Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024 …...AFTER REVISION MADE IN THE BOS HELD ON...
Transcript of Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024 …...AFTER REVISION MADE IN THE BOS HELD ON...
AFTER REVISION MADE IN THE BOS HELD ON 11-5-2018
Department of Physics Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024
M.Phil. PHYSICS SYLLABI FOR THE COURSE
Programme code: 1ASPHY
S.NO. Course
Code Course Title Credits
I - Semester
Paper - I
1 MFRP1:17 Research Methodology 4
Paper - II
2 MFRP2:17 Integrable Systems - I 4
3 MFRP2:17 Mathematical Methods for Nonlinear Systems 4
4 MFRP2:17 Applied Computational Methods 4
5 MFRP2:17 Characterization Techniques For Advanced
Materials 4
6 MFRP2:17 Experimental Techniques And Instrumentation 4
7 MFRP2:17 High Pressure Measurements And Techniques 4
8 MFRP2:17 Functional materials and Characterizations 4
Paper - III
9 MFRP3:17 Advanced Computational Physics 4
10 MFRP3:17 Nonlinear Optics 4
11 MFRP3:17 Quantum Field Theory 4
12 MFRP3:17 Experimental Techniques In Low Temperature
Physics 4
13 MFRP3:17 Advanced Nanomaterials 4
14 MFRP3:17 Integrable System-II 4
15 MFRP3:17 Crystal Growth And Thin Film Techniques 4
16 MFRP3:17 Functional materials and Characterizations 4
17 MFRP3:17 Nanoelectronics 4
Paper - IV
18 MFRP4:17 Paper - IV: Teaching and Learning
Skills 4
Paper I : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Unit – I: Working on a Research Problem
Scientific research – Aims and motivation of research – Research methods and methodology –
Selection of a research problem – Literature survey – Access using Internet– Current status – Mode
of attack– Oral report presentation in a seminar – Presentation of a research report - outline of M.Phil
dissertation.
Unit – II: Mathematical Methods
Hypergeometric function – Confluent Hypergeometric function – Series solution of Gauss
Hypergeometric equations – Elementary properties - Symmetry property – Differential and Integral
representations – Linear transformation of Hypergeometric function – Elliptic functions and elliptic
integrals.
Unit – III: Data Analysis
Introduction – Statistical description of data - Mean, variance, skewness, median, mode –
Distributions : The Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions – Student’s t-test, F-test, Chi-square
test – Linear and rank correlations – Modelling data: Least-squares, Fitting data.
Unit – IV: High Performance Computing
High performance computing basics – Elements of Fortran 90 – Constants and variables – Arithmetic
expressions – I/O statements – Logical expressions – Conditional and control statements - Arrays –
Functions and subroutines – Format statements – Advanced features: Procedures, modules, recursive
functions and generic procedures – Applications Software and Libraries.
Uni – V: Advanced Analytical techniques
Analytical Technique – principles of single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction , FT-IR, Raman and
UV-visible spectrometers – SEM, TEM, EDAX – Instrumentation – Sample preparation – Analysis
of materials.
References
1. S. Rajasekar, P. Philominathen and V. Chinnathambi, Research methodology, arXiv.
Physics/0601009 v2. 25 January 2006.
2. C.R. Kothari, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, (New Age International, New
Delhi, 2006).
3. A.K. Ghatak, I.C Goyal, SJ. Chua, Mathematical Physics (Macmillan India Ltd, New Delhi,1995)
4. V. Rajaraman, Computer Programming in Fortran 90 and 95 (Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi, 1997).
5. H. K. Dass, Mathematical Physics, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi (2003).
6. M. William and D. Steve, Instrumental Methods of Analysis (CBS Publishers, New Delhi,
1986).
Paper-II: INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS - I
UNIT-I: Basics
Introduction to linear and nonlinear dynamical systems - Finite dimensional conservative and
dissipative systems Canonical transformations - Poisson brackets - Hamilton - Jacobi Theory-
Separation of variables - Elliptic Functions and Elliptic Integrals - Integrability - Partial and
Complete Integrability - Liouville theorem -Analytical Methods to detect integrability.
UNIT-II: The Painlevé Method
Singular points - Classification of singularities - Fixed and Movable singular Points - Singularities of
nonlinear ordinary differential equations - Painlevé analysis applicable for second and third order
nonlinear ODEs - Method of finding solution - Examples.
UNIT-III: Symmetries and Integrability
Introduction - Lie point symmetries - Noether symmetries - Dynamical symmetries and integrability
of finite dimensional systems - λ symmetries - Integrating factors and first integrals -
Nonlocal/potential symmetries - Examples.
UNIT-IV: Prelle-Singer method and Linearization
Prelle-Singer method for second and third order ODEs - Method of finding Integrating factors and
integrals of motion - General solution - Examples - Linearization of nonlinear second and third order
ordinary differential equation - Linearizing transformations-Point, Contact and Sundman type
transformation - Extension to higher order ODEs.
UNIT-V: Other methods
Darboux polynomials - Jacobi’s last multi - plier method - Direct method of finding integrals -
Adjoint symmetry method, integra -ting factors and integrals - Examples.
REFERENCES
1) M. Lakshmanan and S. Rajasekar, Non -linear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos and Patterns
(Springer, Berlin 2003).
