BHAI PARMANAND VIDYA MANDIR Rules (Class IV).… · Nouns- Kinds A noun is the name of a person,...
Transcript of BHAI PARMANAND VIDYA MANDIR Rules (Class IV).… · Nouns- Kinds A noun is the name of a person,...
BHAI PARMANAND VIDYA MANDIR
CLASS IV
GRAMMAR RULES
SENTENCE- PARTS AND KINDS
A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense. A sentence begins
with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, exclamation mark or question
mark.
PARTS OF A SENTENCE- A sentence has two parts- Subject and Predicate.
Subject tells us about whom or what we are talking.
Predicate tells us what are we talking about the subject.
Example- Paris is the capital of France.
Subject- Paris
Predicate- is the capital of France
(All sentences don’t have an object but if a sentence has an object, you can
identify it by using the verb and asking the questions ‘what’ or ‘whom’.
Example 1- Yuvraj kicked the football. Ask yourself, ‘What did Yuvraj kick?’
Answer: football. So ‘football’ is the object.
Example 2- My dad loves me. Ask yourself, ‘Whom does dad love?’
Answer: me. So ‘me’ is the object.
KINDS OF SENTENCES- A sentence is of the following kinds-
a) Assertive/Declarative Sentences- They tell or state something. These
sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop.
Eg- Paris is the capital of France.
b) Interrogative Sentences- They ask a question. These sentences end with a
question mark.
Eg- How do you come to school?
c) Exclamatory Sentences- They show a high degree of expression. It can be
an expression of pain, sadness or joy. These sentences contain an
exclamation mark.
Eg- Alas! He is no more.
Eg How rude of her to talk to me like this!
d) Imperative Sentences- They make a request, give an order or advice.
These sentences
Eg- Please give me a pen.
Eg- Stand straight.
Eg- Take your medicines on time.
e) Negative Sentence- A sentence which contains the word(s) ‘no, not, never,
nay’ is a negative sentence. Any assertive/interrogative/exclamatory and
imperative sentence can be negative too if it contains these words.
Eg- She doesn’t know the way to her school.
(Basically, this is an assertive sentence but it is negative, too.)
Punctuation
Important Points to Remember:
a) All sentences begin with a capital letter.
b) Assertive and Imperative sentences end with a full stop(.).
c) Interrogative sentences end with a question mark(?).
d) Exclamatory sentences use an exclamation mark(!).
e) All proper nouns always start with a capital letter.
f) The pronoun ‘I’ is always capitalized.
g) The ‘G’ of God is always capital. Even the pronouns used for God
are always capital. Example- God always showers upon us His
blessings.
h) Commas are used to separate words of the same series.
(Example-Susan bought apples, mangoes, bananas and cherries.)
Commas are also used to separate the names of people when we
are addressing their name and talking to them.
(Example- Aarav, come here.)
i) Use of apostrophe- Apostrophe is used to show
belonging/ownership/possession. We add an ‘s’ after the
apostrophe. (Example- This is Rahul’s guitar.)
In case of plural nouns which end with an ‘s’, we only add the
apostrophe, no ‘s’ is to be added. (For example, The girls’ trial room
is vacant.)
When a word already ends with an ‘s’ we only add the apostrophe,
no ‘s’ is added. (For example, Vikas’ hat is lost.)
Apostrophe is also used in short forms. (Example- I don’t know the
way to my house from here.)
Nouns- Kinds
A noun is the name of a person, animal, place or thing. It may also name a
feeling or idea.
Nouns are of the following kinds-
a) Common Nouns- are the names given to things, animals, places or
people which are of the same kind. For example: girl, boy, pencil,
park
b) Proper Nouns- are the names of particular persons, places, animals
and things. For example: Indira Gandhi, India, New Delhi, Mt
Everest (Proper Nouns are always written in capital.)
c) Collective Nouns- are the names of groups of people, animals and
things taken as one unit. (For example: a herd of cows)
d) Abstract Nouns- are the names given to qualities, feelings or ideas
which we can only feel but can never touch or see.
e) Material Nouns- are the names of materials or substances from
which something is made. Rather than being classified as a
different kind, they are mostly put under the category of common
nouns. For example: plastic, steel, gold)
Nouns- Number
Number in nouns - Singular number is used when the noun refers
to one item. Plural number is used when the noun refers to more
than one item. Countable nouns have both singular and plural
forms. Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not normally have a
plural form.
