bfrgkl d{kk& - Delhi Directorate of...

$: bfrgkl d{kk& - Delhi Directorate of Educationedudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/question_bank_2011-12/XI_2011_12/XI... · q The syllabus in class XI is organized around some major themes$
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Preparation of Support Material for Class-XI (History)

2011-12

Team Leader : Mr. Krishan Gopal Vice Principal G.B.S.S., Begumpur, Delhi-110086

Members : Ms. Ruchi Anand 20025032-P.G.T. (History) School R.P.V.V. Yamuna Vihar, Delhi

: Mrs. Anita Jayanti 19870332-P.G.T. (History) School R.P.V.V., Surajmal Vihar, Delhi-92

: Mrs. Pamila Sharma 19810928-P.G.T. (History) School R.P.V.V., Sec.-XI, Rohini, Delhi

: Mrs. Nisha Rani Jain 19790380-P.G.T. (History) School G.G.S.S.V., Vivek Vihar, Delhi-92

: Mr. Bhakti Singh Behotra 19880150-P.G.T. (History) School G.B.S.S. Hastsal, Delhi

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Website : www.chse.nic.in Phone: 23220155 Email-id: [email protected]

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (An Autonomous Organization under the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India)

"Shiksha Sadan", 17, Rouse Avenue, New Delhi-110 002

ACAD/EO(COM)/(CBSE/2011/ Circular No. 55/11 2nd August, 2011

All the Heads of the CBSE affiliated schools

Subject: Change in the Question paper Design in History, Class XII effective for the Board Examination, 2012.

Dear Principal,

The following changes have been made in the design of the Question Paper in History for Class XII:

(i) Marks for each question in the tong answer section have been increased from 8 to 10 marks. The suggested word limit of answer to each long answer question has been enhanced to 500 words,, (earlier word limit 250 words)

(ii) The number of very short answer questions of 2 marks has been reduced from 5 to 3 questions.

The following is the updated weightage of marks to form of questions:

Weightage to form of questions

Form of question No. of Marks for Total marks questions each question Long answer (LA) 2 10 20 Short answer (SA) 8 5 40 Very short answers 3 2 6 Passage based questions* 3 8 24 Sill (Map work) 2 5 10 Total 18 100

Note: Each Passage based question will have 3-4 questions with marks ranging from 1 to 4.

The Sample Question Paper in History for Class XII based on the changed design has been given as annexure. This may kindly be brought to the notice of concerned teachers and students.

Yours faithfully,

Ms. Sugandh Sharma Education Officer (Commerce)

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Annexure:

Sample Question paper in History for Class XII effective for the Board Examination, 2012,

Copy with a request to respective Heads of Directorates/KVS/NVS/CTSA as

indicated below to also disseminate the information to all concerned schools under their jurisdiction:-

1. The Commissioner, Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, 18-Institutional Area, Shaheed Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi-110 016.

2. The Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, A-28, Kailash Colony, New Delhi.

3. The Director of Education, Directorate of Education, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Old Secretariat, Delhi-110 054.

4. The Director of Public Instructions (Schools), Union Territory Secretariat, Sector 9, Chandigarh-160 017.

5. The Director of Education, Govt. of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim -737 101.

6. The Director of School Education, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh, Itanagar- 791 111.

7. The Director of Education, Govt. of A&N Islands, Port Blair-744 101.

8. The Secretary, Central Tibetan School Administration, ESSESS Plaza, Community Centre, Sector 3, Rohini, Delhi-110 085.

9. AH .the Regional Officers of CBSE with the request to send this circular to all the Heads of the affiliated schools of the Board in their respective regions.

10. The Education Officers/AEOs of the Academic Branch, CBSE.

11. The Joint Secretary (IT) with the request to put this circular on the CBSE website.

12. Joint Secretary(ACAD).

13. The Library and Information Officer, CBSE

14. EO to Chairman, CBSEs

15. PA to CE, CBSE

16. PA to Secretary, CBSE

17 PAtoHOD(AIEEE)

18. PA to HOD (Edusat)

19. The PRO, CBSE

Education Officer (Commerce)

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21. History (Code No. 027) Rationale

Through a focus on a series of critical historical issues and debates (class XI) or on a range of important historical sources (class XII), the students would be introduced to a set of important historical events and processes. A discussion of these themes, it is hoped, would allow students not only to know about these events and processes, but also to discover the excitement of doing history.

Objectives

q Effort in these senior secondary classes would be to emphasize to students that history is a critical discipline, a process of enquiry, a way of knowing about the past, rather' than just a collection of facts. The syllabus would help them understand the process through which historians write history, by choosing and assembling different types of evidence, and by reading their sources critically. They will appreciate how historians follow the trails that lead to the past, and how historical knowledge develops

q The syllabus would also enable students,to relate/compare developments in different situations, analyze connection between similar processes located in different time periods, and discover the relationship between different methods of social enquiry within different social sciences.

q The syllabus in class XI is organized around some major themes in world history. The themes have been selected so as to (i) focus on some important developments in different spheres - political, social, cultural and economic, (ii) study not only the grand narratives of development - urbanization, industrialization and modernization but also to know about the processes of displacements and marginal ization. Through the study of these themes students will acquire a sense of the wider historical processes as well as an idea of the specific debates around them.

q The treatment of each theme in class XI would include (a) a road picture of the theme under discussion, (b) a more detailed Jocus on one region of study, (c) an introduction to a critical debate associated with the issue.

q In class XII the focus will shift to a detailed study of some themes in Ancient, Medieval and Modern Indian history. The object would be to study a set of these themes in some detail and depth rather than survey the entire chronological span of Indian .history. In this sense the course will built on the knowledge that the students have acquired in the earlier classes.

q Each theme in class XII will also introduce the student to one type-of source for the study of history. Through such a study students would begin to see what different types of sources can reveal and what they cannot tell. They

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would come to know how historians analyze these sources, the problems and difficulties of interpreting each type of source, 'and the way a larger picture of an event, a historical process, or a historical figure, is built by looking at different types of sources.

q Each theme for class XII will be organized around four .subheads: (a) a detailed overview of the events, issues and processes under discussion, (b) a summary of the present state of research on the theme, (c) an account of how knowledge about the theme has been acquired, (d) an excerpt from a primary source related to the theme, explaining how it has been used by historians.

q While the themes in both these classes (XI and XII) are arranged in a broad chronological sequence, there are overlaps between them. This is intended to convey a sense that chronological divides and periodization do not always operate in a neat fashion.

q In the textbooks each theme would be located in a specific time and place. But these discussions would be situated within a wider context by (a) plotting the specific event within time-lines, (b) discussing the particular event or process in.relation to developments in other places and other times.

Class XI Paper One Time: 3 hours 100 Marks

Units Periods Marks

1. Introduction to World History 8. - Section A: Early Societies 32 15

2. Introduction 6 3. From the beginning of time 14

4. Early Cities 12 Section B: Empires 40 25

5. Introduction 6

6. An empire across three continents 12

7. Central Islamic lands 12

8. Nomadic Empires 10 Section C: Changing Traditions 44 25 9. Introduction 6

10. Three orders 12

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11. Changing cultural traditions 14

12. Confrontation of cultures 12 Section D: Paths to Modernization 46 25

13. Introduction 8

14. The Industrial Revolution 12 15. Displacing indigenous People 12

16. Paths to modernization 14 Map work (units 1-16) 10 10

Class-XI: Themes in World History

1. Introduction to World History (8) SECTION A: EARLY SOCIETIES 2. Introduction (6) 3. From the Begining of Time (14)

Focus: Africa, Europe till 15000 BC (a) Views on the origin of human beings, (b) Early societies. (c) Historians' views on present-day

hunting-gathering societies.

4. Early Cities (12) Focus: Iraq, 3rd millennium BC (a) Growth of towns, (b) Nature of early

urban societies, (c) Historians' Debate on uses of writing.

SECTION B: EMPIRES 5. Introduction (6) 6. An Empire across Three Continents(12)

Focus: Roman Empire, 27 B.C to A.D 600. (a) Political evolution (b) Economic expansion (c) Religion (d) Late Antiquity. (e) Historians views on the institution of

Slavery. 7. Central Islamic Lands: (12)

Focus: 7th to 12th centuries (a) Polity (b) Economy (c) Culture, (d) Historians viewpoints on the nature

of the crusades.

Themes Periods Objectives

q Familiarize the learner with ways of reconstructing human evolution. Discuss whether the experience of present-day hunting-gathering people can be used to understand early societies.

q Familiarize the learner with the nature of early urban centres.

q Discuss whether writing is significant as a marker of civilization.

q Familiarize the learner with the history of a major world empire

q Discuss whether slavery was a significant element in the economy.

q Familiarize the learner with the rise of Islamic empires in the Afro-Asian territories and its implications for economy and society.

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8. Nomadic Empires: (10) Focus: the Mongol, 13th to 14th century (a) The nature of nomadism, (b) Formation of empires, (c) Conquests and relations with oilier

states, (d) Historians' views on nomadic societies

and state formation.

SECTION C: CHANGING TRADITIONS 9. Introduction (6) 10. Three Orders (12)

Focus: Western Europe, 13th-16th century (a) Feudal society and economy: (b) Formation of states, (c) Church and Society. (d) Historian's views on decline of

feudalism

11. Changing cultural traditions (14) Focus on Europe, 14th to 17th century'. (a) New ideas, and new trends in literature

and arts, (b) Relationship with earlier ideas (c) The contribution of West Asia. (d) Historian's view points on the validity

of the notion 'European Renaissance'.

12. Confrontation of Cultures (12) Focus on the America 15th to 18th tentury. (a) European voyages of exploration, (b) Search for gold; enslavement, raids,

extermination, (c) Indigenous people and cultures - the

Arawaks, the Aztecs, the Incas. (c) The history of displacements. (d) Historian's view points on the slave

trade,

q Understand what the crusades meant in. these regions and how they were experienced.

q Familiarize the learner with the varieties of nomadic society and their institutions.

q Discuss whether state formation is possible in nomadic societies.

q Familiarize the learner with the nature of the economy and society of this period and the changes within them.

q Show how the debate on the decline of feudalism helps in-understanding processes of transition.

q Explore the intellectual trends in the period. q Familiarize students with the paintings and

buildings of the period q Introduce the debate around the idea of

Renaissance'.

q Discuss changes in European economy that led to the voyages.

q Discuss the implications of the conquests for the indigenous people.

q Explore the debate on the nature of the slave trade and see what this debate tells us about the meaning of these "discoveries".

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SECTION D: PATHS TO MODERNIZATION 13. Introduction (8) 14. The Industrial Revolution. (12)

Focus on England, 18th and 19th century. (a) Innovations and technological

change (b) Patterns of growth, (c) Emergence of a working class. (d) Historians' viewpoints Debate, 'Was

there an Industrial Revolution?

15. Bisplacing indigenous People. (12) Focus on North America and Australia, 18th-20th century, (a) European colonists in North America

and Australia, (b) Formation of white settler societies,

(c) Displacement and repression of local people,

(d) Historians view points on the impact of European settlement on indigenous population.

16.Paths to Modernization. (14) Focus on East Asia. Late 19th and 20th century. (a) Militarization and economic growth

in Japan, (b) China and the Communist

alternative. (d) Historians' Debate on meaning of

modernization 17. Map Work on Units 1-15 (10)

q Understand the nature of growth in the period and its limits.

q Initiate students to the debate on the idea of industrial revolution

q Sensitize students to the processes of displacements that accompanied the development of America and Australia.

q Understand the implications of such processes for the displaced populations.

q Make students aware that. transformation in the modern world takes many different forms.

q Show how notions like 'modernization' need to be critically assessed.'