2) A. Goriely, Integrability and Noninte -grability of dynamical systems (World Scientific,
Singapore 2001).
3) Peter E. Hydon, Symmetry Methods for Differential Equations (Cambridge university Press,
Singapore 2000).
4) George W. Bluman and Stephen C. Anco, Symmetry and Integration Methods for Differential
Equations (Springer-Verlag, New York 2002).
5) V. K. Chandrasekar, M Senthilvelan and M. Lakshmanan, 2005 Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Series A
461 2451-2476.
Paper-II: Mathematical Methods for Nonlinear Systems
1. Linear and Nonlinear Systems
Linear and nonlinear forces - Mathematical implications of nolinearity - Linear
superposition principle - Definition of nonlinearity - Effects of nonlinearity -
Solutions of damped and forced linear differential equations - Resonance and jump
phenomena in Duffing oscillator.
2. Solutions of Certain Linear and Nonlinear Differential Equations
Second-order linear differential equations of the form :xR=xyDf Exact
solutions with 0=xR and 0.xR Exact solutions of the second-order nonlinear
equations
00,0,00,0, 32 >a=a<ay=y,xax=x,>a=a<ay=y,xa=x
and
00,0, >a=a<ay=y,x+ax=x 2 - Phase portraits of all the above three
systems.
3. Steady States
Fixed points and their classification in two-dimension - Applications to the
anharmonic oscillator 0=bx+axx d+x 3 and the pendulum system
0sin =x+x - Limit cycle in van der Pol oscillator- Identification of dissipative and
conservative systems - Period-1 and 2 fixed points of logistic map.
4. Analysis of Routes to Chaos
Period doubling phenomenon and chaos in logistic map, Duffing oscillator and
Lorenz system - Feigenbaum constant – Quasi periodic route to chaos - Intermittency
route to chaos.
5. Analysis and Applications of Chaos
Self-similar structure of Henon attractor - Sensitive dependence on initial condition
and butterfly effect of chaos - Necessary conditions for occurrence of chaos in maps
and continuous time systems - Chaotic cryptography - Chaos to calm the
internet.
Books For Study:
1. M. Lakshmanan and S. Rajasekar, Nonlinear Dynamic- Integrability,
Chaos and Patterns (Springer, Berlin, 2003).
2. A.K. Ghatak, I.C. Goyal, and S.J. Chua, Mathematical Physics
(MacMillan, New Delhi, 1995).
Paper II: Applied Computational Methods
Unit I : Programming in Python
What is Python? – Why Python? –Data Types – Namespaces - Conditional
Statements – Sequence Containers – Sets – Dicts – String Formatting – Loops -
Reading and Writing Files – Functions – The Python Standard Library – Classes –
Objects – Methods – visual python.
Unit II : Basic Probability and Statistics
Sampling – Sample space – Probability – Probability distribution – Poisson
distribution – Binomial distribution – Frequency – Mean – Median – Mode –
Standard Deviation – Moment Correlation.
Unit III : Random Numbers
What are random numbers? - Pseudo random numbers – Methods of generating
Pseudo random numbers – Congruential generators – Lagged Fibonacci generator –
Shift register generator – Test for random numbers.
Unit IV : Monte Carlo Methods
Monte Carlo optimization – Hit and miss method – Evaluation of value of Pi -
Monte Carlo (MC) integration – Advantages and Disadvantages of MC integration –
Sampling – Random walk – Important sampling – Generating configurations –
Markov chain – Metropolis algorithm.
Unit V : Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC)
Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) – Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) – Basic idea of
VMC and DMC – Evaluation of ground state energy of Helium using VMC
approach.
References:
[1] M. Lutz, Learing Python, 3rd ed. (O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol, 2007)
[2] M. Lutz, Programming Python, 4th ed. (O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol, 2010)
[3] K.P.N Murthy, Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics (University Press
(India), Hyderabad, 2003)
[4] T. Veerarajan, Probability Statistical and Random Processes (Tata Mcgraw-Hill
New Delhi, 2008)
Paper II: CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Unit-I: Diffraction analyses
X-ray diffraction – powder diffraction–single crystal XRD – determination of lattice
parameters-structure analyses-rocking curve-strain analyses-phase identification-
particle size analyses using Scherer`s formula - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS)- Auger electron spectroscopy (AES).
Unit-II: Imaging techniques
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) – Field Emission scanning Electron
microscope (FESEM)-Atomic force microscopy (AFM ), scanning tunneling
microscopy (STM), scanning near field optical microscopy (SNOM) – Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM).
Unit -III: Spectroscopic techniques
Infra red spectroscopy (IR)- UV-visible-Absorption and reflection-Raman Scattering
–Micro-Raman- Surface Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) – Photoluminescence
(PL)– Cathodeluminescence (CL) – Electroluminescence (EL).
Unit-IV: Magnetic measurement technique
Introduction – magnetism – mutual induction – Types of gradiometers – Gouy
Balance experimental setup – Faraday balance – AC susceptibility method – DC
magnetization – Vibrating sample magnetometer – Vibrating Coil magnetometer –
SQUID magnetometer – calibration of susceptibility with standards.
Unit-V: Electrical properties
I-V / C-V - Hall - Quantum Hall effects - Kelvin probe measurement - FET
characteristics.