How to change number
Rule 1:
In general “s” is used at the end of a singular noun to make it plural
Example:
Singular Plural
Pencil Pencils
Cow Cows
House Houses
Dog Dogs
Mobile Mobiles
Rule 2:
If there exist s, sh, ch, x and z in the end, “es” gets to be used.
Examples:
Singular Plural
Bus Buses
Dish Dishes
Branch Branches
Fox Foxes
Fez Fezes
Rule 3:
When pronunciation of ch is like “k”, just “s” is added at the end
Example:
Singular Plural
Monarch Monarchs
Patriarch Patriarchs
Matriarch Matriarchs
Stomach Stomachs
Hierarch Hierarchs
Part 1: when there’s a “y” in the end and a Consonant before that “y”, “i” substitutes
it and an “es” thereafter.
Example:
Singular Plural
Story Stories
Hobby Hobbies
Army Armies
Fly Flies
Baby Babies
Part 2: but if there’s a vowel ahead of that “y”, no need to change it, only “s” to add.
Example
Singular Plural
Donkey Donkeys
Toy Toys
Day Days
Joy Joys
Play Plays
Rule 4:
“v” replaces f or fe and then adds an “es” to finish it.
Example:
Singular Plural
thief Thieves
Wife Wives
Knife Knives
Wolf Wolves
Leaf Leaves
Part 1: “es” to be added if the noun is finished by “o” and a consonant places ahead.
Example:
singular Plural
Hero Heroes
Mango Mangoes
Zero Zeroes
Potato Potatoes
Echo Echoes
Part 2: but when there’s a vowel before that “o”, only “s” is enough.
Example
Singular Plural
Cuckoo Cuckoos
Bamboo Bamboos
Studio Studios
Portfolio Portfolios
Cameo Cameos
Exception 1: though there’s an “o” and a consonant ahead of it, some nouns use only
“s”.
Example:
Singular Plural
Photo Photos
Piano Pianos
Radio Radios
Canto Cantos
Memo Memos
Exception 2: for some, “s” and “es” both are correct.
Singular Plural
Mosquito Mosquitos/mosquitoes
Commando Commandos/commandoes
Portico Porticos/porticoes
Calico Calicos/calicoes
Memento Mementos/mementoes
Rule 5:
Some require changing the middle-vowel of the word to make it plural.
Example:
Singular Plural
Man Men
Woman Women
Foot Feet
Mouse Mice
Tooth Teeth
Rule 6:
Some require en, ren and ne to add at last.
Example:
Singular plural
Ox Oxen
Child Children
Brother Brethren (brothers also correct)
Cow Kine (cows also correct)
Sister Sistren (sisters also correct)
Part 1: if “man” means human being in a compound noun(a noun that contains two or
more words that jointly make a single noun), “men”replaces that “man”.
Example:
singular plural
Fisherman Fishermen
Workman Workmen
Boatman Boatmen
Man-of-war Men-of-war
Salesman salesmen
Part 2: but when “man” is just a part of the word, or it refers to any ethnic
group, race or civilian, there comes “s”.
Singular Plural
Mussalman Mussalmans
Brahman Brahmans
German Germans
Norman Normans
Rule 7:
“s” to be added when there’s a “ful” in the end.
Example:
singular plural
Handful Handfuls
Mouthful mouthfuls
Spoonful Spoonfuls
armful Armfuls
cupful cupfuls
Part 1: If compound noun contains several words, “s” comes to join with the main part
of that noun.
Example:
Singular Plural
Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law
Passers-by Passers-by
Step-brother Step-brothers
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in-chief
Maid-servant Maid-servants
Part 2: in some cases,“s”comes in every part to make it so.
Example:
Singular Plural
Lord-justice Lords-justices
Man-servant Men-servants
Woman-servant Women-servants
Rule 8:
Besides, adding “s” only in the end gets it done for few.
Example:
Singular Plural
Book-shelf Book-shelves
Book-case Book-cases
Major-general Major-generals
Poet-laurete Poet-lauretes
Forget-me-not Forget-me-nots
Rule 9:
Some singular nouns have no plural form, only used in singular.
Example:
Furniture
Scenery
Issue
Bread
expenditure
Rule 9:
Adversely, some are always used as a plural form.
Example:
Mumps
Scissors
Trousers
Spectacles
Assets
Rule 10:
Though some nouns seem like singular, but actually they are plural.
Example:
Government
Peasantry
People
Cattle
Mankind
Rule 11:
Similarly, some nouns seem like plural though they are singular.
Example:
Physics
Politics
Ethics
News
Wages
Rule 12:
Some have the same singular and plural form.