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DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER HISTORY CLASS XI

I. Weightage to form of question

Form of Question No. of Marks for Total Question each question marks

Long answer(LA) 2 10 20

Short Answer(SA) 8 5 40

Very Short Answer 3 1 6

Passage based questions 3 8 24

Skill (Map work) 2 5 10 Total 18 100

Note : Each Passage based question will have 3-4 questions with marks from 1 to 4

II. Weightage to content Marks

Section A : Early Societies 15 Introduction From the beginning of time Early Cities

Section B : Empires 25 Introduction An empire across three continents Central Islamic lands Nomadic empires

Section C : Changing traditions 25 Introduction Three orders Changing cultural traditions

Confrontation of Cultures

Section D : Paths to Modernization 25 Introduction The industrial Revolution Displacing indigenous People Paths to Modernization

Map work (Unit 1-16) 10

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III Weightage to Difficulty Level Essential difficulty Level Percentage

A. Easy 30%

B. Average 50%

C. Difficult 20%

IV. Division of Question Paper

The question paper will be divided into A, B, C, D and E.

q Part A will carry 3 questions of 2 marks each

q Part B will carry 8 questions of 5 marks each

q Part C will carry three source-based question. The number of questions will very from 3 to 4 . The marks will range from 1 to 4. The sources will be taken from the textbooks as directed therein.

q PartD will carry 2 question of 10 marks each

q Part E will carry 2 maps questions of 5 marks each

V. Scheme of Option

Part A will have no choice

Part B will be divided into 3 section. Section I will have 4 question out of which the student will attempt any 3. Section 2 will have 3 questions out of which the student will attempt any 2. Section 3 will have 4 questions out of which the student will attempt any 3 question.

Part C will be source - based questions. There will be six sources, two from each section followed by questions. The student will attempt one sources from each section.

Part D, the questions will be from section 2 and section 3, there will be an internal choice in each question.

In part E, there will be two map question-one for identification (no choice)and one for location and labeling (will have a choice)

VI Weightage of marks Section-wise Marks

Section A : 10 + 5 . = 15

Section B : 8 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 2 = 25

Section C : 8 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 2 = 25

Section D : 10 + 8 + 5 + 2 = 25

Map (Section A to D) = 10 Total = 100

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LIST OF MAPS

Name of Maps Page No. (Books)

1. Africa 14

2. Mesopotamia-Mountains, Steppi, Desert, Southern Irrigated Area 31

3. Europe and North Africa 9

4. Islamic Area 2

5. The Mongol Empire 06

6. The Mongol Invasion 17

7. States of Itely 53

8. Central America and the Caribbean, Islands 169

9. South America 172

10. Africa - Slave related Areas 183

11. Britain - Iron Product Areas 199

12. Britain - Cotton Textile Manufacturing Areas 201

13. The Expansion of the USA 219

14. Australia 227

15. East Asia-Japan 233

16. China-The Long March 250

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vuqHkkx ,d & izkjafHkd lekt Hkwfedk dkyØe ,d& (6 yk[k o"kZ iwoZ ls 1 bZ-iw-) fo"k; & 1 le; dh 'kq#vkr ls fo"k; & 2 ys[ku dyk vkSj 'kgjh thou

vuqHkkx nks & lkezkT; Hkwfedk dkyØe & nks (yxHkx 100 bZ-iw- ls 1300 bZloh) fo"k; & 3 rhu egk}hiksa esa iSQyk lkezkT; fo"k; & 4 bLyke dk mn; vkSj foLrkj yxHkx 570&1200 bZ fo"k; & ;k;koj lkezkT;

vuqHkkx rhu & cnyrh ijaijk,¡ Hkwfedk dkyØe rhu& (yxHkx 1300&1700) fo"k; & 6 rhu oxZ fo"k; & 7 cnyrh gqbZ lkaLdfrd ijaijk,¡ fo"k; & 8 laLdfr;ksa dk Vdjko

vuqHkkx pkj & vk/qfudhdj.k dh vksj Hkwfedk dkyØe pkj& (yxHkx 1700&2000) fo"k; & 9 vkS|ksfxd Økafr fo"k; & 10 ewy fuokfl;ksa dk foLFkkiu fo"k; & 11 vk/qfudhdj.k ds jkLrs

vuqPNsn & lEcfU/r dk;Z ekufp=k & lEcfU/r dk;Z iz'ui=k uewuk & 1& gy lfgr

2& gy lfgr

13 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&1

le; dh 'kq#vkr ls

fo'o bfrgkl ds dqN fo"k;

fo"k;& le; dh 'kq#vkr ls

Lej.kh; rF;&

1- ekuo& 56 yk[k o"kZ igys i`Foh ij iSnk gqvkA

2- thok'e& iqjkus ikS/s] tkuoj] ekuo ds mu vo'ks"kksa ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS tks iRFkj ds :i esa cnydj fdlh pV~Vku esa lek tkrs gSaA

3- iztkfr& thoksa dk ,d ,slk lewg gksrk gS ftlds uj&eknk feydj cPps iSnk dj ldrs gSaA

4- vkWu fn vksfjftu vkWiQ Lih'kht& pkYlZ MªkfoZu }kjk fyf[kr iqLrdA

5- izkbesV& Lruik;h izkf.k;ksa ds ,d vf/d cM+s lewg dk milewg gSA blesa okuj] yaxwj vkSj ekuo 'kkfey gSaA

6- vkLVªsyksfifFkdl& ;g 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn vkLVªy vFkkZr~ nf{k.kh* vkSj ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn fifFkdl vFkkZr~ okuj ls feydj cuk gSA

7- ^thul*& blds fy, fgUnh esa ^oa'k* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

8- gksfeukWbM& ;g cUnjksa ls dbZ rjg ls fHkUu gksrs gSa] budk 'kjhj cUnjksa ls cM+k gksrk gS vkSj budh iwaN ugha gksrhA

9- gkseks& ;g ySfVu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS vkneh] blesa L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA

10- viektZu& bldk vFkZ gS R;kxh gqbZ oLrqvksa dh liQkbZ djukA

14 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

11- jln[kksjh& bldk vFkZ gS ekuo }kjk cuk;h x;h oLrq,¡ tSls& vkStkj] fp=kdkfj;ka] ewfrZ;kaA

13- ekuo foKku& ;g ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftlesa ekuo laLdfr vkSj ekuo tho foKku ds dbZ igyqvksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

14- gkntk tu lewg& ;g f'kdkfj;ksa rFkk laxzkgdksa dk ,d NksVk lewg gSA

15- vksYMqobZ xkstZ& bldh [kkst 17 tqykbZ 1959 dks gqbZA ;g LFkku vÚhdk ds ratkfu;ka ns'k esa gSA

16- vkYVkehjk& ;g xqiQk&LFky Lisu esa gSA bl xqiQk dh Nr esa taxyh cSy dk jaxhu fp=k gSA

17- iqjkrRofon~& izkphu dky dh bfrgkl dh tkudkjh j[kus@izkIr djus okys bfrgkldkjA

18- vk/qfud ekuo ds mn~Hko ds nks fl¼kar&

1- {ks=kh; fujarjrk ekWMy fl¼kar& vusd {ks=kksa esa vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij ekuo dh mRifÙk gqbZA

2- izfrLFkkiu dk fl¼kar& ekuo dk mn~Hko vÚhdk esa gqvkA

19- f'kdkjh & laxzkgd lekt& f'kdkjh laxzkgd lekt&f'kdkj&laxzg.k djus ds lkFk&lkFk taxyksa esa ik;h tkus okyh NksVh&NksVh phtksa dk O;kikj djrk gSA

20- latkfr o`Ùk& blesa ledkyhu utkrh; lewgksa dk fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok muds jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] vkthfodk ds lk/uksa izkS|ksfxdh] jhfr&fjoktksa] jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa rFkk lkekftd :f<;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

21- lapkj o Hkk"kk& vkjaHk esa gksfefuM Hkk"kk esa gko&Hkko ;k gkFkksa dk fgyuk] xkus ;k xquxqukus tSlk ekSf[kd lapkj dk iz;ksx euq"; dh ok.kh dk izkjaHk cqykus dh izfØ;k ls gqvk] vkjaHk esa ekuo us cgqr èofu;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k] /hjs&/hjs ;s èofu;ka gh vkxs pydj Hkk"kk ds :i esa fodflr gks x;hA

22- vkStkjksa dk fuekZ.k& vkfn ekuo us vkStkjksa dk izFke ckj fuekZ.k djds vius laxBukRed dkS'ky rFkk Lej.k 'kfDr dk ifjp; fn;kA

15 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vuqHkkx&,d

fo"k;&1 le; dh 'kq#vkr ls

vfr y?kq iz'u (2 vad okys)

1- gksfefuM dk mn~Hko dgka vkSj dc gqvk Fkk\

2- vkfndkyhu ekuo dks fdl vk/kj ij fHkUu&fHkUu iztkfr;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A

3- gkseks dh fdruh iztkfr;ka gSa\ Li"V dhft,\ (dksbZ nks)

4- Úkal esa fLFkr ^ystjsV* xqiQk esa Hkkstu ds D;k&D;k lcwr feys gSa\ o.kZu dhft,A (dksbZ nks)

5- gkseks dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

6- f'kdkjh&laxzkgd lekt fdl izdkj viuk Hkkstu tqVkrk gS orZeku lUnHkZ dks è;ku esa j[kdj nks fcanq nhft,A

7- vkfn ekuo vius Hkkstu esa dkSu&dkSu ls [kk|&inkFkZ bLrseky djrk Fkk\ o.kZu dhft,A

8- vkfn ekuo ds jgu&lgu dh tkap bfrgkldkj dSls djrs gSa\ Li"V dhft,A

9- ,sls nks ns'kksa ds uke crkb,] tgka lcls igys iRFkj ds vkStkj cuk;s o bLrseky fd;s x,\

10- vkx dh [kkst us ekuo dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k\ rdZ nsdj Li"V dhft,A

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

11- ^^izkbesV** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ budh fdUgha ikap fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

12- gksfefuM lewg dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

13- lh/s [kM+s gksus ls vkfn ekuo dks D;k&D;k ykHk gq,\ Li"V dhft,A

14- i`Foh ij fge ;qx dc vkjaHk gqvk rFkk bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A (dksbZ ikap)

15- vkfn ekuo viuk Hkkstu fdl izdkj izkIr djrk Fkk\ o.kZu dhft,A

16- vkfn ekuo us tkuojksa dk f'kdkj djus ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls rjhds viuk;s\ o.kZu dhft,A

17- vkfn ekuo ds thou esa Hkk"kk dk fodkl fdl izdkj gqvk Øec¼ rjhds ls Li"V dhft,A

16 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

nh?kZ iz'u (10 vad okys)

18- vkfn ekuo fdu&fdu rjhdksa }kjk viuk Hkkstu izkIr djrk Fkk vkSj Hkkstu esa dkSu&dkSu ls [kk| inkFkZ bLrseky djrk Fkk\ foLrkj ls le>kb,A

19- 13 gtkj o"kZ igys fge ;qx dk vUr gksus ij [ksrh rFkk i'kqikyu esa fdl izdkj fodkl gqvk\ foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A

visf{kr mÙkj@ladsr ,oa ewy fcUnq

vfr y?kq iz'uksÙkj (2 vad okys)