References:
1. Ghuzang G.Cao, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties and
applications,
Imperical College Press, 2004
2. Zhong Lin Wang, Hand Book of Nanophase & Nanostructured materials (Vol.
I&II), Springer, 2002.
3. B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray diffraction, Addison Wesley, 1977
4. B.W.Moot, Micro-indentation hardness testing, Butterworths, London , 1956.
5. R.M.Rose, L.A.Shepard and J. Wulff, The structure and properties of materials,
Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1966.
6. S.M. Sze, Semiconductor Devices – Physics and Technology, Wiley, 1985.
7. D. K. Schroder, Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization, John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 1998.
8. C. Richard Brundle Charles A. Evans, Jr.Shaun Wilson , Encyclopedia of
Materials Characterization Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.
Paper – II : EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND
INSTRUMENTATION
Unit – I : Thin Film Deposition Techniques
Thin Films – Introduction to Vacuum Technology – Deposition Techniques –
Physical methods – Resistive Heating, Electron Beam Gun and Laser Gun
Evaporation – sputtering:- Reactive sputtering, Radio-Frequency sputtering –
chemical Methods – spray Pyrolysis – Preparation of Transparent conducting oxides.
Unit – II : X-ray diffraction
Crystalline, Noncrystalline materials – 7 crystal systems – Metallic crystal
structure – simple crystal structures – NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, Diamond – Bragg’s law of
Diffraction – Laue method – Powder method – Rotating crystal techniques.
Unit – III : Infrared spectrometer
Introduction – Theory – molecular vibrations – Vibrations frequency –
Number of fundamental vibrations – Factors influencing vibrational frequencies –
Scanning of infrared spectrum – sampling techniques – Finger print region –
Applications of infrared spectroscopy.
Unit – IV : UV-Vis spectrometer
Introduction - Absorption laws – Instrumentation – Formation of absorption
ban – Theory of electronic spectroscopy – Types of electronic transitions –
Transition probability – The chromophore concept – Absorption and intensity shifts
– Types of absorption band – Applications of ultra-violet spectroscopy – Important
terms and definitions in ultraviolet spectroscopy.
Unit – V : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometer
Basis of Magnetic resonance – NMR and EPR Active materials – Block
diagram of a NMR spectrometer – Chemical shift – 1H
&
13C NMR spectral
analysis.
References:
1. Thin Film fundamentals, A. Goswami, New Age international Publishers,
2006.
2. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai, New Age International Publishers, 2006.
3. Fundamental of Molecular Spectroscopy, Ed. IV Colin N. Banwell and
Elaine M. Mc.Cash Mc Graw Hill Internation (2001)
4. Spectroscopy of Organic compounds, P.S. Kalsi Ed. V., New Age
International Publishers (2002)
Paper - II: HIGH PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS AND TECHNIQUES
Unit –I Introduction to High Pressure Pressure as an experimental variable - Natural high pressure - Artificial high
pressure- Production of high pressure-Classical Development of High
Pressure- Recent innovations in UHPLC columns.
Unit –II Pressure Calibration Primary and secondary methods of measurement- Precise measurement of
steady pressure- Measurements at ultra high dynamic pressure- Fixed points
for pressure metrology - Ultra high pressure measurement- Pressure
transducers based on various physical effects- Electrical resistance gauges-.
Unit – III Hydrostatic and Uniaxial Pressure Cells
Piston cylinder system-Theory of long cylinder - Autofrettage wound
cylinders- Pressure limit of the piston - Cylinder system- Hydrostatic cells
practical consideration- Piston seals - Teflon cell- Electrical leads -Windows-
Different type- Clamped cells-Operation and testing of the cells - Uniaxial
pressure cell – Construction – Direct and Indirect measurement- Modified
Bridgman Cell – Construction and Measurements-Limitations of Modified
Bridgman Cell
Unit –IV Bridgman and Diamond Anvil Cell Introduction- Bridgman anvil design – Gasket – Pressure transmitting medium
– Measurement of Critical thickness of gasket – Calibration –DAC
Introduction-Types of DAC-DAC construction- Main construction and parts
of DAC – Miniature diamond anvil cells- alignment of DAC- Loading of
gasket - Preparation and handling of samples- Thickness-Pressure Medium
and Pressure Limitations -Gasket types and Pressure Limits.
Unit –V Transport, Magnetic and Thermal Properties under High
Pressure High pressure X-ray diffraction - Thermo power measurement – Electrical
measurements - AC/DC Magnetization -Application of high Pressure
Measurements - Specific heat measurements-AC Susceptibility measurement
in DAC-Cubic Press measurements
References:
1. The Physics of High Pressure by P.W. Bridgman, Dover Publication
Inc, Newyork (1970).
2. High Pressure Measurement Techniques Ed by G.N. Peggs, Applied
Science and Publishers London (1983).
3. High Pressure Experimental methods by M.I.Eremets, Oxford
University Press (1996).
4. The World of High Pressure by Stewart W.John, Van Nostrand
company Inc. (1967.)
5. High Pressure Techniques in Chemistry and Physics- A Practical
Approach – Ed by Wilfried B. Holzapfel and Neils. Issacs, Oxford
University Press (1997).
Paper- II – Functional materials and Characterizations
Course Objective:
The course on functional materials and characterization is designed with
idea (i) to understand the preliminaries of functional materials and their
nano scale behavior, (ii) to illustrate the various nanomaterials
preparation techniques as powders and thin films, (iii) to demonstrate the
instrumentation of various structural, optical and electrical
characterizations.
