal Airlines RA 285

Syrian Arab Airlines RB 070

Varig RG 042

Royal Jordanian RJ 512

Air Afrique RK 092

Air Rwanda RY 178

South African Airways SA 083

SAS –Scandinavian Airlines SK 117

Singapore Airlines SQ 618

Swiss Air SR 085

Aeroflot SU 555

Saudi Arabian Airlines SV 065

Sabena Belgian World Airlines SN 082

Air Namibia SW 047

Air Tanzania Corporation TC 197

Thai Airways International TG 217

Turkish Airlines TK 235

TAP Air Portugal TP 047

Trans World Airlines TW 015

United Airlines UA 016

Air Lanka UL 603

Air Zimbabwe UM 168

US Air US 037

Taiwan Airlines WG 710



Royal Tongan Airlines WR 971

Nigeria Airways WT 087

Oman Air WY 910

CHAPTER – 4

INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL ORGANISATION

International Travel & Tourism

Organisations:

The travel & tourism industry is very vast

comprising of diverse fields performing different function.

Grouping all such sectors under the umbrella of

organisations or associations helps to focus on common

issues and undertake activities to develop professionalism

and defend their intrest against external forces.

International travel & tourism organisation were

thus born to provide a platform for discussion on common

issues,lobby for industry causes and allow members from

different parts of the world to interact with each other and

learn something. Most of these organisations are into

research,providing marketing services and training

schemes at low costs.

There are different organisation depending

whether they are formed by parties sharing the same

interest(like airline or travel agent) or geographical

location, or some other include specialist activities like



incentive travel, education, sales & marketing, ecotourism

etc.

Organisations and associations allow people in

simillar lines of work to come together and discuss issues

related to industry and try to upgrade their standards by

taking up issues with the government and other public

bodies. But these organisations have to insure that they

work productively and efficiently for the betterment of

their members and fraternity.

IATA-INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION

It is the world organisation of scheduled airlines. Its

members cary rhe bulk of the world’s scheduled air traffic

under the flage of over 100 nations.

Originally IATA was founded in the Hague in

August 1919 the primary objective of making a transport

more convenient and acceptable to customers. Following

the Chicago Conference of 1944,the airlines re-establised

IATA as the International Air Transport Association.

Thus,IATA was founded by airlines in April,1945 to help to

meet the problems anticipated in the expansion of civil air

services after the second world war.

Aims And Objectives:



To promot safe, regular and economic air transport

for the benefit of the peoples of the world, to foster air

commerce and to study the problems connected

therewith;

To provide means for collaboration among air

transport enterprises engaged directly or indirectly in

international air transport services;

To cooperate with the International Civil Aviation

Organisation(ICAO) and other International Organisation.

UFTAA-UNIVERSAL FEDERATION TRAVEL

AGENT ASSOSIATION:

UFTAA was founded in 1966 by the merger of the

International Federation of Traverl Agencies and the

Universal Organisation of Travel Agents Association.

UFTAA membesship is made up of National Travel Agents

Associations or organisation from every country of the

world, who represents about 32,000 travel agencies with

over half a million employees. Full members of UFTAA

are the National Travel Agent Association or Organisation

members. Besides the full members, the Secretary

General of UFTAA may register individually any travel

agency which is :



A member of a National Association which is a

member of UFTAA.

A member of the National Association in a country

which does not have an

UFTAA member located in a country where there is no

National Association.

WTO-WORLD TOURISM ORGANISATION

WTO was established on 2nd January 1975. It is

an inter government body dealing with all aspect of

tourism. It was originally known as IUOTO i.e. International

Union of Official Travel Organization, a non-governmental

body to promote tourism for economic, social and cultural

advancement of the country. Thus, IUOTO was

transformed to WTO, to deal with tourism problem at

governmental level.

Structure of Organization:

General Assembly, which meets once in two years.

Executive Council, having one-fifth of the members of

general assembly, which meets twice a year.

Secretariat, an office headed by Secretariat General.

The WTO adapted its status on 27th September, which is

celebrated as “WORLD TOURISM DAY”, and WTO Sends

out a theme message every year to the tourism

organizations all over the world.