1- q gksfefuM dk tUe vÚhdk esa gqvk

q gksfefuM dk tUe 56 yk[k o"kZ igys gqvk FkkA

2- q [kksiM+h dk vkdkj vyx gSA

q tcM+s o nkar Hkh vyx gSaA

3- q gkseks gSfcfyl& vkStkj cukus okys gkseks ,jsDVl& lh/s [kM+s gksdj iSjksa ds cy pyus okysA

q gkseks lSfi;al& fpUru'khy ekuoA

4- q bl xqiQk esa nks pwYgksa ds lk{; feys gSaA

q bl xqiQk esa [kk| Ïksr iQyks] ouLifr;ksa] chtksa dk"BiQyksa] if{k;ksa ds vaMs vkSj ehBs ty dh eNfy;ksa ds lk{; feys gSaA

q blds ikl ,d iwjk LFky nf{k.kh Úkal ds leqæ rV ij fLFkr Vsjk vekVk* esa ?kkl&iwQl vkSj ydM+h dh Nr okyh dPph >ksiM+h feyh gSA

5- q gkseks ^'kCn* dk vFkZ vkneh gSA

q blesa L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa gh ekus tkrs gSaA

6- q vkt Hkh vf/drj fL=k;ka gh [kkus&ihus dh lkexzh tqVkus dk dke djrh gSaA

q ysfdu ,sls Hkh dbZ lekt gSa tgka L=kh&iq#"k nksuks gh f'kdkj&laxg.k rFkk vkStkj cukus dk dke djrs gSaA

q ,sls lektksa esa fL=k;ka Hkh Hkkstu tqVkus esa viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksx nsrh gSA

q vkt ds f'kdkjh laxzkgd lektksa esa L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa gh ,d leku dke djrs gSaA

17 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

7- q isM+&ikS/ksa ls feyus okys [kk|&inkFkZ tSls cht] xqByh] csj] iQy ,oa danewy vkfnA

q tkuojksa dk eakl&Lo;a f'kdj djds ;k ejs gq, tkuoj vkfnA

q pwgs] NNwanj] if{k;ksa vkSj muds vaMs] ljhliksa ;gka rd fd dhM+s&edksM+s vkfnA

q eNyhA

8- q muds }kjk fufeZr f'kYidfr;ksa ds iSQyko dh tkap djukA

q dsU;k esa fdyksacs vkSj vksykstsZlkbyh ds [kuu LFkkuksa ij gtkjksa dh la[;k esa 'kyd&midj.k vkSj gLrdqBkj feys gSaA tks 7 yk[k ls 5 yk[k lky iqjkus gSa

q bfFk;ksfi;kA

q dsU;kA

10- q Hkkstu Hkwu dj [kkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA

q [krjukd tkuojksa dks Hkxkus yxkA

q xqiQkvksa esas jks'kuh gksus yxhA

y?kq iz'uksÙkj (5 vad okys)

11- q Lruik;h@Lru/kjh izkf.k;ksa ds ,d cgqr cM+s lewg dk milewg gSA

q izkbesV mi lewg esa okuj] yaxwj vkSj ekuo 'kkfey gSaA

q buds 'kjhj ij cky gksrs gSaA

q ekrkvksa dk xHkZdky yEck gksrk gSA

q ekrkvksa esa cPps dks nw/ fiykus ds fy, xzafFk;ka gksrh gSaA

12- q efLr"d dk vkdkj cM+k gksrk gSA

q iSjksa ds cy lh/s [kM+s gksus dh {kerkA

q nks iSjksa ds cy pyukA

q gkFk ls vkStkj cukukA

q gkFkksa dk bLrseky vU; dk;ks± esa djukA

13- q lh/s [kM+s gksus ls nks gkFk Lora=k gks x;sA

q nwj rd ns[kus dh {kerk c<+ x;hA

18 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

q gkFkksa dk bLrseky vU; dk;ks± esa gksus yxkA

q nks iSjksa ds cy [kM+s gksdj pyus yxsA

q nks iSjksa ds cy pyus ls 'kkjhfjd ÅtkZ dh [kir Hkh de gks x;hA

14- q i`Foh ij fge ;qx 25 yk[k o"kZ igys vkjaHk gqvkA

q i`Foh ciQZ ls <d x;hA

q tyok;q o ouLifr esa ifjorZuA

q rkieku o o"kkZ esa dehA

q taxy de gks x;s] ?kkl ds {ks=kiQy c<+ x;sA

q vkLVªsyksfifFkdl iztkfr /hjs&/hjs yqIr gks x;hA

15- q laxzg.k & Hkkstu ,df=kr djukA

q f'kdkj & i'kqvksa dk f'kdj djukA

q viektZu & ejs gq, tkuojksa ls ekal [kqjpukA

q eNyh idM+uk & lkxj ls eNyh idM+ukA

q jln[kksjh & Hkkstu dh ryk'k esa ?kweukA

16- q Hkkys vkSj rhj dekuksa dk fodklA

q ekal ls gM~Mh fudky dj [kkukA

q ekal dks lq[kkdj lqjf{kr j[kukA

q lewjnkj tkuojksa dk f'kdkj djuk vkSj mudh jks;sankj [kky dk diM+s dh rjg iz;ksx djukA

q lqjf{kr j[ks Hkkstu dks ckn esa [kkukA

q L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa gh Hkkstu izkIr djus ds fy, vkStkj cukrsA

17- q vkjaHk esa gko&Hkko ;k gkFkksa dk pyukA

q xkus ;k xquxqukus tSlh ekSf[kd lapkj O;oLFkkA

q cqykus dh izfØ;k ls euq"; dh ok.kh dk vkjaHkA

q èofu;ksa dk iz;ksx vkjaHkA

q èofu;ksa dk Hkk"kk ds :i esa fodklA

19 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

nh?kZ iz'uksÙkj (10 vad okys)

18- q laxzg.k] f'kdkj] viektZu rFkk eNyh idM+ukA

q isM+&ikS/ksa ls feyus okys [kk|&inkFkks± dks bdV~bk djukA

q tys gq, ikS/kksa ls izkIr ikS/ksa ds vo'ks"kA

q viektZu ;k jln[kksjhA

q iwoZ gksfefuMksa }kjk NksVs Lruik;h tkuojksa dk Hk{k.kA

q ;kstukc¼ rjhds ls Lruik;h tkuojksa dk f'kdkjA

q eNyh idM+ukA

q dqN LFkyksa dks lksp&le>dj f'kdkj ds fy, pquukA

q LFkku cnyus okys tkuojksa dk cM+s iSekus ij f'kdkjA

q tkuojksa dh vkoktkgh rFkk cM+h la[;k esa ekjus ds rjhdsA

19- q vafre fge ;qx ds var ds ckn vis{kkdr vf/d xeZ rFkk ue ekSle dk izkjaHk gksukA

q taxyh tkS vkSj xsgw¡ ds fy, vuqdwy gkykrA

q [kqys taxyksa rFkk ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dk foLrkjA

q taxyh ?kkl vkSj tkuojksa ds bykdksa esa tu&leqnk;A

q tyok;q ifjorZu rFkk tula[;k dk nckoA

q [ksrh rFkk i'kqpkj.k dh 'kq#vkrA

q [ksrh ds izkjaHk ls ,d LFkku ij vf/d le; ds fy, #dukA

q LFkk;h rkSj ij ?kjksa dk fuekZ.kA

q feV~Vh ds crZuksa dks cukukA

q u, fdLe ds vkStkjksa dk iz;ksxA

20 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&2

ys[ku dyk vkSj 'kgjh thou


Lej.kh; rF;&

1- eslksiksVkfe;k& nt+yk vkSj i+Qjkr ufn;ksa ds chp fLFkr ;g izns'k vktdy bjkd x.kjkT; dk fgLlk gSA

2- 'kgjh thou dh 'kq#vkr blh lH;rk esa gksrh gSA

3- Hkk"kk& bl lH;rk esa lcls igys ^lqesjh* Hkk"kk] mlds blds ckn ^vDdnh* Hkk"kk vkSj ckn esa ^vjkekbd* iQyrh&iwQyrh jghA

4- eslksiksVkfe;k ds ,sfrgkfld Ïksr& bekjrsa] ewfrZ;ka] dczsa] vkHkw"k.k] vkStkj] eqæk,a] feV~Vh dh ifV~Vdk vkSj fyf[kr nLrkost gSaA

5- bl lH;rk esa uxj dk fuekZ.k 3]000 bZ-iw- esa vkjEHk gks x;k FkkA

6- D;wuhiQkeZ (dhykdkj) fyfi& bl lH;rk esa ys[ku iz.kkyh esa bLrseky gksus okyh fyfiA

7- ;g lH;rk viuh laiUurk] 'kgjh thou] fo'kky ,oa le¼ lkfgR;] xf.kr rFkk [kxksy fo|k ds fy, izfl¼ gSA

8- ,dy ifjokj& bl ifjokj esa ifr&iRuh vkSj muds cPps 'kkfey gksrs FksA

9- bl lH;rk esa ^mj* o ^ekjh* izfl¼ uxj FksA

10- bl lH;rk ds yksx efUnjksa esa nsoh] nsorkvksa dh iwtk esa vUu] ngh vkSj eNyh dk iz;ksx djrs FksA

11- bl lH;rk esa ^Je&foHkktu* 'kgjh thou dh fo'ks"krk FkhA

12- bl lH;rk esa ydM+h] rkack] pkanh] lksuk] lhih vkSj iRFkj vkfn lkeku rqdhZ o bZjku ls vk;kr djrs FksA

21 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

13- dkuwuh nLrkost& lcls igys blh lH;rk esa fodkl fd;k x;kA

14- bl lH;rk ds yksx xq.kk] Hkkx] oxZewy] pØof¼ C;kt vkfn ls ifjfpr FksA

15- eslksiksVkfe;k lH;rk esa ys[ku dyk dk fodkl gksus ls ys[kk&tks[kk j[kuk vkjEHk gks x;k FkkA

16- bl lH;rk esa ,d o"kZ esa 12 eghus] ,d fnu esa 24 ?kaVs] ,d ?kaVs esa 60 feuV vkfn dk fodkl gks x;k FkkA

17- LVsy& iRFkj ds ,sls f'kykiV~V gksrs gSa ftu ij vfHkys[k mRdh.kZ fd;s tkrs gSaA

18- lu~ 1850 esa dhykdkj fyfi ds v{kjksa dks igpku dj i<+k x;kA

19- bl lH;rk esa ikfjokfjd dkuwu Hkh fufeZr FksA

20- lk{kjrk& bl lH;rk esa cgqr gh de yksx i<+s&fy[ks FksA

21- ^mj* uxj dh xfy;ka ladjh rFkk Vs<+h&es<+h FkhaA

22- ekjh uxj cgqr lEiUu rFkk [kq'kgky FkkA

23- èofu;ksa ds mPpkj.k ls gh Hkk"kk dk fodkl gqvkA

24- lw;Z o pUæ xzg.k dk fglkc j[kk tkrk FkkA

22 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vuqHkkx&,d

fo"k;&2 ys[ku dyk vkSj 'kgjh thou


1- Je&foHkktu 'kgjh thou dh fo'ks"krk gSA nks fcanq nhft,A

2- eslksiksVkfe;k esa lkeku ds vk;kr&fu;kZr fdl izdkj gksrk Fkk\

3- eslksiksVkfe;k esa Hkk"kk ds bLrseky dk o.kZu dhft,A

4- eqf[k;k vius vkl&ikl yksxksa dks D;ksa clkrk Fkk\ rdZ nhft,A

5- ekslksiksVkfe;k esa cgqr de yksx i<+&fy[k ikrs Fks\ rdZ nsdj Li"V dhft,A

6- ekjh uxj ds jktegy dh fdUgha nks fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