Unit – I – Functional materials
Nanoscale particles and fragments- Basic physical parameters-
Properties- Special nanomaterials: Unique assembly and functionality-
Nanotubes and nanostructures- Thin film and multilayer materials- Bulk
nanostructured materials- Biological and biomimetic nanostructures.
Unit – II – Preparation of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials synthesis- Physical approaches- Arc discharge method-
Laser ablation- Aerosol synthesis- Inert gas condensation- Ball milling-
Chemical vapor deposition- Electro-deposition- Chemical approaches-
Solvothermal- Hydrothermal method- Micro emulsion- Sol-gel synthesis-
Microwave method- co-precipitation.
Unit – III – Thin Films
Thin Films – Introduction to Vacuum Technology – Deposition
Techniques- Physical methods- Resistive Heating, Electron Beam Gun and
Laser Gun Evaporation- Sputtering, Radio – Frequency sputtering-
Langmuir Blodgett Technique – Chemical Methods- Spray Pyrolysis –
Preparation of Transparent Conducting oxides.
Unit – IV – Structural Characterization
Introduction- structure of material- working principle- Instrumentation-
Application- X-ray Diffraction- Electron microscope- Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM)- Energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX)- Tunneling
Electron Microscope (TEM)- Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)-
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).
Unit – V – Optical and Electrical Characterization
UV- Visible spectrometer- Photoluminescence – Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy- Raman spectroscopy- Hall Measurements- Hall
coefficient- Hall mobility- Photovoltaic measurements- Z-scan
experiment.
Reference:
1. M.A. Shah and Tokeer Ahmad, Principles of Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology (Alpha Science International Pvt. Ltd., 2010).
2. A.Gowsami, Thin film Fundamentals (New Age International Pvt.
Ltd., 1996).
3. Sharmila M. Mukhopadhyay, Nanoscale Multifunctional Materials
Science and Applications (John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2010).
4. K.L. Chopra and S.R. Das, Thin Film solar cells (Springer (India) Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, 1983).
Practicum:
(i) Preparation of nanomaterials by different techniques like laser
abalation, hydrothermal and microwave mathod.
(ii) Preparation of biomolecule thin films by LB method.
(iii) Hands on training to handle XRD, FTIR, Four probe and Z-scan.
Outcome:
(i) The course delivers the fundamentals of functional nanomaterials.
(ii) Insights the idea of various naomaterial and thin film preparation
techniques.
(iii) Delivers the capacity to handle characterization tools.
Paper – III: Integrable System-II
Unit-I: Integrability Infinite dimensional systems – Definition of integrability – Hamiltonian structures -
Conserved quantities – Poisson Brackets – Brief introduction to analytical methods
in soliton theory – Singularity structure analysis – Examples: Korteweg-de Vries
(KdV), modified Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), sine Gordon, Nonlinear Schrödinger
(NLS) equations in (1+1) dimensions and Kadamotsev-Petviashvili (KP) and Davey-
Stewartson (DS) equations in (2+1) dimensions. Unit-II: Lie symmetry analysis Introduction to Lie symmetry analysis -Lie groups – Lie algebras - Method of
finding similarity variables and similarity reductions – Examples in (1+1) and (2+1)
dimensions – Nonlocal symmetries and Lie-Bäcklund symmetries of nonlinear
evolutionary equations. Unit-III: Hirota Bilinearization Hirota operators - Hirota bilinearization – Method of deriving one, two and N-
soliton solutions – Examples in (1+1), (2+1) dimensional and multi-component
systems – Bright-Bright, Bright-Dark and Dark-Dark solitons, Breather and Rogue
wave solutions – Method of finding 1-periodic and 2-periodic solutions – Bell
polinomials. Unit-IV: Darboux Transformation Sturm-Liouville problem - Darboux transformation - Method of deriving one, two
and N- soliton solutions – Examples in (1+1) and (2+1) dimensional systems -
Soliton surfaces – Finding soliton surfaces for sine-Gordon and NLS equations. Unit-V: Bäcklund Transformation Bäcklund transformation - Examples of NLS and sine-Gordon equations –
Derivation of one and two soliton solutions of NLS equation sine-Gordon equations
– Applications of solitons in liquid crystals and magnetic systems. References
1. M. Lakshmanan and S. Rajasekar, Nonlinear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos
and Patterns (Springer, New York, 2003).
2. Peter J. Olver, Equivalence, Invarient and Symmetry, Cambridge university
Press, Cambridge, (1995). 3. R.Hirota, Direct method in Soliton theory, Cambridge university Press,
Cambridge, (2004). 4. V. B. Matveev and M. A. Salle, Darboux transformations and Solitons,
Springer-Verlag,Berlin, (1991).
C. Rogers and W. K. Schief, Bäcklund and Darboux Transformations,
Cambridge university Press, Cambridge, (2002).
Paper – III: Advanced Computational Physics
1. Fortran Programming
Constants and Variables - Input and output statements - Conditional Statements :
if, if-end if, nested if - Do loops: Block do loop and count controlled do loop -
Rules to be followed in do loops - Function subprogram – Subroutine - Array
variables.