Example:
Deer
Sheep
Species
Corps
Canon
Rule 12:
In case of letters, numbers and other symbols, it takes an apostrophe and s to change it.
Example:
Sam, write your g’s and y’s clearly.
John, add two 5’s and three 8’s.
Nouns- Gender
Nouns can be of the following kinds as per the gender-
masculine e.g. policeman, man, dog, etc.
feminine e.g. waitress, woman, bitch, etc.
neuter e.g. chair, table, idea, etc.
common e.g. doctor, baby, etc. (i.e. nouns which can be either male of female):
My baby is only half-a-year old and he already has three teeth.
Is it your baby? How old is she?
Masculine – Feminine
Father – Mother
Son – Daughter
Brother – Sister
Man – Woman
Cock – Hen
Bull – Cow
Drone – Bee
Gander – Goose
Stag – Hind
Gentleman – Lady
Count – Countess
Husband – Wife
Lord – Lady
King – Queen
Monk – Nun
Sir – Madam
Uncle – Aunt
Nephew – Niece
Wizard – Witch
Hart – Roe
Drake – Duck
Lion – Lioness
Priest – Priestess
Prophet – Prophetess
Patron – Patroness
Host – Hostess
Viscount – Viscountess
Shepherd – Shepherdess
Steward – Stewardess
Heir – Heiress
Baron – Baroness
Peer – Peeress
Abbot – Abbess
Emperor – Empress
Traitor – Traitress
Actor – Actress
Benefactor – Benefactress
Hunter – Huntress
Tempter – Temptress
Master – Mistress
Tiger – Tigress
Duke – Duchess
Enchanter – Enchantress
Songster – Songstress
Hero – Heroine
Sultan – Sultana
Czar – Czarina
Signor – Signora
Manservant – Maidservant
He-goat – She-goat
Cock-sparrow – Hen-sparrow
Bull-calf – Cow-calf
Grandfather – Grandmother
Landlord – Landlady
Milkman – Milkmaid
Peacock – Peahen
Giant – Giantess
Count – Countess
Topic- Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of
nouns: enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the
quantity of nouns: many, few, millions, eleven.
Adjectives are words that are used to describe or modify nouns or pronouns. For
example, red, quick, happy, and obnoxious are adjectives because they can
describe things—a red hat, the quick rabbit, a happy duck, an obnoxious
person.
Adjectives take many forms. Some common adjectives are formed when we add
a suffix to a noun or verb. For example, when we add the suffix -ful to the
noun beauty, makes the adjective beautiful, and adding the suffix -able to the
verb read makes the adjective readable. Other suffixes often used to create
adjectives include -al, -ary, -able and –ible, –ish, -ic, -ical, -less, -like, -ous, -some,
and -y. Some adjectives take the form of participles (verbs ending in -ed or -ing),
and many others are not formed from nouns or verbs but are original in
themselves—for example, close, deep, slow.
Kinds of Adjectives
a) Adjectives of Quality- They tell about the kind of nouns. They answer the
question ‘What kind of noun?’ Example- This is an airy room.
b) Adjectives of Number- They tell about the number of nouns. They answer
the question ‘How many nouns?’ Example- I have five pencils. (Adjectives
like ‘second’, ‘third’, ‘fourth’ are also adjectives of number.)
c) Adjectives of Quantity- They tell ‘how much’ of a noun. They answer the
question ‘How much of a noun?’ Example- I will have some rice.
(Note- Some adjectives may be both adjective of quantity or number
depending on their use. For example: I have enough work for the day.
(Quantity)
: I have enough story books to read over the weekend.
(Number)
Adjectives- Degrees of Comparison
There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives-
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Note- Only adjectives of quality can have degrees of comparison.
Positive Degree of an adjective is used when no comparison is
made.
Examples- Veena is young.
The green box is large.
(For suggesting equality, we use ‘as _____ as’ in the positive degree.
Example- The girl is as innocent as a lamb.)
Comparative Degree is used when we compare two persons or
things.
Examples- Juhi is younger than Veena.
The red box is larger than the green one.
With Comparative Degree we use ‘than’.
Superlative Degree is used when we compare more than two
groups of people or things. Examples- Nita is the youngest of all her
sisters.
The black box is the largest of all the boxes in my
house.
With Superlative Degree, we use ‘the’.
Topic- Articles
The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are articles. There are two types of articles- definite
and indefinite.