7- eslksiksVkfe;k 'kCn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A


8- eslksiksVkfe;k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A

9- eslksiksVkfe;k dh df"k&O;oLFkk dk o.kZu dhft,A

10- eslksiksVkfe;k esa 'kgjhdj.k dk D;k egRo Fkk\ foospuk dhft,A

11- eslksiksVkfe;k esa ifjogu&O;oLFkk dSlh Fkh\

12- ys[ku dyk ds Øec¼ fodkl dk o.kZu dhft,A

13- nf{k.kh eslksiksVkfe;k ds bykds esa xzkeh.k yksxksa ds eè; >xM+s D;ksa gksrs FksA Li"V dhft,A

14- eslksiksVkfe;k esa ifjokj o 'kkgh ds fy, dSlk dkuwu Fkk\ Li"V dhft,A

15- ^mj* 'kgj dh uxj&;kstuk dk o.kZu dhft,A

16- eslksiksVkfe;k ds ^ekjh* uxj ds i'kqpkjdksa rFkk fdlkuksa dk o.kZu dhft, rFkk ;g Hkh rdZ nhft, fd bu nksuksa ds chp >xM+s D;ksa gksrs Fks\

17- ekjh uxj ,d izfl¼ O;kikfjd uxj Fkk rdZ nsdj Li"V dhft,A

18- eslksiksVkfe;k lH;rk esa ys[ku dyk dh D;k nsu gS\ Li"V dhft,A

23 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


19- eslksiksVkfe;k dh izeq[k miyfC/;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

20- ^mj* uxj dh uxj&;kstu dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A



1- q uxj ds lc yksx ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gSaA

q ,d iRFkj dh eqnzk rjk'kus okys dks dkals ds vkStkjksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS D;ksafd mldh fo'ks"krk rks iRFkj mdsjus (uDdk'kh) rd gh lhfer gSA

q dkals ds vkStkj cukus okys dks Hkh rkack] jkaxk (fVu) vkSj lkFk gh ydM+h ds dks;ys dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

2- q eslksiksVkfe;k esa [kfut&lalk/uksa dk vHkko Fkk] blfy, os ydM+h] rkack] jkaxk] pkanh] lksuk] lhih vkSj vU; dherh iRFkjksa dk rqdhZ o bZjku ls vk;kr djrs FksA

q os viuk diM+k] df"k&mRikn dkiQh ek=kk esa fu;kZr djrs FksA

3- q Hkk"kk dk bLrseky fglkc&fdrkc j[kus esaA

q 'kCndks'k cukus esaA

q Hkwfe gLrkarj.k dks dkuwuh ekU;rk iznku djus ds fy,A

q dkuwuksa esa ifjorZu djus ds fy,A

q jktkvksa ds dk;ks± dk o.kZu djus rFkk vkns'k tkjh djus esaA

4- q vko';drk iM+us ij lsuk rS;kj feysA

q vkl&ikl clus ls vius vkidks lqjf{kr eglwl dj ldsaA

5- q eslksiksVkfe;k ds cgqr de yksx i<+&fy[k ldrs FksA

q izrhdksa ;k fpUgksa dh la[;k lSdM+ksa esa Fkh rFkk os vf/d isphnk Hkh FksA

6- q ekjh uxj dk fo'kky jktegy ogka ds 'kkgh ifjokj dk fuokl&LFkku FkkA

q ;g jktegy iz'kklu rFkk dherh /krqvksa ds fuekZ.k dk eq[; dsUnz FkkA

q jktk ds Hkkstu dh est ij gj jkst Hkkjh ek=kk esa [kk| inkFkZ& vkVk] jksVh] ekal] eNyh] iQy] efnjk o ch;j vkfn j[ks tkrs FksA

q bl fo'kky egy esa 260 d{k FksA

24 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

7- q eslksiksVkfe;k uke ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds nks 'kCnksa eslksl* vFkkZr~ eè;* vkSj iksVSeksl* vFkkZr ^unh* ls feydj cuk gSA

q blfy, eslksiksVkfe;k 'kCn ntyk o iQjkr ufn;ksa ds chp dh mitkÅ /jrh dks ekuk tkrk gSA

q ;g ,sfrgkfld Hkwfe vktdy bjkd x.kjkT; dk fgLlk gSA


8- q bjkd HkkSxksfyd fofo/rk dk ns'k gSA

q blds iwoksZÙkj Hkkx esa gjs&Hkjs eSnku gSa ftuesa Nk;knkj isM+ o ioZr J`a[kyk,a gSaA

q ;gka i;kZIr o"kkZ gksus ls vPNh iQly gks tkrh gSA

q HksM+&cdfj;ka ;gka mxus okyh NksVh&NksVh >kfM+;ksa vkSj ?kkl ls viuk isV Hkj ysrh gSaA

q iwoZ esa ntyk dh lgk;d ufn;ka bZjku ds igkM+h izn'kksa esa tkus ds fy, ifjogu dk vPNk lk/u gSaA

q ntyk o iQjkr ufn;ksa us bl eSnku dks lqUnj] je.kh;] gjk&Hkjk rFkk mitkÅ cuk;k gSA

9- q ;gka 7]000 ls 6]000 bZ-iw- ds chp [ksrh vkjaHk gks x;h FkhA

q ;gka dh eq[; iQlysa xsgwa] tkS] eVj] elwj gSaA xfeZ;ksa esa [ktwj ds isM+ vR;f/d iQy nsrs FksA

q ledkyhu lH;rkvksa esa lcls vPNh [ksrh ;gha ij gksrh FkhA

q ÅapkbZ okys bykdksa esa] Hkkjh ek=kk esa ekal] nw/] mQu vkfn oLrq,¡ fey tkrh gSaA

q LVsih&?kkl ds eSnkuksa esa i'kqikyu Hkh vkthfodk dk vPNk lk/u gSA

q ntyk o iQjkr dbZ /kjkvksa esa caVdj ugjksa ds :i esa [ksrksa dh flapkbZ djrh gSA

q vPNh [ksrh gh 'kgjh thou dk vk/kj gSA

10- q [kk| mRiknu ds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ka fodflr gksus yxrh gSa

q tula[;k dk ?kuRo c<+us ls dLcs clus yxrs gSaA

q /hjs&/hjs dkjksckj c<+us ls O;kikj ds dsUnz cu tkrs gSaA

q 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dks viuk fglkc&fdrkc fyf[kr :i esa j[kuk gksrk gSA

q Je&foHkktu dk Hkh 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

q dq'ky ifjogu O;oLFkk dk Hkh bl lH;rk esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

25 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

11- q Hkkjokgh i'kqvksa dh ihB ij j[kdj lkeku igqapkukA

q cSyxkfM+;ksa esa j[kdj lkeku igqapkukA

q i'kqvksa ds fy, pkjs dh O;oLFkk djuh gksrh FkhA

q tyekxZ lLrk iM+rk FkkA

q lkeku ls ynh uko gok ds osx ls pyrh FkhA

q iQjkr unh O;kikj ds fy, ^fo'o&ekxZ* ds :i esa egRoiw.kZ FkhA

12- q eslksiksVkfe;k ds yksx feV~Vh dh ifV~Vdkvksa ij fy[kk djrs FksA

q fpduh feV~Vh dk vkdkj nsdj lq[kk;k tkrk FkkA

q fy[kus okyh lrg fpduh cuk;h tkrh FkhA

q ljdaMs dh rhyh dh uksd ls iV~Vh ij fy[kk tkrk FkkA

q iV~Vh /wi esa lw[kdj iDdh gks tkrh FkhA

q ;gka ij [kqnkbZ ls lSdM+ksa ifV~Vdk,a feyh gSaA

13- q xzkeh.kksa esa ikuh o tehu ds fy, >xM+s ckj&ckj gksrs FksA

q ufn;ksa ds jkLrk cnyus ls yksx iqu% LFkkfir gksrs jgrs FksA

q unh dh ty /kjkvksa ds mQij jgus okys yksx lkjk ikuh vius [ksrksa esa bLrseky dj ysrs FksA

q dHkh&dHkh unh esa xkn teus ls unh dk cgko #d tkrk FkkA

q blfy, uhps okys yksxksa dks ikuh ugha feyrk Fkk vkSj muds [ksr lw[ks jg tkrs FksA

14- q lekt esa ,dy ifjokj gh vkn'kZ ekuk tkrk FkkA

q firk ifjokj dk eqf[k;k gksrk FkkA

q 'kknh dh 'kq#vkr esa o/w ds ekrk&firk viuh lgefr nsrs FksA

q fookg dh jLe iwjh gksus ij nksuksa i{k migkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs FksA

q ,d lkFk cSBdj Hkkstu djrs FksA

q efUnj esa iwtk djus ds ckn] lkl uoo/w dks ysus vkrh FkhA

q 'kknh ds ckn iq=k ekrk&firk ds ikl gh jgrk FkkA

q firk dk ?kj] i'kq /u] [ksr vkfn mlds iq=kksa dks gh feyrk FkkA

26 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

15- q ^mj* uxj esa xfy;ka ladjh] Vs<+h&es<+h FkhA

q vukt ds cksjs] b±/u ds xV~Bs x/s ij ykn dj ?kj ij yk, tkrs FksA

q xfy;ka cgqr ?kqekonkj o iryh FkhaA

q ty fudklh ds fy, ukfy;k¡] lM+dksa ds fdukjs u gksdj ?kjksa ds Hkhrj ik;h x;h gSaA

q yksx o"kkZ ds ty ds fy, ?kj esa gkSt cukrs Fks ftlls ckgj xyh esa dhpM+ u gks tk;A

16- q ekjh uxj esa fdlku rFkk i'kqpkjd nksuksa gh jgrs FksA

q i'kqpkjdksa dks tc vukt] /krq ds vkStkjksa vkfn dh vko';drk gksrh Fkh rc os vius i'kqvksa rFkk muds iuhj] peM+k] o ekal vkfn ds cnys ;s phtsa izkIr djrs FksA

q xkscj dh [kkn Hkh fdlkuksa ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh FkhA

q xM+fj;s dbZ ckj viuh HksM+&cdfj;ksa dks ikuh fiykus ds fy, cks, gq, [ksrksa ls xqtj dj tkrs FksA

q xM+fj;s ([kkukcnks'k) dbZ ckj fdlkuksa dh cLrh ij geyk cksy nsrs FksA

q fdlku Hkh dbZ ckj unh&ugj rd tkus ls xM+fj;ksa dks jksd nsrs FksA

q blfy, nksuksa ds chp >xM+s gksrs jgrs FksA

17- q ekjh uxj ,d egRoiw.kZ O;kikfjd LFky ij fLFkr FkkA ;gka ls ydM+h] rkack] jkaxk] rsy] efnjk vkfn eky iQjkr unh ls rqdhZ] lhfj;k] yscuku vkfn ds lkFk O;kikj gksrk FkkA

q nf{k.kh uxjksa dks tkus okys iksr tks iRFkj] pDdh] ydM+h] 'kjkc o rsy ds ihiksa ls yns gksrs Fks ekjh esa #drs FksA

q yns eky ij 10» dj olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA

q ;g uxj mu fnuksa rkacs o fVu ds O;kikj ds fy, izfl¼ FkkA

q dkalk vkStkj cukus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

q ekjh uxj O;kikj ds fy, lEiUu o le¼ uxj FkkA

18- q dqN fdLls dgkfu;ksa dks rks ekSf[kd :i ls ;kn j[krs gSaA

q ijUrq foKku] xf.kr dks thfor j[kus ds fy, nLrkostksa] fdrkcksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

q dkyx.kuk dk ys[kk&tks[kk Hkh fyf[kr :i esa feyk gSA

q lw;Z] pUæ xzg.k dk fglkc j[kk tkrk FkkA

27 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

q fo|kFkhZx.k iqjkuh ifV~Vdkvksa dks i<+rs FksA

q dqN Nk=kksa dks bruk lEiUu cuk;k tkrk Fkk fd ckSf¼d miyfC/;ksa dks laokj dj vxyh ih<+h dks iznku djsaA

q ;g lc ys[ku dyk dh gh nsu gS ftlls ge eslksiksVkfe;k dh miyfC/;ka tku ik;s gSaA