2. Numerical Methods -I
Straight-line curve fitting - Newton-Raphson method for a root of one-dimensional
equations - Composite trapezoidal rule for numerical integration of a function -
Power method for the computation of dominant eigenpairs of a square matrix.
3.Numerical Methods –II
Euler and fourth-order Runge-Kutta methods for first and second-order
differential equations - Park and Miller method for uniform random number
generator (Theory only) - Box-Muller method for Gaussian random numbers
(Theory only) - Test for randomness.
4. Fourier Series and Power Spectrum
Fourier Series : Dirichlet's conditions - Formulas for determination of Fourier
coefficients - Fourier expansion of F ( x)= x in the interval −T / 2< x <T / 2
and square wave.
Power Spectrum : Definition, significance, characteristics with
various attractors.
5. Fortran Programs for Certain Numerical Methods
Programs for - straight-line fit, Newton-Raphson method, composite trapezoidal
rule, Euler method, Runge-Kutta method, Park-Miller method for uniform random
number generator and Box-Muller method for Gaussian random number generator.
Books For Study:
1. V. Rajaraman, Computer Programming in Fortran 90 and 95 (Prentice-
Hall of India, New Delhi, 1997).
2. J.H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and
Engineering (Prentice- Hall of India, New Delhi, 1998).
3. A.K. Ghatak, I.C. Goyal, and S.J. Chua, Mathematical Physics
(MacMillan,New Delhi,1995).
Paper - III: NONLINEAR OPTICS
Unit-I: Lasers
Gas lasers – He-Ne, Ar ion lasers – Solid state lasers – Ruby – Nd:YAG – Organic
dye laser – Rhodamine – Semiconductor lasers – Diode laser, GaAs laser
Unit-II: Introduction to Nonlinear Optics
Wave propagation in an anisotropic crystal – Polarization response of materials to
light – Harmonic generation – Second harmonic generation – Sum and difference
frequency generation – Phase matching – Third harmonic generation – bistability –
self focusing.
Unit-III: Multiphoton Processes
Two photon process –Parametric generation of light – Oscillator – Amplifier –
Stimulated Raman scattering – Intensity dependent refractive index optical Kerr
effect – photorefractive, electron optic effects.
Unit-IV: Nonlinear Optical Materials
Basic requirements – Inorganics – Borates – Organics – Urea, Nitroaniline –
Semiorganics – Thiourea complex – X-ray diffraction FTIR, FTNMR – Second
harmonic generation – Laser induced surface damage threshold.
Unit-V: Fiber Optics
Step – Graded index fibers – wave propagation – Fiber modes – Single and
multimode fibers – Numerical aperture – Dispersion – Fiber bandwidth – Fiber loss –
Attenuation coefficient – Material absorption.
Reference:
1. B. B. Laud, Lasers and Nonlinear Optics, 2nd Ed. (New Age International, New
Delhi, 1991)
2. R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, 2nd Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 2003)
3. W. T. Silvast, Laser Fundamentals (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
2003)
4. D.L. Mills, Nonlinear Optics – Basic Concepts (Springer, Berlin, 1998)
Paper III: Quantum Field Theory
Unit I: Canonical Quantization
General Formulation - Conjugate Momentum – Quantization - Neutral Scalar Field -
Commutation Relations - Normal Ordering - Bose Symmetry - Fock Space - Charged
Scalar Field - U(1) Invariance - Charge Conservation - Particles and Antiparticles -
Time Ordered Product - Feynman Propagator for Scalar Fields - Bose-Einstein
Distribution - Propagators at Finite Temperature.
Unit II: Boson and Fermi Fields
Classical field theory - relativistic fields - identical bosons and quantum fields -
Klein-Gordon propagator and relativistic causality - quantum electromagnetic fields
and photons - Lorentz symmetry & spinor fields - Dirac equation and its solutions -
second quantization of fermions - particle-hole formalism - quantum Dirac field -
Weyl and Majorana spinor fields.
Unit III: Symmetries in QFT - Interacting Fields and Feynman Rules
Continuous symmetries - conserved currents - spontaneous symmetry breaking -
Goldstone bosons - local (gauge) symmetry - QED - Higgs mechanism and
superconductivity - non-abelian gauge symmetries - Yang-Mills theory - discrete
symmetries - Perturbation theory - correlation functions and Feynman diagrams - S-
matrix and cross-sections - Feynman rules: fermions and QED.
Unit IV: Collective Phenomena and Condensed Matter
Superfluids - Finite Temperature - Critical Phenomena - Superconductivity -
Vortices - Monopoles - Instantons - Fractional Statistics - Chern - Simons Terms -
Quantum Hall Fluids.
Unit V: Renormalization and Gauge Invariance
Systematics of renormalization - integration out and the Wilsonian renormalization -
running of the coupling constants and the renormalization group - Anomalous
magnetic moment and the Lamb shift.
REFERENCES:
[1] Quantum Field Theory, L. H. Ryder, Cambridge University Press, 2008
[2] A First Book of Quantum Field Theory, A. Lahiri, Narosa, New Delhi, 2007.
[3] An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, M. E. Peskin and D. V. Schroeder,
Westview Press, 1995.
[4] The Quantum Theory of Fields, Vol I, S. Weinberg, Cambridge University
Press, 1996.Field Theory, A Modern Primer, P. Ramond, Benjamin, 1980.