PATA-PACIFIC AREA TRAVEL ASSOCIATION

PATA is one of the most popular associations in

the travel & tourism sector. PATA is divided regionally in to

78 Chapter’s worldwide and their membership consists of

around 100 government, state and city tourism bodies,

about 76 airlines and cruise lines, some 2000 companies

and organization and 17,000 individuals.

TAAI-TRAVEL AGENTS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

The main objective of this association is to

safeguard and protect the interest of member. For this

purpose the association keeps in constant touch with the

government and various other organization connected

with tourism promotion.

The registered office is in MUMBAI (BOM). It has

3 regional offices at Calcutta, Delhi, and Chennai.

Once a year they hold a conference at some

place India where they discuss their problems connected

with the industry.



CHAPTER – 5

TRAVEL TERMINOLOGY

Airline and Aviation Industry Terms and

Terminology:

Airline Deregulation Act:

The 1978 US federal law that introduced fare and

route competition. This law ended U.S. government

regulation of airline routes and rates.

Back-to-back Ticketing:

This refers to a practice that is prohibited by airlines.

This involves booking two round-trip fares with Saturday-

night stay-over, and using a portion of each ticket to avoid

a higher unrestricted fare. Airlines may deny boarding for

a traveller using such a procedure.

Bereavement Fare:

A discounted fare for a passenger in the event of a

relative's sickness or death. This is usually provided on

showing medical proof.

Bulkhead Seat:

A seat directly behind a partition wall, often with

more legroom.



Change of Gauge/Change of Equipment:

A single flight number used by two aircraft (and

either one or two airlines); on an itinerary, it indicates a

passenger must change airplanes.

Code sharing:

A marketing practice in which two or more airlines

share the same two-letter code used to identify carriers in

the computer reservation systems. This way, two or more

airlines sell each other's flights using their own two-letter

codes. Passengers usually benefit from one-stop check-in

and combined frequent-flyer mileage.

Computer Reservation System (CRS):

A system for reserving seats on commercial flights

electronically. These are used as a travel-booking tool by

travel agents.

Connecting Flight:

A flight schedule requiring passengers to change

aircraft and/or airlines at an intermediate stop.

Contract of Carriage:

A useful resource for passengers requesting

accommodations due to delayed and cancelled flights.

This refers to an airline's written statement of passenger



service, filed with the DOT as well as available at ticket

offices and airport counters.

Denied-boarding Compensation:

Money, vouchers, or other compensation often given

by airlines to passengers bumped from an overbooked

flight

Direct Flight:

A flight with one or more intermediate stops, but no

change of aircraft.

DOT:

U.S. Department of Transportation.

E ticketing:

Process that offers electronic reservations rather

than issuing paper tickets. E-tickets can make switching to

a second airline more difficult.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA):

The government agency responsible for air safety

and operation of the air traffic control system. FAA also

administers a program that provides grants from the

Airport and Airway Trust Fund for airport development.



Frequent Flier Programs:

Airline marketing programs designed to win customer

loyalty by giving them "points" for each mile flown. Points

can be cashed in later for free flights or upgrades in cabin

service or, in some instances, non-airline services or

items.

Hidden-city Ticketing:

A practice prohibited by airlines of booking a

roundtrip fare with an intermediate stop, and

disembarking there to avoid a higher fare. Airlines may

deny boarding for a traveller using this procedure.

Hub-and-spoke:

An airline system that involves carrying passengers

from origin cities to major airport hubs, for connecting

flights to their destination cities.

Interline:

To travel on more than one airline with a single

ticket; an agreement for airlines to transfer baggage.

Jet bridge:

A passenger loading bridge offering protected access

from the gate.



Load factor:

Percentage of occupied seats and cargo. This is a

determining factor when assessing booking or rebooking.

Minimum Connecting Time:

The minimum time allotted to arrive at and depart

from the same airport on connecting flights, as legally

required for a reservation agent or travel agent booking

these flights. These times can vary.

Narrow body Aircraft:

Airplanes with only one aisle in the passenger cabin.

Examples include Boeing 727, 737, and 757 & Airbus A319

and A320

Non-stop Flight:

A flight schedule with no intermediate stops.

Open-jaw Ticket:

A round-trip itinerary in which you arrive in one city

and depart from another, so that the middle leg is

traversed by rail, ship, or car.