‘a’ and ‘an’ are indefinite articles
‘the’ is the definite article
‘a’ and ‘an’ mean one. They are placed before countable nouns in the
singular number.
Examples- a boy, a bag, an ant, an egg
We use ‘a’ before words beginning with a consonant sound. (So we say ‘a
utensil’, ‘a used car’, ‘a useful animal’, ‘a one rupee coin’)
We use ‘an’ before a word beginning with a vowel sound. (So we say ‘an
honest man’, ‘an hour’, ‘an honour’)
We use ‘a’ and ‘an’ when we mean any person or thing.
‘The’ is used when we mean a particular person or thing.
‘The’ is also used when we are talking of the same thing in the
conversation again.
We also use ‘the’ with the titles of holy books and newspapers (the Gita,
the Ramayana, the Statesman)
We use ‘the’ with names of well-known monuments (the Taj Mahal, the
India Gate)
With directions (the east, the west, the north, the south)
We also use ‘the’ with the names of heavenly bodies (the earth, the stars,
the moon, the sky, the sun)
With Superlative Degree of Adjectives we use ‘the’.
With phrases like ‘the only son’, ‘the last’ , ‘the next’, ‘the first’
With names of some countries which contain a common noun, we use
‘the’. (the United States of America, the United Kingdom)
Topic- Pronouns
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Pronouns are of the following
kinds-
Possessive Pronouns- ‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘ours’, ‘his’, ‘hers’ and ‘theirs’ are
called possessive pronouns. They show that something belongs to
somebody.
(Example- The book is mine.
These toys are ours.)
Personal Pronouns- are the pronouns used in place of people, animals
and things. Personal pronouns can take the following forms-
Persons
First Person Second Person Third Person
The speaker The person we are
speaking to
The person about
whom we are talking
I, me, we, us you he, him, she, her, they,
them, it
Singular and Plural Pronouns
Singular Pronouns Plural Pronouns
I, me we, us
you you
she, her, he, him, it they, them
Genders
Masculine Feminine Common Neuter
he, him she, her I, we, me, us,
you
it
(Note- Pronouns ‘they’, ‘them’ are used for males, females and even
neuter genders.)
Topic- Verbs
Verbs show what a person or thing does, what a person or thing is
or what a person or thing has. So, verbs show doing, being or
possession.
Verbs show doing-
Examples-
a) The boy plays in the garden.
b) Jyoti goes to school.
c) She studies very hard.
Verbs show being –
Examples-
a) Meena is a student.
b) Rahul will be happy to hear the news.
c) Mrs Verma was a kind lady.
Verbs show possession-
Examples-
a) Rina and Tina have a pet.
b) The dog has a small tail.
Verbs are of two types- Helping (Auxillary Verbs) and Linking (Action
words)
Some important points-
A verb is the most important part of a sentence. Without it, we cannot
form a sentence.
A verb can be made of-
A single word (Example- She writes good stories.)
Two words (Example- I have made pizza for you.)
Three words (Example- He will be leaving for Canada today.)
Verbs- Singular and Plural
With singular nouns or pronouns, we use singular verbs.
With plural nouns or pronouns, we use plural verbs.
If the subject in a sentence is singular, the verb should also be
singular.
(Example- The dog lives in the park.)
Singular Singular
subject verb
If the subject in a sentence is plural, the verb should also be plural.
(Example- The dogs live in the park.)
Plural Plural
subject verb
‘You’ always uses a plural verb.
When we join two singular nouns or pronouns with ‘and’ they
become plural and therefore they take a plural verb. (Example-
Mona and Sona are sisters.)
Collective nouns like ‘band’, ‘bouquet’, ‘class’ are treated as single
units so they take singular verbs.
Even if a singular subject end with ‘s’ like in ‘news’ or names of
books such as ‘ Around the World in 80 Days’ , the verb will be
singular.
Helping Verbs- is/am/are
Singular Verbs Plural Verbs
I - am we- are
he- is you-are
she-is they-are
it-is
Helping Verbs- was/were
Singular Verbs Plural Verbs
I – was we- were
he- was you-were
she-was they-were
it- was
Helping Verbs- has/have
Singular Verbs Plural Verbs
he- has I –have
she- has we- have
it- has you- have
they- have
Tenses
1. Simple Present Tense- It talks about habitual actions and permanent
truths.
Examples- a) The sun rises in the east.
b) We go to play every day.
Forming Simple Present Tense
With ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’ and all other plural subjects, we use:
Subject + original form of the verb
With , ’he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and all other singular subjects in the third
person, we use:
Subject + original form of the verb +‘s’ or ‘es’
2. Present Continuous Tense – It tells us about actions that are going on at
the time of speaking.