19- q ys[ku dyk lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ nsuA

q xf.kr dh x.kukvksa dk fodklA

q fo|ky; tSlh laLFkk,¡A

q eslksiksVkfe;k ds 'kgjh yksxksa dk vk/qfud rkSj&rjhdksa ls ifjfpr gksukA

q 'kgjh thou rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkkA

q fookg] mÙkjkf/dkj ds ekeyksa esa dkuwuh nLrkostksa dk gksukA

q eksgj % ,d 'kgjh f'kYi&dfrA

q 5000 bZ-iw- cfLr;ksa dk fodklA

q ys[ku&iz.kkyhA

q 'kgjhdj.k dk egRo

20- q mj uxj dh lcls igys [kqnkbZA

q iryh o ?kqekonkj xfy;k¡A

q uxj&fu;kstu dh i¼fr dk vHkkoA

q ty&fudklh dh O;oLFkk u gksukA

q ?kjksa ds ckjs esa va/fo'oklksa dk izpyuA

q dejksa esa f[kM+fd;ksa dk vHkkoA

q 'kdqu&vi'kdqu laca/h ckrsaA

q uxjokfl;ksa ds fy, dfczLrkuA

q vk¡xu esa gkSt+ksa dk gksukA

q lkeku dk ykuk ys tkukA

28 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&3

rhu egk}hiksa esa iSQyk gqvk lkezkT;

fo'o bfrgkl ds dqN fo"k; Lej.kh; rF;&

1- bZLoh lu~ ds izkjaHk ls lkroha 'krkCnh ds iwokZ/Z rd nks egku lkezkT;ksa& jkse vkSj bZjku us vf/dka'k ;wjksi] if'peh ,f'k;k vkSj mÙkjh vizQhdk dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk vkil esa ckaV j[kk FkkA

2- jkse ds bfrgkl dks tkuus ds fy, gekjs ikl fuEufyf[kr Ïksr gSa%

(1) ikB~; lkexzh (2) izys[k (3) HkkSfrd vo'ks"k

3- jkse lkezkT; dh mÙkjh lhek jkbu vkSj MSU;wc ufn;k¡ fu/kZfjr djrh Fkha] nf{k.kh lhek lgkjk jsfxLrku ls curh FkhA ;wjksi vkSj vÚhdk ds egk}hiksa ds chp Hkweè; lkxj Fkk tks if'pe esa Lisu vkSj iwoZ esa lhfj;k rd iSQyk FkkA

4- jkse lkezkT; esa x.kra=k 'kklu O;oLFkk 509 bZ-iw- ls 27 bZ-iw- rd pyhA 27 bZ-iw- esa vkWxLV~l x.kra=k dk r[rk iyVdj lezkV cu x;kA vkWxLV~l ds jkT; dks fizaflisV dgk tkrk FkkA f[kykM+h Fks% lezkV] vfHktkr oxZ vkSj lsukA

6- jkse dh lsuk O;olkf;d lsuk Fkh ftlesa lSfudksa dks osru fn;k tkrk FkkA jkse dh fo'kky lsuk esa 6]00]000 lSfud FksA izR;sd lSfud dks 25 o"kZ rd lsuk esa lsok djuh iM+rh FkhA

7- izFke vkSj f}rh; 'krkfCn;k¡ 'kkafr] lef¼ vkSj vkfFkZd foLrkj dk dky FkhaA ijUrq rhljh 'krkCnh esa ruko mHkjk tc bZjku ds llkuh oa'k ds ckj&ckj vkØe.k gq,A blh chp teZu ewy dh tutkfr;ksa (izsaQd] ,yeUukbZ vkSj xksFk) us jkseu lkezkT; ds fofHkUu izns'kksa ij dCtk dj fy;k ftlls lkezkT; esa vfLFkjrk vkbZ vkSj 47 o"kks± esa 25 lezkV flagkluk:<+ gq,A bls rhljh 'krkCnh dk ladV dgk tkrk gSA

29 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

8- jkseu lekt esa ,dy ifjokj dk pyu FkkA efgykvksa dk fLFkfr vPNh Fkh vkSj mUgsa laifÙk esa LokfeRo o lapkyu esa dkuwuh vf/dkjh izkIr FkkA

9- jkse esa dke pykmQ lk{kjrk O;kid :i ls fo|eku FkhA

10- lkezkT; esa lkaLdfrd fofo/rk ikbZ tkrh Fkh% vusd nsoh&nsork] vusd Hkk"kk,¡] os'kHkw"kk dh fofo/ 'kSfy;k¡ vkSj rjg rjg ds HkkstuA

11- jkse dk vkfFkZd vk/kjHkwr <kapk dkiQh etcwr FkkA ;gka cUnjxkgksa] [kkusa&[knkusa] b±V HkV~Vs] tSrwu ds rsy dh iSQDVfj;k¡ cgqrk;r esa FkhaA xsgw¡] vaxwjh 'kjkc vkSj tSrwu ds rsy dk O;kikj O;kid :i ls gksrk FkkA

12- rjy inkFkks± dh <qykbZ ftu dUVsujksa esa dh tkrh Fkh mUgsa ,EiQksjk dgk tkrk FkkA Lisu esa mRikfnr tSrwu dk rsy ^Mªsly&20* uked dUVsujksa esa ys tk;k tkrk FkkA

13- jkse esa nklrk dh tM+s etcwr FkhaA bVyh esa 75 yk[k dh vkcknh esa ls 30 yk[k nkl FksA nklksa dks iwath fuos'k ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk Fkk] muds lkFk Øwjrkiw.kZ O;ogkj fd;k tkrk FkkA

14- izkjafHkd lezkT; esa fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ka ikbZ tkrh Fkha% lSusVj] v'okjksgh] vfHktkr oxZ] iwQgM+ fuEurj oxZ] vkSj nklA

ijorhZdky esa& vfHktkr oxZ] eè;e oxZ vkSj fuEurj oxZA

15- jkseoklh cgqnsooknh FksA yksx twfiVj] twuksa] feuokZ rFkk ekWlZ tSls nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk djrs FksA ;gwnh /eZ jkse lkezkT; dk ,d vU; cM+k /eZ FkkA lu~ 312 esa lezkV dkWULVWuVkbu us bZlkbZ /eZ dks jkt/eZ cukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA

16- lkezkT; ds if'peh Hkkx esa mÙkj ls vkus okys lewgksa&xksFk] oSaMy rFkk yksEckMZ vkfn us cM+s izkarksa ij dCtk djds jkseksÙkj jkT; LFkkfir dj fy,A lkroha 'krkCnh ds izkjafHkd n'kdksa rd vkrs vkrs jkse vkSj bZjku ds chp yM+kbZ fNM+ xbZA

17- iSxEcj eqgEen dh eR;q ds 10 lky ckn iwohZ jkseu vkSj llkuh jkT;ksa ds cM+s&cM+s Hkkx 'kks"k.k ;q¼ ds ckn vjcksa ds dCts esa vk x, vkSj bLyke dk foLrkj gqvk& ;g izkphu fo'o bfrgkl dh lcls cM+h jktuhfrd Økafr FkhA

30 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&3 rhu egk}hiksa esa iSQyk gqvk lkezkT;


1- jkse lkezkT; ds bfrgkl ds Ïksrksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

2- jkse ds lezkV vkWxLV~l dks izeq[k ukxfjd D;ksa ekuk tkrk Fkk\ nks fcUnqvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

3- mu nks Hkk"kkvksa dk uke fyf[k, ftudk iz;ksx jkse lkezkT; ds iz'kklu ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA

4- jkse lkezkt; ds lanHkZ esa ^fizaflisV* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ la{ksi esa mÙkj nhft,A

5- jkseu lkezkT; ds jktuhfrd bfrgkl esa rhu izeq[k f[kykM+h dkSu Fks\

6- jkse lkezkT; dh lsuk dh fdUgha nks fof'k"Vrkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

7- jkseu lkezkT; esa lk{kjrk dh fLFkfr dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

8- lezkV dkaLVSuVkbu dks lksus ds flDds tkjh djus iM+sA D;ksa\ dkj.k fyf[k,A u, flDdksa dks D;k uke fn;k x;k\


9- ^rhljh 'krkCnh esa jkse lkezkT; dks cgqr vf/d ruko dk lkeuk djuk iM+k* mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A

10- ^^jkse esa flagklu ikfjokfjd oa'kØe ij vk/kfjr FkkA** mnkgj.k lfgr foospuk dhft,A

11- ^jkse lkezkT; lkaLdfrd fofHkUurk dk vuqie feJ.k FkkA* bl dFku dh foospuk dhft,A

12- Hkweè; lkxj rFkk fudVorhZ iwoZ esa nklrk :ih laLFkk dh xgjh tM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

13- jkse lkezkT; ds iru ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ laf{kIr fooj.k nhft,A


14- jkseu lkezkT; dh lkekftd Jsf.k;ksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

15- jkseu lekt vkSj jkse dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks vk/qfud n'kkZus okys vfHky{k.k dkSu ls Fks\ O;k[;k dhft,A

31 bfrgkl d{kk&XI



1- q ikB~; lkexzhA

q izys[k vFkok nLrkostA

q HkkSfrd vo'ks"kA

2- q ;g n'kkZus ds fy, fd og fujadq'k 'kkld ugha gSA

q lSuV dks lEeku iznku djus ds fy,A

3- q (1) ySfVu (2) ;wukuh

4- og jkT; tks vkWxLV~l us 27 bZ-iw- LFkkfir fd;k FkkA

5- q (1) lezkV (2) vfHktkr oxZ (lSfuV) (3) lsukA

6- q jkse dh lsuk O;olkf;d Fkh ftlesa izR;sd lSfud dks osru fn;k tkrk FkkA

q izR;sd lSfud dks de ls de 25 o"kZ rd lsok djuh iM+rh FkhA

7- q dke pykmQ lk{kjrk O;kid rkSj ij fo|ekuA

q iksEiksbZ esa xfy;ksa dh nhokjksa ij vafdr foKkiuA

q feÏ esa lSdM+ksa iSikbjl izkIr gq, gSa ftu ij lafonk&i=k fy[ks gSaA

8- q Lisu dh [kkuksa esa pkanh lekIr gksus ds dkj.k lezkV dks lksus ds flDds tkjh djus iM+sA

q bu flDdksa dks lksfyMl dgk x;kA


9- q 225 bZ- esa llkuh oa'k ds 'kkiqj izFke esa 60]000 jkseu lsuk dk liQk;k dj fn;kA

q jkse dh iwohZ jkt/kuh ,saVhvksd ij vf/dkjh teZu ewy dh dbZ tutkfr;ksa us MSU;wc unh dh lhekvksa ij vkØe.kA

q fons'kh ccZjksa ds yxkrkj vkØe.kA

q 47 o"kks± esa 25 lezkV LkÙkklhu gq,A

32 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

10- q firk dk jkT; iq=k dks feyrk Fkk pkgs iq=k uSlfxZd gks ;k nÙkdA

q lsuk Hkh bl fl¼kUr dks ekurh FkhA

q vkWxLV~l twfy;l lhtj dk xksn fy;k iq=k FkkA

q fVcsfj;l Hkh vkxLV~l dk viuk iq=k ugha FkkA

q lÙkk dk lgt ifjorZu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vkWxLV~l us fVcsfj;l dks xksn fy;k FkkA