Paper – III Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature Physics
Unit-I: Introduction
Properties of cryogenics gases - Liquefaction of gases - liquefaction and
storage of Cryogenic fluids – Critical Temperature - Normal boiling point and
latent heat of vaporization - Triple point - Thermodynamic properties of
cryogenic fluids – Heat exchangers – Adiabatic Expansion and Isenthalpic
expansion-Schematic diagram of a liquefier - Storage of liquefied gases-
Classical Development of Low Temperature Physics - Recent innovations in
Ultra Low temperature.
Unit-II: Closed cycle refrigerators and cryocoolers Introduction - Helium Refrigerator - Closed cycle cryocoolers – Regenerator -
Stirling cycle cryorefrigerator- Split Stirling Cycle Cryocooler- Free
Displacer-Free Piston Stirling Cryogenerator - Gifford-McMahon refrigerator
- Pulse tube refrigerator - Joule-Thomson cryocooler - Relative efficiencies of
different cryocoolers- Limits of Closed cycle refrigerators and cryocoolers.
Unit-III: Mechanical & Thermal properties of Materials
Introduction-Strength and ductility - Ductility at low temperature - Low
temperature strength of solids-Ultimate and Yield Strengths-Fatigue Strength-
Elastic moduli - Thermal properties of materials - Specific heat - Thermal
expansion - Thermal conductivity - Emissive properties-Multilayer Insulation.
Unit-IV: Cryostat design and Thermometry
Introduction principle of cryostat design - Precautions against differential
contraction - Bath cryostats –Cool Down of Bath Cryostat- Continuous flow
cryostats - Closed cycle refrigerator cryostat - Seals at low temperature -
Optical windows - Mounts for thermometers - Different types of commercial
cryostats - Absolute temperature – International temperature scale (ITS 90)
- Secondary thermometers- Thermometer - Resistance thermometers -
Platinum Resistance NTC Resistance Thermometer - Diode thermometers –
Thermocouples - Capacitance thermometers - Magnetic susceptibility
thermometer - Vapour pressure thermometry-Sensors and Actuators –Some
Basic Issues.
Unit-V: Methods of cooling and solid state measurements at low
Temperatures Cooling with
4He - Cooling with
3He - Magnetic cooling – high precision
measurement of low resistances - Measurement of Seebeck coefficient
(Thermoelectric power) - Thermal Measurement (Specific heat and Thermal
conductivity) - Magnetic measurements- Rudiments of VSM-A.C
Susceptibility - Point contact Spectroscopy - Scanning tunneling Microscopy
(STM) and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) - Measurement of noise
and fluctuations.
References:
1. Cryogenics and Measurement of Properties of Solids at Low
Temperatures, by R.Srinivasan, A.K.Raychaudhuri and
S.Kasthurirengan, Allied Publishers Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi (2008).
2. Low-Temperature Physics: an introduction for scientists and engineers
by P.V.E.McClintock, D.J.Meredith and J.K.Wigmore, Blackie and
sons, Glasgow (1984).
3. Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature Physics by Guy
K.White, Clarendon Press. Oxford (1989).
Paper III : ADVANCED NANOMATERIALS
Unit-I: Bulk Synthesis
Synthesis of bulk nanostructured materials - Sol Gel processing- Mechanical alloying
and milling-inert gas condensation technique-bulk and nano composite materials -
Grinding - high energy ball milling-types of balls-WC and ZrO2-materials –ball
ratio-limitations- melt quenching and annealing.
Unit-II: Physical and Chemical approaches
Self assembly-Self Assembled Monolayers (SAM) - Vapour Liquid Solid (VLS)
approach-Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) - Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films -
Spin coating - Templated self assembly Electrochemical approaches: Anodic
oxidation of alumina films, porous silicon and pulsed electrochemical deposition -
Spray pyrolysis - Flame pyrolysis - Thin films -Epitaxy -Lithography.
Unit-III: Zero Dimensional (OD) structures: Nanoparticles
Homogenous Nucleation -diffusion and surface controlled growth process - synthesis
of metallic nanoparticles - semiconductor nanoparticles-metal oxide nanoparticles -
vapor phase reactions -solid state phase segregation -Heterogenous nucleation -
kinetically confined nanoparticles.
Unit-IV: One Dimensional (1D) nanostructures: Nanowires and Nanotubes
Evaporation-condensation - Vapor- liquid - solid (VLS) - VLS model - Nucleation
and growth - surface and bulk diffusion – kinetics – growth of various nanowires –
control of size –precursors and catalysts - single- and multi- wall CNT - Si nanowires
– density and diameter – doping in nanowires.
Unit-V: Two dimensional (2D) Nanostructures: Thin films
Thin films- Environment for thin film deposition (Gas and Plasma) - Introduction to
vacuum technology-physical vapour deposition techniques (Reactive sputtering (DC
and RF), laser ablation); Epitaxy-different types of Epitaxy - Lattice mismatch -
Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) - Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)-Chemical vapour
deposition (CVD) - Atomic layer deposition (ALD)
References:
1. W. Gaddand, D.Brenner, S.Lysherski and G.J.Infrate (Eds), Handbook of
nanoscience, Engg and Technology, CRC Press,2002.
2. G.Cao, Naostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties and
applications, Imperical College Press, 2004.