Examples – a) I am walking.
b) She is riding a bicycle.
c) The boys are playing in the garden.
Forming Present Continuous Tense
We use is/are/am + ing form of the verb
3. Simple Past tense – It tells us about actions which took place at sometime
in the past or talks about some past habitual action.
Examples – a) I went to the fair yesterday.
b) We usually studied in the library before exams.
Forming Simple Past Tense
We always use the simple past tense form of the verb.
4. Past Continuous Tense – It tells us about actions that were going on at
some time in the past.
Examples – a) I was walking in the garden.
b) They were watching a movie.
Form of the Past Continuous Tense
We use was/were + ing form of the verb
5. Simple Future Tense- It tells us about actions that will take place in the
time to come.
Examples- a) He will visit us tomorrow.
b) We will stay in Shimla till Friday.
Form of the Simple Future Tense
We use: shall/will + original form of the verb
6. Future Continuous Tense – It tells us about actions that will be in progress
at a given point of time in the future.
Examples – a) We will be going to Delhi during our vacation.
b) She will be inviting us to the party.
Form of Future Continuous Tense
We write: will be/shall be + ing form of the verb
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb, adjective or another
adverb.
Examples – a) Ram swims fast.
b) Sudha is a very beautiful girl.
c) Ram swam too fast and won the championship.
Types of Adverbs
1. Adverb of Manner – It tells us how or in what manner an action is
done.
Reena danced gracefully.
Lata sang melodiously.
2. Adverb of Place – It tells us where or at what place an action is done.
I looked for my pet there.
The party is held downstairs.
3. Adverb of Time – It tells us when or at what time an action is done.
They will reach Delhi tomorrow.
The plane will land soon.
4. Adverb of Frequency – It tells us how often or how frequently an action
is done.
I go for morning walk regularly.
I do yoga daily.
Prepositions
A preposition is a word that which shows the relation between a noun or
a pronoun and some other words in a sentence.
Examples- The books are in the bag.
She washed the clothes with soap.
Preposition showing the place of a noun or a pronoun
On suggests on the surface
Above means at a higher level
Over means vertically above
Below means at a lower level
Under means vertically below
Use of At and In
At is used with villages, small towns.
In has the idea of a larger area and is used while speaking of bigger towns,
states, countries.
Prepositions of time
At – This preposition of time is used to discuss clock times, holidays and festivals,
and other very specific time frames including exceptions, such as “at
night.”Examples:
a) The meeting will begin at 3 p.m.
b) We shall shift to our new house at Diwali.
In – This preposition of time is used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries,
general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.” Examples:
a) The examinations are held in March.
b) I will meet you in the afternoon.
On – This preposition of time is used to discuss certain days of the week or
portions of days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as “on New
Year’s Day.” Examples:
a) I am going to Jaipur on Monday.
b) I was born on 27th October.
Use of Between and Among
Between is used with two persons or things
Among is used with more than two.
Examples
a) There is no difference between the two drawings.
b) She shared the chocolates among her classmates.
Use of into and in
In shows position in one place.
Into shows a movement from one place to another
Examples
a) Jyoti is in her room.
b) The cat is going into the kitchen.
Use of beside and besides
Beside means at the side of (or near to)
Besides means in addition to
Examples
a) Come and sit beside me.
b) Besides singing, I also like to dance.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are joining words. They help in joining words, group of
words and even sentences. Examples:
a) I will stop crying if you give back my pen.
b) They ran after the thief but could not catch him.
Use of And
We use and to join two words of the same part of speech or a noun
and a pronoun or two short sentences expressing similar ideas.
a) She is sincere and hardworking.
b) She went to the market and bought some ribbons.
Use of But
We use but to join contrasting words or sentences.
a) Anil is intelligent but careless.
b) John fell off a running bus but was not hurt.
Use of OR
We us or whenever there is a choice.
a) You should hurry up or you will miss the bus.
Use of Because
We use because if one sentence says something and the second
sentence gives a reason for it.
a) Harijit is absent because he has fever.
Some more conjunctions
a) Both is used for two persons or things.
Example – Both my brother and sister are doctors.
b) Until is used to show a point of time
Example – They study until their parents return from the office.
c) When is used to show two events happening at the same time.
Example – They play football when it rains.
d) So is used to show the purpose of something.
Example – I exercised daily so I lost wait.
e) If is used to show a condition