Pax:

passenger/passengers



Point-to-Point:

A route configured in a connect-the-dots pattern

between cities, used by Southwest Airlines and other

airlines with limited fleet capacity.

Restricted Articles (also referred to as

dangerous goods/ hazardous materials):

Baggage that may require special handling or could

be forbidden for safety or security reasons.

Revenue Management:

The process an airline uses to optimise revenue

across its system of flights. In this process airlines seek to

determine the optimal mix of prices (yield management)

and seats (inventory management). The goal is to

maximize revenue per flight, or per network of flights,

rather than per person.

Revenue Passenger Mile (RPM):

A standard unit of passenger demand for air

transport, defined as one fare-paying passenger

transported one mile.

Rule 240: An airline's stated procedures for

accommodating passengers during delayed or cancelled

flights.

Slots:



Airport take-off and landing berths, which at some

airports are strictly allotted at certain times of the day due

to congestion. Not to be confused with gates, which are

areas for boarding and deplaning.

Widebody Aircraft:

Twin-aisle airplanes, generally considered to be any

airliner with more than one aisle in the passenger cabin.

Examples are Boeing 747, 767, and 777 & Airbus A300,

A310, A330, and A340.

Yield:

A standard unit of airline prices, defined as average

revenue per revenue passenger mile or revenue ton-mile.

Seat pitch:

The front-to-rear space between seats.



SPECIAL SERVICE REQUIRTEMENT CODES.

1 Asian vegetarian meal AVML2 Bassinet/carrycot/babybasket BSCT3 Blind passenger – (specify if accompanied by

seeing eye dog)BLND

4 Cabin baggage (for which an extra seat(s) has been purchased) specify number, weight and size if known

CBBG

5 Child meal CHML6 Deportee – accompanied by an escort DEPA7 Deportee – unaccompanied DEPU8 Diabetic meal DBML9 Excess baggage – specify number, weight,

size if knownXBAG

10 Extra seal EXST11 First available FRAB12 Fragile baggage – specify number, weight,

size if knownFRAG

13 Medical case MEBA14 Meet and assist – specify details MAAS15 No smoking aisle seat NSSA16 No smoking window seat NSSW17 Other service information OSI18 Seat request – include specific number or

preferenceRQST

19 Smoking aisle seat SMSA20 Smoking window seat SMSW21 Special service requirement SSR

22 Special language(s) spoken LANG

23 Stretcher passenger STCR

24 Transit/transfer without visa TWOV

25 Unaccompanied minor UMNR



Miscellaneous Abbreviations

1 Acknowledge ACK2 Advice, advised, advising ADV3 Alternative ALTN4 Arrive, arrived, arriving, arrival ARR5 As soon as possible ASAP6 Authority, authorise, authorisation AUTH7 Change CHG8 Commercial important passenger CIP9 Child CHD10 Clarify-your message not

understoodCFY

11 Connect, connecting, connection, connected

CONX

12 Depart, departs, departed, departure

DEP

13 Do all possible DAPO14 First available FRAV15 Infant INF16 Inadmissible passenger INAD17 Name, names to be advised NTBA18 No show NOSH19 Origin, original, originate,

originated, origination, originatingORIG

20 Passenger PSGR21 Passenger name record PNR22 Repeat, repeated, repeating,

requestRPT

23 Request REQ24 Reservation/reservations RES25 Stopover STVR26 Ticket number TKNO27 Travel agent AGT28 Unaccompanied minor UM29 Very important passenger VIP



CHAPTER – 6

TRAVEL FORMALITES

TRAVEL DOCUMENTS:

THE PASSPORT is an official document issued by

a competent public authority to nationals or alien

residents of the issuing country. A passport provides a

means of identification, access to other countries and a

legal evidence of entry to another country wise. This is

generally recognized by all governments except in the

case of persons considered undesirable e.g., suspected of

smuggling, or terrorist activities or those against whom

criminal charges are pending. The concern of this

conference however should be with the process of

issuance of passports. In many countries it may still take a

person 3-6 months to obtain a passport because the

authorities to issuing the passport is not decentralized.

Hence the passport-issuing officers send the application to

the police authority of the applicant’s place of residence

for character report. The inquiry then be directed to the

police authority of the applicant’s native place. There are

four types of passport. They are:

Diplomatic Passport

Official Passport

Ordinary Passport

Certificate of Identity



The procedure of passport making:

Proper form is to be filled up which is supplied by the

passport office free of cost.