3. J.George, Preparation of thin films, Marcel Dekker, InC., New York, 2005.
4. C.N.R.Rao, A.Muller, A.K.Cheetham (Eds), The chemistry of nanomaterials:
Synthesis, properties and applications, Wiley VCH Verlag Gmbh&Co,
Weinheim, 2004.
Paper - III: CRYSTAL GROWTH AND THIN FILM
TECHNIQUES
Unit-I: Basics of Crystal Growth and Thin Film
Nucleation – Different kinds of nucleation – Formation of crystal nucleus – Energy
formation of nucleus – Spherical and cylindrical nucleus. Thin films: Thermodynamics of
nucleation – nucleation and growth of thin films – Various stages of film growth.
Unit-II: Melt & Vapour Growth Techniques
Phase diagram and phase rules - Melt techniques: Bridgman technique – Basic process –
Various crucible design – Czochralski technique – Growth rate – Liquid Encapsulated
Czochralski technique. Verneuil method – Vapour growth: Basic of vapour growth – Physical
vapour deposition (PVD) – Chemical vapour transport (CVT) – transport reaction – transport
materials and agents - Experimental Arrangement – temperature variation methods.
Unit-III: Solution Growth Techniques
Low temperature solution growth: Solution – Solubility and supersolubility – Expression of
supersaturation – Miers T-C diagram – Slow Cooling, solvent evaporation and temperature
gradient methods – High temperature solution growth – Flux growth – Principles of flux
growth – Choice of flux – Growth of Potassium Titanyl Phosphate –Hydrothermal growth –
design aspects of autoclave – Growth of ZnO crystals
Unit-IV: Preparation of Thin Films
Physical methods: Vacuum evaporation - Study of thin film vacuum coating unit -
Construction and uses of vapour sources - wire, sublimation, crucible and electron
bombardment heated sources. Arc and Laser evaporation. Sputtering - Study of glow
Discharge - Physical nature of sputtering - Sputtering yield - Experimental set up for DC
sputtering and RF sputtering. Chemical methods: preparation of thin films by Spray
pyrolysis method.
Unit-V: Properties of Thin Films & Applications
Electrical Properties: Sheet resistance - size effect - Electrical conduction in thin metallic
films - Effect of Annealing - Oxidation - Agglomeration. Optical Properties: Optical
constants and their determination - Spectrophotometer method. Applications of thin films :
Solar Cells – Sensors – Thin film diodes – Thin film field effect transistors.
References
1. J.C. Brice, The Growth of Crystals from Liquid, North Holland Publishing Co,
Amsterdom.
2. L.T.Maissel and Glang, Handbook of thin Film Technology, McGraw Hill, Company,
New York, 1983.
3. J.C.Brice, Crystal Growth Process, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1996.
4. J.C.Brice, The Growth of Crystals from Liquid, North Holland Publishing Co,
Amsterdom.
5. K.L.Chopra, Vacuum deposition Phenomena, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York,
1983.
6. A.Goswami, Thin Film Fundamentals, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
(1996)
7. Holland L, "Vacuum Deposition of Thin Films", Chapman and Hall, 1956.
8. Heavens O S, "Thin Film Physics", Butter worths scientific publications, 1955.
Paper – III – Nanophotonics
Course Objective:
The course on nanophotonics is designed with idea (i) to understand the
characteristics of light and fundamentals of photonics, (ii) to illustrate the
linear and nonlinear interaction of light, (iii) to demonstrate the
construction and working of photovoltaic solar cells.
Unit – I: Foundation of Photonics
Photonics- Photonics and Light Technology- Applications- Properties of
Photons- Plan Waves monochromatic light- Geometrical Optics- Gaussian
Beams- Ray matrices- Describing Light Polarization- Light Characteristics
(beam parameter)- Statistical Properties of photon field- Interference and
coherence of light (Light beats & Frequency spectrum)- Nano-optics in
Nut Shell- Photonics Crystals.
Unit – II – Linear Interaction of Light
Reflection and Dispersion- Absorption and Emission- Measurement of
Absorption- Polarization in Refraction and Reflection- Relation Between
Reflection, absorption and Refraction- Birefringence- Optical activity-
Optical Properties of Nobel Metals - Surface Plasmon Polaritons at plane
interface (SPR sensors)- Surface Plasmons in nano-optics.
Unit – III – Nonlinear Optics
Wave propagation in an anisotropic- Polarization response of materials to
light – Nonlinear polarization of medium- Harmonic Generation- Second
Harmonic generation – Phase matching- Phase generation- Quasi phase
matching- Sum and difference frequency generation- Parametric
amplifiers and oscillators – Pockels’ effect.
Unit- IV- Nonlinear Absorption and Refraction
Third order effects-Third harmonic generation- Bistability- self focusing-
Kerr effect-Spatial solitons- Self-diffraction- Self-Phase modulation-Two-
photon and Multiphoton Absorption- z- Scan measurements- Theoretical
description- Z-Scan with absorbing samples- Case Study on
Nanostructured NLO materials (Graphene systems).
Unit – V – Construction of Solar cells
Solar cell structure – Basic operational principles- The p-n junction-
Formation of a space-charge region in the p-n junction- p-n- junction
under equilibrium- p-n junction under applied voltage- p-n junction
under illumination- solar cell external parameters. Types of solar cells –
Inorganic thin films- Organic thin films- Organic and inorganic thin films. -
Case Study on nanostructured semiconductiong materials for BSSCs.