11- q /kfeZd laiznk;ksa rFkk LFkkuh; nsoh&nsorkvksa esa Hkjiwj fofo/rkA

q cksypky dh vusd Hkk"kk,¡A

q os'kHkw"kk dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;k¡A

q rjg rjg ds HkkstuA

q lkekftd laxBuksa ds fHkUu&fHkUu :iA

q cfLr;ksa ds vusd :iA

12- q jkse lkezkT; esa nklrk dh tM+sa xgjh FkhaA bZlkbZ /eZ ds jkT; /eZ cuus ds i'pkr~ Hkh xqykeh dh izFkk dks dksbZ xaHkhj pqukSrh ughaA

q ysfdu bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha fd vf/dka'k Je nklksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA

q bVyh esa 75 yk[k dh tula[;k esa 30 yk[k nklA

q nklksa dks iwath fuos'k ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA

q vkfFkZd vk/kj dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, df"k dk;ks± esa nklksa dk bLrseky u djus dh lykg nh xbZ FkhA

13- q jkse lkezkT; ds iru dh izfØ;k esa ckgjh vkØe.kksa dk ;ksxnku jgkA

q mÙkj esa teZu ewy ds lewgksa }kjk vkØe.kA

q lHkh cM+s izkarksa ij vf/dkj vkSj vius jkT; LFkkfir&Lisu esa foflxksFk] xkWy esa izsaQd rFkk bVyh esa yksEckMks± dk jkT;A

q bZjku ds llkuh oa'k ds 'kkldksa }kjk iwohZ izkarksa ij vkØe.kA

q Hkh"k.k ;q¼ ds i'pkr~ iwohZ jkse vjcksa ds vf/dkj esaA

33 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


14- q bfrgkldkj VSflVl }kjk izkjafHkd lkezkT; ds izeq[k lkekftd lewgksa dk o.kZuA

q rhljh 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa lSusV lnL; la[;k yxHkx ,d gtkj FkhA

q pkSFkh lnh ds 'kq: esa dkWULVSuVkbu izFke dk 'kklu dkyA

q vR;kf/d /uoku vfHktkr oxZA

q eè;e oxZ dk mn;A

q Þ;wfefyvksfjl ;k fuEurj oxZA

q izoklh dkexkjA

q jkseu lkezkT; dk ijorhZ dkyA

q jkseu jkT; rkuk'kkgh ijA

q Lo&fu;ksftr f'kYidkjA

15- q Hkweè; lkxj ds ut+nhd ikuh dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksxA

q ty'kfDr ds dkj.k izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksxA

q Lisu dh lksus vkSj pk¡nh dh [kkuksa esa ty&'kfDr ls [kqnkbZA

q O;kid iSekus ij [kkuksa ls [kfut fudkyukA

q mRikndrk dk Å¡pk LrjA

q cSafdax&O;oLFkkA

q /u dk cM+s Lrj ij iz;ksxA

q uxj vkS|ksfxd rFkk O;kikfjd xfrfof/;ksa ds dsUnzA

q lqxfBr okf.kfT;d O;oLFkkA

q csgrj ifjogu {kerkA

34 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&4

bLyke dk mn; vkSj foLrkj& yxHkx 500&1200 bZ-

Lej.kh; rF;&

1- lalkj esa eqlyekuksa dh la[;k ,d vjc ls vf/d gSA os fHkUu jk"Vªksa ds ukxfjd gSa] vyx vyx Hkk"kk,¡ cksyrs gSa vkSj mudk igukok Hkh vyx&vyx gSA bLykeh lH;rk dk ewy {ks=k feJ ls viQxkfuLrku rd dk fo'kky {ks=k gSA

2- bLykeh {ks=kksa ds bfrgkl ds Ïksr gSa& bfroÙk vFkok rokjh[k] thou&pfjr] iSxEcj ds dFku vkSj dk;ks± ds vfHkys[k] dqjku ds ckjs esa Vhdk,a] izR;n'khZ orkUr (tSls v[kckj)] ,sfrgkfld vkSj v/Z ,sfrgklfd jpuk,¡] nLrkosth izek.k] izkphu bekjrsa vkfnA

3- vjc yksx dchyksa esa c¡Vs FksA izR;sd dchys ds vius nsoh&nsork gksrs FksA vjc dchys [kkukcnks'k gksrs FksA eDdk esa fLFkr dkck ogk¡ dk eq[; /eZLFky Fkk vkSj lHkh eqlyeku bls ifo=k ekurs FksA

4- 612 bZ- esa iSxEcj eqgEen us vius vkidks [kqnk dk lans'kokgd ?kksf"kr fd;kA iSxEcj eqgEen vkSj buds vuq;kf;;ksa dks eDdk ds le¼ yksxksa ds fojks/ ds dkj.k eDdk NksM+dj enhuk tkuk iM+kA bl ;k=kk dks fgtjk dgk x;k vkSj blh o"kZ ls eqfLye dSysaMj ;kfu fgtjh lu~ dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ

5- iSxEcj eqgEdn us enhuk esa ,d jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA vc enhuk bLykeh jkT; dh iz'kklfud jkt/kuh rFkk eDdk /kfeZd dsUnz cu x;kA FkksM+s gh le; esa vjc izns'k dk cM+k Hkw&Hkkx buds v/hu gks x;kA

6- lu~ 632 esa iSxEcj eqgEen dk nsgkUr gks x;k vkSj vxys iSxEcj dh oS/rk ds vHkko esa jktuhfrd lÙkk mEek dks varfjr dj nh xbZA bl izdkj f[kykiQr laLFkk dk vkjaHk gqvkA leqnk; dk usrk iSxEcj dk izfrfuf/ vFkkZr~ [kyhiQk cu x;kA

35 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

7- igys pkj [kyhiQkvksa us vfHk;kuksa }kjk fonzksgksa dk neu fd;k] jkT; dk foLrkj fd;k vkSj dchyksa dh 'kfDr dks ,dtqV fd;kA

8- pkSFks [kyhiQk vyh dh gR;k ds ckn eqvkfo;k us vius vkidks vxyk [kyhiQk ?kksf"kr fd;k vkSj meÕ;n oa'k dh LFkkiuk dhA eqvkfo;k us oa'kxr mÙkjkf/dkjh dh ijaijk 'kq: dhA vjch Hkk"kk dks iz'kklu dh Hkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA nfe'd dks jkt/kuh cuk;k x;k vkSj bLykeh flDds tkjh fd, x;sA

9- nok uked ,d lqfu;ksftr vkanksyu ds meÕ;n oa'k dks 750 bZ- esa m[kkM+ isaQdk vkSj vCcklh oa'k dh uhao j[khA bUgksaus cxnkn dks jkt/kuh cuk;k] lsuk vkSj ukSdj'kkgh dk iquxZBu fd;k] bLykeh laLFkkvksa vkSj fo}kuksa dks laj{k.k iznku fd;kA

10- vCcklh jkT; ukSoha 'krkCnh esa detksj gks x;kA jkT; esa x`g;q¼] xqVcUnh vkSj rqdhZ&xqyke vf/dkfj;ksa dh 'kfDr esa of¼ gqbZA nloha vkSj X;kjgoha 'krkfCn;ksa esa rqdhZ lYrur dk mn; gqvk ftldh LFkkiuk vYifrfxu }kjk dh xbZA

11- bZlkbZ txr vkSj bLykeh txr ds chp 'k=kqrk c<+us yxhA] ftldk dkj.k vkfFkZd laxBuksa esa ifjorZu FkkA 1095 esa iq.; Hkwfe dks eqDr djkus ds fy, bZ'oj ds uke ij tks ;q¼ yM+s x;s mUgsa /eZ;q¼ dgk x;kA ;g ;q¼ 1095 ls 1291 ds chp yM+s x,A

12- eè;dkyhu bLykeh nqfu;k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dkiQh lqn`<+ FkhA] df"k dks izksRlkgu] flapkbZ ds fy, ugjsa] cka/ksa dk fuekZ.kA m|ksx /a/ksa dk fodkl] O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dks izksRlkgu] lk[ki=k vkSj gqafM;ksa dk iz;ksxA df"k vkSj m|ksxksa ds fodkl us 'kgjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks rhoz fd;kA

13- vkBoha&ukSaoh 'krkCnh esa dkuwu dh pkj 'kk[kk,¡ (etgc) cu xbZA 'kkld rFkk vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk lqj{kk ds ekeys fuiVkukA

14- lwfiQ;ksa dk mn;A n'kZu'kkL=k vkSj foKku esa #fp esa of¼A vjch dfork dk iqu% vkfo"dkj gqvkA iQkjlh Hkk"kk dk fodkl gqvkA xt+uh iQkjlh lkfgR; dk dsUnz cu x;kA fiQjnkSlh }kjk 'kkgukek fy[kk tkukA /kfeZd bekjrsa& bLykeh nqfu;k dh igpkuA bu bekjrksa esa efLtnsa] bcknrxkg vkSj edcjs 'kkfey FksA efLtnsa] bcknrxkg vkSj edcjs 'kkfey FksA efLtnksa dk ,d fof'k"V okLrqf'kYih; :i Fkk& xqEcn] feukj] egjkc] [kqyk izkax.k vkSj [kaHkksa ds lgkjs NrA

36 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&4

bLyke dk mn; vkSj foLrkj yxHkx 570&1200 bZ-


1- 600 ls 1200 bZ- rd bLykeh {ks=kksa ds bfrgkl dh tkudkjh gesa fdu Ïksrksa ls feyrh gS\

2- iSxEcj eqgEen dks eDdk D;ksa NksM+uk iM+k\ bl ?kVuk dk bLyke ds bfrgkl esa D;k egRo gS\

3- f[kykiQr laLFkk dk fuekZ.k D;ksa fd;k x;k\ bl laLFkk ds D;k mn~ns'; Fks\ la{ksi esa fyf[k,A

4- meÕ;n oa'k ds vCn&vy&efyd us vjc&bLykeh igpku ds fodkl ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dk;Z fd,\ fdUgha nks dk;ks± dk mYys[k dhft,A

5- /eZ&;q¼ksa dk bZlkbZ&eqfLye laca/ksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k\ la{ksi esa fooj.k nhft,A


6- iSxEcj eqgEen us fdl izdkj vjc izns'k ds cM+s Hkkx dks vius /eZ] leqnk; vkSj jkT; esa ykus esa liQyrk izkIr dh\ fooj.k nhft,A

7- vCcklh jkT; ds ukSaoh 'krkCnh esa detksj gksus ds dkj.kksa rFkk ifj.kkeksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