6 passport size colored photographs developed from

the same negative at the same time.

4 photos should be posted in proper place & should

be signed with a Ballpoint pen cross wisely.

Remaining two photos should be kept blank & free of

any signature or scratch.

2 police reports have to be made if present stay at

residence is less than 2 years. In that case one more

photograph is required.

In normal case only 1 police report is essential.

The documents to be produced are:

o Age proof certificate

o Ration card

o Voters Identity card

o Telephone bill & Electricity bill

o Stay proof (in case of renewing the existing

passport)

The time taken for passport making is usually 3

months.

The varieties of fees taken by the travel agent are Rs.

300, Rs. 600, Rs.100, and 200, 250, 400, 2500/-



VISA :

According to 100 TO/WTO definitions, which

have been accepted by UN, a “visitor” is a person, visiting

a country other than that in which he has his usual place

of residence, for any reason other than the following an

occupation remunerated from within the country visited. A

“tourist” is a temporary journey can be classified as

follows – (a) Leisure (b) Business, family mission, and

meeting. But there are several governments, which accept

this definition only for statistical purposes & not in regard

to visa, customs & other controls. The exemption for

tourist purpose is thus applicable only to those visitors

who come for pleasure or holiday & not for other purposes

such as business, negotiations, attending a conference or

even to visit friends & relatives. Nor it’s usually applicable

to returning foreign residents of the country. Another

example of the reservation to the visa exemption is that

it’s usually subject, to the condition that the passenger is

holding a confirmed reservation on a returning or onward

flight.

There are some countries which exempt a visitor for

tourist purposes from a visa provided the visits not

repeated in less than three to six months. The exemption

from visa should for all temporary visitors, irrespective of



purpose of visit & not hedged in with other conditions. The

period of exemption should normally be in excess of the

average length of stay of visit to the country concerned.

VISA PROCEDURE

Different visas are issued for different countries.

There are 3 types of visas that are issued.

o Tourist visa - less than 3 months

o Immigrant visa - depends upon the immigrant

officer.

o Non-immigrant visa – more than 3 months.

They also issue the following types of visas –

o Business visa

o Student visa

o Work visa

o Settlement (Marriage) visa

Again visa are made for –

o Single entry

o Multiple entry

A medical insurance is done for a minimum of 35

days.

If wife wants to go then no objection certificate is

necessary from the husband.



No objection certificate should be produced by office

or company if the person is working & a leave

certificate.

For a tourist visa the assets & valuables of the

customer are checked before he/she leaves the

country of origin.

Student visa – proof of all the details about admission

of school, college that course, duration, syllabus,

residential facilities, medical facilities etc.

Settlement Visa – The husband has to send a written

swear to the Notary Public regarding his details &

send all the details to his wife.



CHAPTER – 7

RESERVATIONS

INTRODUCTION:

Travel industry in recent years is now

recognised as one of the largest service industries in the

world. Airlines and travel agents have to cope with

increasing demands from the holiday and business

travellers and they have to provide the same efficient and

best services, as they need many years ago.

The travel industry like other industries and

international businesses make use of computerised

reservation system to replace time and labour intensive

manual work in order to cope up with increased volume or

demand and sophistication of at transportation.

STANDERD RESERVATIONS PROCEDURES:

Many travel agents must still work without any

help of the modern electronic systems. For reservation

they are using telex, fax or any other equipment to get in

contact with their suppliers. These procedures are in fact

the result of what we can be called the “Code of

Reservation Ethics”.



The rules related to the standard reservation

procedure are the same in handling of manual and

electronic reservation.

All reservation must include flight numbers,

class of service, date of travel, departure and arrival

times, reservation status of all segments names and

initials of passengers with their contact address/telephone

numbers and ticketing status.

Reservation of seats:

Always adhere to standard reservation procedure.

For the same passenger never make duplicate

reservation.

When confirmation of a reservation request for a

group can’t be obtained, never attempt to secure the

space by requesting the required. Number of seats in

several individual transactions.

Facilitate the handling of reservation by always

establishing the itinerary, minimum connecting time,

flight numbers etc., before contacting airlines.