Reference:
1. Ralf Menzel, Photonics : Linear and Nonlinear Interactions of Laser
Light and Matter (Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004).
2. Lukas Novotny and Bert Hecht, Principles of Nano-Optics
(Cambridge University Press, UK, 2006).
3. B.B. Laud, Lasers and Nonlinear Optics, 3rd Edn. (New Age
International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011).
4. Ruud E.I Schropp and Micro Zeman, Amorphous and
Microcrystalline Solar cells : Modelling, Materials and Device
Technology, (Springer, USA, 2014).
5. Mario Pagliaro Giovanni Palmisano, and Rosaria Ciriminna, Flexible
solar Cells: (Wiley Online Library, 2008).
Practicum:
(i) Demonstration of low and high intense light interaction with matter.
(ii) Simple experiments to showcase the NLO absorption and refraction
phenomena.
(iii) Fabrication and testing of pn junction solar cells.
Outcome:
(i) The course delivers the fundamentals behavior of light as waves and
particles.
(ii) Insights the idea of conventional light (linear) and laser (nonlinear)
interaction with matter.
(iii) Delivers the capacity to construct and work NLO devices and solar
cells.
Paper - IV: Teaching and Learning Skills Objectives
After completing the course, scholars will be able to
acquaint different parts of computer of computer system and their functions;
understand the operations and use of computers and common accessories;
develop skills of ICT and apply them in teaching, learning and research;
appreciate the role of ICT in teaching, learning and research;
acquire the knowledge of communication skill with special reference to its
elements, types development and styles;
understand the terms communication technology and computer mediated
teaching and develop multimedia / E-content in their respective subject;
understand the communication process through the web;
acquire the knowledge of Instructional Technology and its applications and
develop different teaching skills for placing the content across to targeted
audience.
Unit-I: Computer Applications Skills
Computer System: Characteristics, parts and their functions – Different generations
of computer- Operation of Computer: Switching on/off/restart, mouse control, use
of key board and some functions of key – Information and Communication
Technology (ICT): Definition, meaning, features, trends- Integration of ICT in
teaching and learning – ICT Applications: Using word processors, spread sheets,
power point slides in the classroom –ICT for Research: On-line journals, e-books,
courseware, tutorials, technical reports, theses and dissertations.
Unit -II: Communication Skills
Communication: Definitions – Elements of Communication: Sender, message,
channel, receiver, feedback and noise- Types of Communication: Spoken and
written; non-verbal communication-Intrapersonal, interpersonal, group and mass
communications- Barriers to Communication: Mechanical, physical, linguistic &
cultural – skills of Communication :Listening, speaking, reading and writing–
Methods of developing fluency in oral and written communications- Style, diction
and vocabulary - Classroom communication and dynamics.
Unit-III: Communication Technology
Communication Technology: Bases, trends and developments - Skills of using
communication technology - Computer Mediated Teaching: Multimedia, e-content-
Satellite-Based Communication: EDUSAT and ETV channels - Communication
Through Web: Audio and video applications on the internet, interpersonal
communication through the web.
Unit-IV: Pedagogy
Instructional Technology: Definition, objectives and types – Difference Between
Teaching and Instruction Lecture Technique: Steps, planning of a lecture, delivery of
a lecture- Narration in tune with the nature of different disciplines – Lecture with
power point presentation – Versatility of lecture technique - Demonstration:
Characteristics, principles, planning implementation and evaluation – Teaching -
Learning Techniques: Team teaching, group discussion, seminar, workshop,
symposium and panel discussion- Modes of Teaching: CAI, CMI and WBI.
Unit-V: Teaching Skills
Teaching Skill: Definition, meaning and nature-Types of Teaching Skills: Skill of
set induction, skill of stimulus variation, skill of explaining, skill of probing
questions, skill of blackboard writing and skill of closure – Integration of teaching
skills- Evaluation of teaching skills.
References
[1] Bela Rani Sharma (2007) Curriculum Reforms and Teaching Methods,
Sarupandsons, New Delhi.
[2] Don Skinner (2005) Teacher Training, Edinburgh University Press Ltd.,
Edinburgh.
[3] Information and Communication Technology in Education: A Curriculum for
schools and programme of teacher development, Jonathan Anderson and Tom
Van Weart, UNESCO, 2002.
[4] Kumar, K.L. (2008) Educational Technology, New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi.
[5] Mangal, S.K. (2002) Essential of Teaching – Learning and Information
Technology, Tandon Publications, Ludhiana.
[6] Michael, D and William (2000) Integrating Technology into Teaching and
Learning: Concepts and Applications, Prentice Hall, New York.
[7] Pandey, S.K. (2005) Teaching Communication, Commonwealth Publishers, .
New Delhi.
[8] Ram Babu, A and Dandapani, S (2006) Microteaching ( Vol.1 &2),
Neelkammal Publications, Hydetabad.
[9] Singh V.K. and Sudarshan K.N. (1996), Computer Education, Discovery
Publishing Company, New York.
[10] Sharma, R.A ( 2006), Fundamentals of Educational Technology, Surya
Publications, Meerut.
[11] Vanaja, M and Rajasekar,S (2006) Computer Education, Neelkmal
Publications, Hyderabad.
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