8- bLykeh jkT; esa df"k O;oLFkk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ D;k Fkha\ O;k[;k dhft,A bu fo'ks"krkvksa ls iM+us okys izHkkoksa dh foospuk djksA

9- eè;dkyhu bLykeh lekt ij ;wukuh n'kZu vkSj foKku ds izHkko dk mYys[k dhft,A

10- eè;dkyhu eqfLye lkezkT; ds O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, ;g crkb, fd bldk eqnzk ds izlkj ij D;k izHkko iM+k\


11- eè;dkyhu bLykeh txr esa 'kgjhdj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ D;k Fkha\ foospuk dhft,A

12- bLykeh okLrqdyk vkSj jkseu okLrqdyk dk rqyukRed o.kZu dhft,A

37 bfrgkl d{kk&XI



1- q bfroÙk vFkok rokjh[k

q v/Z ,sfrgkfld dfr;k¡ tSls thou pfjr] iSxEcj ds dFku vkSj dR;ksa ds vfHkys[k] dqjku dh Vhdk,¡A

q dkuwuh iqLrdsa] Hkwxksy] ;k=kk oÙkkarA

q lkfgfR;d jpuk,a tSls dgkfu;ka vkSj dfork,aA

2- q eDdk NksM+us dk dkj.k ogka ds le¼ yksxksa dk fojks/ FkkA

q mUgsa nsoh&nsorkvksa dk Bqdjk;k tkuk vPNk ugha yxkA

q 622 bZ- esa iSxEcj }kjk eDdk ls enhuk dh ;k=kk dks fgtjk dgk tkrk gSA

q bl o"kZ ls eqfLye dSysaMj ;kuh fgtjh lu~ dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA

3- q iSxEcj eqgEen ds nsgkar ds ckn oS/ iSxEcj dk vHkkoA

q eqlyekuksa esa xgjs erHksn gksus ls f[kykiQr laLFkk dk fuekZ.kA

q leqnk; ds usrk dks iSxEcj dk izfrfuf/ ;kuh [kyhiQk ekuk x;kA

f[kykiQr ds mn~ns';%

q dchyksa ij fu;a=k.k dk;e djukA

q jkT; ds fy, lalk/u tqVkukA

4- q bLykeh flDds pyk, ftu ij vjch Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;kA

q ts:lye esa ^Mkse vkWiQ jkWd* cuok;kA

5- q eqfLye jkT;ksa us bZlkbZ iztk ds izfr dBksj uhfr viukuh 'kq: dj nhA

q iwoZ rFkk if'pe ds chp gksus okys O;kikj esa bVyh dk izHkko c<+ x;kA

y?kq iz'uksÙkj

6- q enhuk esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djds vuq;kf;;ksa dks lqj{kk iznku dhA

q vkarfjd yM+kbZ dk lek/ku fd;kA

q mEek dks ,d cM+s leqnk; esa cnykA

38 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

q miokl tSls deZdk.Mksa vkSj uSfrd fl¼karksa dks c<+kdj vkSj ifj"dr djds /eZ dks lqn`<+ fd;kA

q vk; ds Ïksr df"k] O;kikj vkSj tdkr ([kSjkr dj) FksA iSxEcj eqgEen ds iz;klksa ds dkj.k enhuk mHkjrs bLykeh jkT; dh iz'kklfud jkt/kuh vkSj eDdk /kfeZd dsUnz cu x;kA

7- dkj.k%&

q lsuk vkSj ukSdj'kkgh esa vjc leFkZd vkSj bjku&leFkZd xqVksa esa >xM+kA

q 810 bZ- esa [kyhiQk gk#u vy&j'khn ds iq=kksa&vehu vkSj ekequ ds leFkZdksa ds chp xqg;q¼A

q rqdhZ xqyke vf/dkfj;ksa (;keyqd) }kjk ,d u, 'kfDr xqV dk fuekZ.kA

ifj.kke%&

q dbZ u, NksVs&NksVs jktoa'k mRiUu gks x, tSls& rkfgjh] lekuh] rqyquhA

q cqokgh uked f'k;koa'k esa 945 bZ- esa cxnkn ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA

8- d`f"k O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡%&

q yksxksa dk eq[; O;olk; df"kA

q tehu ds Lokeh NksVs&cM+s fdlku rFkk jkT; FksA

q dj jkT; dh vksj ls ,d=k fd;k tkrk FkkA

q xSj eqlyeku mit dk vk/k ls ysdj ikaposa fgLls ds cjkcj dj nsrs FksA

q jkT; }kjk flapkbZ iz.kkfy;ksa] cka/ksa vkSj ugjksa ds fuekZ.k rFkk dqvksa dh [kqnkbZ ds fy, lgk;rkA

q igyh ckj [ksrh djus ij dj esa fj;k;rA

izHkko %&

q [ksrh ;ksX; Hkwfe esa of¼ gqbZA

q mRikndrk esa of¼ gqbZaA

q dbZ dbZ iQlyksa tSls& dikl] larjk] dsyk] rjcwt] ikyd vkSj cSaxu dh [ksrh 'kw: gqbZ vkSj ;wjksi dks budk fu;kZr fd;k x;kA

39 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

9- q meÕ;n vkSj vCcklh [kyhiQkvksa us bZlkbZ fo}kuksa ls ;wukuh vkSj lhfj;kd Hkk"kk dh iqLrdksa dk vuqokn djok;kA

q bZ'oj vkSj fo'o dh ,d oSdfYid dYiuk dk fodkl fd;kA

q fldanfj;k] lhfj;k vkSj eslksiksVkfe;k esa ;wukuh n'kZu] xf.kr vkSj fpfdRlk dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA

q vy&ekewu ds 'kklu dky esa cxnkn esa iqLrdky; o foKku laLFkku dks lgk;rk nh xbZA

q vjLrw dh iqLrdsa ;wfDyM dh ,yhesaV~l vkSj Vksyseh dh iqLrd ,YekxsLV dh vksj fo}kuksa dk è;ku vkdf"kZrA

q [kxksy foKku] xf.kr vkSj fpfdRlk ds fo"k; esa Hkkjrh; iqLrdksa dk vjch vuqokn fd;k x;kA

10- q O;kikj nks eq[; ekxks± yky lkxj rFkk iQkjl dh [kkM+h ls gksrk FkkA

q elkyksa] diM+s] phuh&feV~Vh dh oLrq,¡ rFkk ck:n dks Hkkjr vkSj phu ls yky lkxj rFkk iQkjl dh [kkM+h rd tgktksa }kjk yk;k tkrk FkkA

q Hkweè; lkxj ds fljs ij fldanfj;k ds iRru ls ;wjksi dks fd;k tkus okyk fu;kZr ;gwnh O;kikfj;ksa ds gkFk esa FkkA

q pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa dkfgjk ds mHkjus ls rFkk bVyh esa iwohZ eky dh c<+rh ekax ds dkj.k yky lkxj dk egRo c<+ x;kA

q bZjkuh O;kikjh phuh oLrq,¡ ykus cxnkn ls cq[kkjk rFkk lejdan gksrs gq, js'ke ekxZ ls phu tkrs FksA

eqnzk dk izlkj%

q jktdks"kh; iz.kkyh vkSj cktkj ds ysu&nsu ls eqnzk dk izlkj c<+ x;kA

q lksus] pkanh vkSj rkacs ds flDds cM+h la[;k esa cuk;s tkus yxsA

q cgqewY; /krq,a vkSj flDds] iwohZ O;kikj dh oLrqvksa ds cnys ;wjksi ls vkrs FksA

q /u dh c<+rh ekax ds dkj.k lafpr HkaMkjksa vkSj csdkj laifÙk dk mi;ksx gksus yxkA

q m/kj dk dkjksckj Hkh eqnzkvksa ds lkFk tqM+ x;kA

40 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


11- q [ksrh dh [kq'kgkyh rFkk jktuhfrd fLFkjrkA

q 'kgjksa dh rknkn esa of¼A

q 'kgjksa esa tula[;k esa of¼A

q 'kgjksa esa vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLdfrd 'kfDr dk izlkjA

q 'kgjksa ds uD'kksa esa lekurk dk vHkkoA

q fofue; ds nk;js dk foLrkjA

q Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksi ds leqnzh O;kikj ij ,dkf/dkjA

q jktdks"kh; iz.kkyhA

q vnk;xh vkSj O;kikj O;oLFkk ds csgrj rjhdsA

q okf.kfT;d i=kksa dk O;kid mi;ksxA

12- q /kfeZd bekjrsa nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h izrhdA

q Lisu ls eè; ,f'k;k rd iSQyh efLtnsa] bcknrxkg rFkk edcjsA

q bekjrsa eqlyekuksa dh vkè;kfRed rFkk O;kogkfjd vko';drkvksa dks vfHkO;Dr djrh FkhaA

q bLyke dh igy 'krkCnh esa efLtn us ,d fof'k"V okLrqf'kYih; Lo:i izkIr dj fy;kA

q u[kfyLrkuksa esa e#LFkyh egyA

q egyksa dk fuekZ.k jkseu rFkk llkuh okLrqf'kYi ds rtZ ijA

q vCckfl;ksa }kjk lejk ikuh ds chp ,d u, 'kkgh 'kgj dk fuekZ.kA

q ehukj u, /eZ ds vfLrRo ds :i esaA

q lkoZtfud Luku&x`g jkse ds 'kgjh thou dh fo'ks"krkA

q jkse ds bathfu;jksa }kjk rhu egk}hiksa ds ikj ikuh ys tkus ds fy, fo'kky ty lsrqvksa dk fuekZ.kA

41 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&5

;k;koj lkezkT; Lej.kh; rF;&

1- ;k;koj lkezkT; dh vo/kj.kk fojks/kRed izrhr gksrh gS D;ksafd ;k;koj yksx ewyr% ?kqeDdM+ gksrs gSaA eè; ,f'k;k ds eaxksyksa us ikj egk}hih; lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj ,d Hk;kud lSfud ra=k vkSj 'kklu lapkyu dh izHkkoh i¼fr;ksa dk lw=kikr fd;kA

2- ;k;koj lektksa ds ,sfrgkfld Ïksr gSa%& bfror] ;k=kk orkar] uxjh; lkfgR;dkjksa ds nLrkostA dqN fu.kkZ;d Ïksr gesa phuh] eaxksyh] iQkjlh vkSj vjch Hkk"kk esa Hkh miyC/ gSaA

3- eè;&,f'k;k ds LVsih izns'k esa] rsjgoha 'krkCnh ds izkjafHkd n'kdksa esa paxst [kku us eaxksyksa dks laxfBr fd;kA eaxksy fofo/ tu&leqnk; dk ,d fudk; Fks ftuesa rkrkj] f[krku] eapw yksx] rqdhZ dchys 'kkfey FksA ;s yksx i'kqikyd] f'kdkjh laxzkgd Fks vkSj df"k dk;Z ugha djrs FksA utkrh; vkSj Hkk"kk;h laca/ksa us eaxksyksa dks ijLij tksM+ j[kk FkkA

4- LVsih{ks=k esa lalk/uksa dh deh ds dkj.k eaxksyksa rFkk eè;&,f'k;k ds ;k;kojksa dks O;kikj ,oa oLrq&fofue; ds fy, iM+ksl esa fLFkr phu esa tkuk iM+rk FkkA phuh yksxksa dks ;g f'kdkj fd, x, i'kq] ?kksM+s rFkk iQj nsdj cnys esa df"k mRikn rFkk yksgs ds midj.k ykrs FksA