Always attempt to establish a definite contact

address (es) with the passenger and advise the

airlines accordingly. This is particularly important as

it enables airlines to better serve your customers

when your office is closed.



Cancellation of seats:

Whenever passenger cancels their reservation, such

cancelled space must be immediately released.

If there are any changes of passenger’s itinerary,

ensure that all space & services no longer required

are cancelled at the time new booking is affected.

Flight Reservation:

Travel agents can book flights either directly

with the airlines over the telephone or by using computer

reservation system. They can select and book flights by

the following two procedures:

Check flight schedules using the ABC or the OAG

flight guide and then call the airline to check seat

availability and make the appropriate booking. The

airline’s system will allocate a reservation number to

each booking witch must be quoted when the agent

wants to make any changes or cancel the

reservation.

Check flight information – schedules, availability,

frequency, etc using a Computer Reservation System

(CRS), such as sabre, Galileo, Amadeus, etc. The

agent makes a reservation after the passenger

decides his/her suitable flights by creating a PNR

(passenger name record), which consists of names of



all passengers, flight details, contact details of the

passenger and the agency making the booking and

any other relevant information.



Reconfirmation of reservation:

Passenger who breaks their journey should be

advised of the reconfirmation procedures required by the

airlines concerned. At least 72 hours prior to departure,

passengers must reconfirm their reservation at each

stopover point. This limit for reconfirmation may vary

according to regions and airlines.

Failure to reconfirm can result in the

passenger’s reservation cancelled including those for the

reminder of the itinerary. However, it should be stressed

to passengers, at the time of issuing the ticket that they

reconfirm their reservation with the airline concerned. This

may be done at the stopover point, either by contacting

the airline on whose flight the booking was made or a

travel agent.

Cancellation of reservation:

If passengers cannot use their reservation, they

should cancel the same with the immediately airline

concerned, either through their travel agent or directly

with the airline. Within the prescribed time limits, they are

entitled to reimbursement for their ticket or to use it for

another journey, except in case of some excursion fares.



If passenger holding a confirmed reservation

fails to present himself or herself for the flight concerned

(“no-shows”), the rest of their journey may be cancelled.

“NO-SHOWS” and late cancellation causes the airlines loss

of seating space & revenue. Cancellation of reservation

may vary and, therefore, individual airlines instruction

should be constructed for verification.



CHAPTER – 8

TICKETING

The passenger ticket and baggage check or

‘ticket’as it is generally known, is the last step completing

a sale. It is the’ contract of carriage’ between the

passenger and the carrier and also constitutes the

passenger’s receipt for the money paid to ticketing agent.

The ticket is an accountable document and conveys a

message to all airlines carrying the passenger indicating

the flight(s) booked, the class of travel and type of fare

used. Since the ticket is a very important document it is to

be completed with great care and staff of airlines and

travel agencies must release the importance of doing so.

Incorrect entries not only can inconvenience the

passengers, but also cause financial loss to the ticketing

agents. A ticket should be clean and legible. In this unit we

will only be dealing with tickets issued manually. (It may

be noted that all fares and routings used are for

illustration purposes only and when issuing tickets

reference is to be made to latest rules and fares prevalent

at that time) It is important to remember the

responsibilities of the IATA approved agents with are:

The agent undertakes that all traffic documents

issues or reissues and all revalidations made in respect of

previously issued traffic documents, as well as



reservations or alterations in reservations entered in

connection with such transactions, shall be made by the

agent in accordance with the carriers tariffs, regulations or

other applicable published instructions. There are certain

general rules that agents must follow like refraining from:

Entering incomplete or incorrect reservation entries

on a ticket/MCO thereby allowing travel less than the

applicable fare.

Inaccurately completing or omitting to complete the

“NOT VALID BEFORE” and “NOT VALID AFTER” boxes,

which is contrary to the conditions governing the

fare, thereby allowing travel at less than the

applicable fare.

Using a reservation alteration sticker to alter a flight

date without observing the rules governing the fare,

thereby evading the applicable rule.

Issuing a ticket or MCO for more than one passenger

except as authorised for certain MCO’s.

Changing or omitting the name of the passenger.

Changing the “Form of Payment” or failing to carry

this forward to the new ticket or MCO.

Changing the currency of payment or failing to carry

this forward to the new ticket or MCO.

Failing to carry forward all restriction to the new

ticket or MCO.



Failing to obtain endorsements from the respective

carriers when required.

Failing to complete correctly the “Issued in exchange

for” entries and the “Original Issue” entries and/or

failing to carry these forward to the new ticket or

MCO.

Making different entries on flight and audit coupons

of the same ticket.

Failing to ensure that when conjunction tickets or

MCO’s are issued, the conjunction ticket or MCO’s

numbers are shows on all conjunction tickets or

MCO’s.

Changing the point of origin.

The above list is certain examples of malpractices,

which the agent must refrain from committing. It is not a

complete list and does not mean that other malpractices

not mentioned above are legal. Anything contrary to

governing regulations must be avoided and these

regulations may be amended from time to time.

It is to be noted that the fare paid shall be applicable

when international travel actually commences in the

country of the point of origin shown on the ticket. If

international travel actually commences in a different

country, the fare must be reassessed from that country.



CROSS-BORDER SELLING is the practice of selling a ticket

with a fictitious point of origin or destination in order to

under cut the applicable fare. This practice is contrary to

industry resolution and applicable tariff fares and even if

a passenger ask for such a ticket, it is possible that:

The passenger is stopped by the airline and made to

pay the additional fare.

The issuing agent is debited by the issuing airline for

the applicable difference in fare.

The agent loses its agency appointment.

It is also against the rules to deliver a ticket to a

passenger without all applicable coupons intact.

GENERAL TICKETING INSTRUCTIONS:

Tickets and MCO’s (Miscellaneous Charges Order) are

security documents and must be issued and treated

as such.

A separate ticket must be issued for each passenger,

even if it is an infant not occupying a seat.

A separate flight coupon is required each time there

is-

o An interruption of the journey (stop over and

transfer points)

o A change of carrier

o A change of flight

o A change of class.



When issuing manual tickets, the form of passenger

ticket in accordance with the number of flight

coupons required is selected. If 2 coupons are

required, a 2-coupon ticket should be issued. Where

conjunction tickets are required to be issued, the

form of ticket, which will result in the least number of

tickets, is selected. For e.g. If 15 coupons are

required, 4-coupons tickets are issued and the last

coupon is voided.

All tickets issued originally in conjunction should be

of the same form code and completed in numeric

sequence.

If the ticket contains more coupons than required,

the place “GOOD FOR PASSAGE” must be marked

‘VOID’.

All ticketing time limits are to be strictly adhere to

When completing a ticket, care should be taken to

follow some general rules, such as:

o Place the ticket on a hard surface.

o Use a Ballpoint pen with a fine point.

o Exert sufficient pressure to ensure that all

coupons are clearly legible.

o All entries are to be made in block letters in

English.



Erasure, over-writing, mutilation and unauthorised

alterations are not allowed and render the document

invalid. If there is an error, the ticket must be

cancelled by writing ‘VOID’ right across the ticket and

must be attached with the sales report. Only the

agent’s coupon is kept with him for his record.

Dates should be composed of 2 numeric for the date

followed by 1st 3 letters of the month.

Country codes used to identify taxing countries shall

be those established by the ISO.

Flight coupons should be honoured only in sequence

as shown on the passenger coupon and loose

coupon(s) shall not be accepted for carriage without

the passenger coupon.

In case of refund the passenger coupon along with all

unutilised coupons must be surrendered.

Before delivering the ticket to the passenger, the

agent issuing the document shall remove the audit

and agents coupon together with any VOID coupons

(if any). The audit and VOID coupons are attached

with the sales report.

Tickets are not transferable from one passenger to

another.

Tickets and MCO’s shall not be delivered to the

passenger prior to the date of issue shown on the

ticket.



The fare paid shall only be applicable when

international travel actually commences in the

country of the point of origin shown in the ticket. If

international travel actually commences in another

country the fare must be reassessed accordingly.

A ticket, which is not validated properly, is not valid

for transportation.

If there is BSP in operation, important ticketing

instructions given by them in BSP manual should be

referred to.

ELECTRONIC TICKETS (ETKT):

Technology has become so advanced, that E-

tickets have been introduced. This concept was born

when the airlines realised that a lot could be saved by the

elimination of the paper ticket. A number of US airlines

have switched over to electronic ticketing.

Till recently most tickets were for on-line travel

only, e.g. travel on their own flights, with interline travel

gradually introduced for alliance partners. An e-ticket can

be issued over the telephone or the web.

An ETKT comes in an electronic file where the

ticket data is stored in the validating carrier’s database.

This contains the same description as a normal passenger

tickets.



When a passenger is travelling with e-tickets, he

has to carry proof of identification, such as passport or

national identity may be used, but not limited to:

Drivers license with photos

Employment ID with Photos

Credit Card used to purchase the ticket and other

credit cards

ICC or Integrated Circuit Card also known as Smart

Cards.

Smart cards or Chip cards are cards into which one or

more integrated circuits are inserted to performed

processing and memory functions. Its main use is to

provide an access to E-ticket information and not to

store the ticket data. The different types of Smart

cards are:

Contact card

Remote contact less card or proximity card

Close coupled contact less card

Dual interface care – a combination of a contact card

and a remote contact less card on a single ICC.

When airlines issue Smart cards to frequent

flyers and other regular customers, they do so in

collaboration with companies like IBM and major credit

card companies like American Express, MasterCard, Visa,



etc. these cards require readable identifier machine when

the passenger checks in.

Some cards like Lufthansa’s Chip Card have

multi-purpose applications i.e. it can be used as a

German telephone card, Visa or MasterCard, an Air Travel

Card, a frequent flyer card, membership card for frequent

traveller lounges at the airport and even as a boarding

card for passenger with a reservation on certain flights.

The Lufthansa card is both a contact and contact less RF

card for the boarding applications. The passenger has to

only walk past a RF reader near the gate for the card to

read.



CONCLUSION

Aim of the Project is to pay this specific interest to

the customer satisfaction. Transportation progressed as

civilization progressed. The most important development

at this time was the invention of aero planes. Gradually

the invention has turn up to be a boon in the tourism

industry as a mode of transportation. The formulation of

the abbreviation, ticketing formalities and the facilities are

formulated by the giant organizations like IATA & UFTAA.

Fares and ticketing formalities are formulated to the

cheapest or at the reasonable rates according to the

customers requirements and his capacity to pay for it. This

international units i.e IATA & UFTAA and ICAO ensures the

promotion of safety of flights and the developments of all

aspects of International Civil Aeronautics. And finally to

conclude with this module is to meet the demands for the

International Travel including the standard conditions and

other aspects.



Bibliography

Regarding the project, International Air Travel and

Ticketing, I had referred to Various web Sites as follows :

www.google.com

www.airindia.com

www.spicejet.com

www.jetair.com

www.kingfisherairlines.com

www.lufthansa.com

www.airamerica.com

www.gulfair.com

www.thomascook.com

www.sotc.com

www.sitaworld.com

www.rajtravles.com

www.cox&kings.com


http://www.rajtravles.com/

http://www.sitaworld.com/

http://www.sotc.com/

http://www.thomascook.com/

http://www.gulfair.com/

http://www.airamerica.com/

http://www.lufthansa.com/

http://www.kingfisherairlines.com/

http://www.jetair.com/

http://www.spicejet.com/

http://www.airindia.com/


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my esteemed Principal of

V.I.H.T.M. Dr. Kavita B. Sood, Mr. Ramesh Mohnani

(Chairman), Mr. Mohit Mohnani (Director) for their

kind approval topic of my entitled- INTERNATIONAL AIR

TRAVEL AND TICKETING under whose supervision the

present work has been completed. I express my sincere

gratitude to them for encouraging me to complete the

project.

I am indeed thank full to my Project Guide Mr.

Virendra Thakore for their valuable guidance without

which this project would not have been completed.

I am very thank full to all of them.

(Bhaumik Patel)

B.H.T.M.

4th Year

Rajkot.



INDEX

Sr. No. Particulars Pg. No.

1 INTRODUCTION-AVIATION HISTORY 1

2 OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, 5

METHODOLOGY, LIMITATION

3 INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES 6

4 INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL 9

ORGANIZATION

5 TRAVEL TERMINOLOGY 14

6. TRAVEL FORMALITIES 23

7. RESERVATIONS 28

8. TICKETING 33

CONCLUSION 41

BIBLIOGRAPHY 42


Bhaumik FINAL 1

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