5- ;k;koj dchys phu ij ckj&ckj vkØe.k djrs Fks vkSj uxjksa dks ywV ysrs FksA muds vkØe.kksa ls phu dh lqj{kk ds fy, phuh 'kkldksa us ^egku nhokj* cukbZa

6- paxst [kku] ftldk izkjafHkd uke rseqftu Fkk] 1206 rd mlus vius 'k=kqvksa dks fu.kkZ;d :i ls ijkftr dj fn;k Fkk vkSj LVsih {ks=k dk lcls izHkko'khyh O;fDr cu x;kA blhfy, 1206 esa dqfjyrkbZ dh ,d lHkk esa mls paxst [kku ^leqæh [kku* ;k ^lkoZHkkSe 'kkld* dh mikf/ ds lkFk eaxksyksa dk egkuk;d ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA

7- paxst [kku dh lSfud miyfC/;ka fofLer dj nsus okyh Fkha& dq'ky ?kqM+lokjh us mldh lsuk dks xfr iznku dh] ?kksM+s ij lokj gksdj rhjatknh dk dkS'ky vn~Hkqr Fkk] ?ksjkcanh ;a=k vkSj usÝ+Fkk ceckjh vkSj vfHk;kuksa ds nkSjku gYds] py&miLdjksa dk mi;ksxA paxst [kku us eaxksyksa dks ,d l'kDr vuq'kkflr lSU; 'kfDr ds :i esa iquxZfBr fd;k ftlls mlds lSU; vfHk;kuksa dh liQyrk r; gks xbZA

8- LVsih {ks=k esa dbZ eaxksy dchys jgrs FksA budh viuh vyx&vyx igpku FkhA paxst [kku us budh vyx&vyx igpku dks lekIr fd;kA

42 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

9- paxst [kku us uofoftr izns'kksa dk 'kklu vius pkj iq=kksa dks lkSai fn;kA bl izdkj pkj myql dk xBu gqvkA paxst [kku us ,d iqQrhZyh gjdkjk i¼fr vkjaHk dhA blds fy;s eaxksy ;k;koj ?kksM+ksa vFkok vU; i'kqvksa dk nloka Hkkx iznku djrs FksA bls dqcdqj dj dgrs FksA

10- rsjgoha 'krkCnh ds eè; rd eaxksyksa dk ,d ,dhdr tulewg cu x;k Fkk ftUgksaus ,d fo'kky lkezkT; dk fuekZ.k fd;kA mUgksaus vR;ar tfVy 'kgjh lektksa ij 'kklu fd;k ftuds vius vius bfrgkl] laLdfr;ka vkSj fu;e FksA vius lkezkT; ij jktuhfrd izHkqRo gksus ds ckotwn la[;kRed :i ls eaxksy vYila[;d jgsA viuh igpku vkSj fof'k"Vrk dh j{kk ds fy, mUgksaus ^;kl* fof/ lafgrk dks viuk;kA

11- ^;kl* dks izkjafHkd Lo:i esa ;lkd fy[kk tkrk FkkA bls paxst] [kku us 1206 esa dqfjyrkbZ esa ykxw fd;k FkkA bldk vFkZ Fkk fof/] vkKfIr o vkns'kA blesa iz'kklfud fofu;e gSa tSls vk[ksV] lSU; vkSj Mkd iz.kkyh dk laxBuA

12- LVsih ds [kkukcnks'kksa us paxst [kku ds v/hu uxjksa dks ywVk vkSj mUgsa èoLr fd;kA mUgksaus] vusd uxjokfl;ksa dh fueeZ gR;k,¡ Hkh dh FkhaA blfy, phu] bZjku vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi ds uxjoklh bu fxjksgksa dks Hk; vkSj ?k.kk dh n`f"V ls ns[krs FksA

ij eaxksyksa ds fy, paxst [kku ,d egku 'kkld Fkk& mlus eaxksyksa dks laxfBr fd;k] dchykbZ yM+kb;ksa vkSj phfu;ksa }kjk 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr fnykbZ] ikjegk}hih; lkezkT; cuk;k] O;kikj ds jkLrs rFkk cktkjksa dks iquLFkkZfir fd;kA budk 'kklu cgq&tkrh;] cgq&Hkk"kh] cgq&/kfeZd FkkA

vc eaxksfy;k ,d Lora=k jk"Vª gS vksj paxst [kku ,d egku jk"Vªuk;d ds :i esa rFkk vkjkè; O;fDr ds :i esa ekU; gSA

43 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&5 ;k;koj lkezkT;


1- ;k;koj lkezkt; ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

2- paxst [kku dks ^leqæh [kku* dh mikf/ D;ksa nh xbZ\

3- foftr izns'kksa ds yksxksa dks ;k;koj 'kkldksa ls yxko ugha FkkA D;ksa\ dkj.k crkb,A

4- xtu [kku }kjk d"kdksa dk i{k ysus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\

5- LVsih fuokfl;ksa ds bfrgkl ds fo"k; esa gesa fdu Ïksrksa ls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS\

6- eaxksyksa ds fy, O;kikj D;ksa egRoiw.kZ Fkk\


7- eaxksyksa ds bfrgkl ij fo'okl u djus ds D;k dkj.k gSa\

8- eaxksyksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr dk mYys[k dhft,A

9- eaxksyksa ds lSfud izca/u dk o.kZu dhft,A

10- paxst [kku vkSj eaxksyksa dk fo'o bfrkl esa D;k LFkku gS\ ewY;kadu dhft,A


11- paxst [kku dh lSfud miyfC/;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A mldh liQyrk ds D;k dkj.k Fks\

12- ^;kl* D;k Fkk\ blds vFkZ esa ifjorZu vkus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ ;kl ds egRo dh foospuk dhft,A



1- q ;k;koj yksx ewyr% ?kqeDdM+ gksrs gSaA

q ^lkezkT;* HkkSfrd fLFkfr dk |ksrdA

2- q paxst [kku us tewdk vkSj useu yksxksa dks fu.kkZ;d :i ls ijkftr fd;kA

q og LVsih {ks=k dh jktuhfr esa lcls izHkko'kkyh O;fDr ds :i esa vHkjkA

44 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

3- q yksxksa dks ;k;koj 'kkldksa ls yxko u gksus ds dkj.k%

q ;q¼ksa esa uxjksa dks u"V djukA

q df"k Hkwfe dks gkfu igqapkukA

q O;kikj dk u"V gksukA

q O;kid Lrj ij ujlagkjA

4- q xtu [kku ds fopkj ls&

q d"kdksa ls cSy] vkukt Nhuus ls] iQlysa u"V dj nsus ls Hkfo"; esa vukt ugha feysxkA

q ,d vkKkdkjh d"kd oxZ csgrj gS fonzksgh d"kd oxZ lsA

q d"kdksa dks lrkus dh ctk; mudh j{kk ij tksj fn;kA

5- q bfroÙkA

q ;k=kk orkarA

q uxjh; lkfgR;dkjksa ds nLrkostA

q dqN fu.kkZ;d Ïksr phuh] eaxksyh] iQkjlh vkSj vjch Hkk"kk esa miyC/ gSA

6- q LVsih izns'k esa lalk/uksa dk vHkkoA

q pkj.k {ks=k esa lhfer vof/ esa df"k djuk vlaHkoA

q phu ls oLrq&fofue; esa i'kq] ?kksM+s rFkk iQj ds cnys df"k mRikn rFkk yksgs ds midj.k izkIr djrs FksA


7- blds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k gS%&

q eaxksyksa dk Lo;a jfpr bfrgkl ugha gSA

q tkudkjh ds Ïksr eq[;r% bfror] ;k=kk orkar vkSj uxjh; lkfgR;dkjksa ds nLrkostA

q ys[kdksa dh ;k;kojh thou dh tkudkjh i{kikriw.kZA

q vusd ys[kd eaxksy vkJ; ij fuHkZj blfy, o.kZu lgkuqHkwfr iw.kZ jgkA

q vU; us mUgsa yqVsjk vkSj ujlagkj djus okyk dgkA

8- q eaxksyksa ds fofo/ lkekftd leqnk; FksA

45 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

q og i'kqikyd vkSj f'kdkjh laxzkgd FksA

q og ?kksM+ksa] HksM+ksa] mQ¡Vksa dks ikyrs FksA

q i'kqikyd eè; ,f'k;k dh ?kkl ds eSnkuksa esa jgrs FksA ;gka NksVs&NksVs f'kdkj miyC/ FksA

q f'kdkjh laxzkgd lkbZcsfj;kbZ ouksa esa jgrs Fks rFkk i'kqikydksa dh rqyuk esa xjhc gksrs FksA

q pj.k {ks=k esa lky dh dqN vof/ esa df"k djuk laHko] ijarq eaxksyksa us df"k dks ugha viuk;kA

q og vkRej{kk vkSj vkØe.k ds fy, ifjokjksa rFkk dqyksa ds ifjla?k cuk ysrs FksA

q og i'kq/u ds fy, ywVekj djrs FksA

9- q izR;sd LoLFk] O;Ld lnL; gfFk;kjcan gksrk FkkA

q lsuk esa fHkUu&fHkUu tkfr;ksa ds lnL; laxfBr FksA

q lsuk esa rqdhZ ewy ds vkSj dsjkbV Hkh 'kkfey FksA

q lsuk LVsih {ks=k dh iqjkuh n'keyo iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj xfBr dh xbZA

q tutkrh; lewgksa dks foHkkftr djds uohu lSfud bdkb;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;kA

q lcls cM+h bdkbZ yxHkx 10]000 lSfudksa dh FkhA

10- q ;|fi paxst [kku dks ,d fotsrk] uxjksa dks èoLr djus okyk] gtkjksa yksxksa dh eR;q ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ekuk tkrk gSA ;g lc mldh Nfo /wfey djrh gSA

ij eaxksyksa ds fy, og lcls egku 'kkld FkkA mldh liQyrk,¡%&

q eaxksyksa dks laxfBr djukA

q dchykbZ yM+kb;ka lekIr djukA

q phfu;ksa }kjk 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr fnykukA

q ,d ikjegk}hih; lkezkT; dh LFkkiukA

q O;kikj vkSj cktkjksa dks iqu% LFkkfir djukA

q eaxksy 'kklu cgqtkrh;] cgqHkk"kh vkSj cgq&/kfeZd FkkA

46 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&6

rhu oxZ Lej.kh; rF;&

q lkeUrokn 'kCn teZu 'kCn Ý;wM ls cuk gSA Ý;wM dk vFkZ gS& Hkwfe dk VqdM+kA

q eè;dky ls lkekftd <kaps dk dsUnz fcUnq & Hkwfe ij fu;U=k.kA

q ekdZ CykWd ds }kjk Hkwxksy ds egRo ij vk/kfjr ekuo bfrgkl dks x<+us ij tksj ftlls fd yksxksa ds O;ogkj vkSj #[k dks le>k tk ldsA

q Úkalhlh lekt eq[; :i ls rhu oxks± esa foHkkftr& iknjh] vfHktkr ,oa d"kd oxZA

q iknfj;ksa }kjk bZlkbZ lekt dk ekxZn'kZu & ppZ esa /eksZins'k] vR;f/d /kfeZd O;fDr tks ppZ ds ckgj /kfeZd leqnk;ksa esa jgrs Fks fHk{kq dgykrs Fks] fo'ks"krk,¡& eBksa esa jguk] fuf'pr fu;eksa dk ikyu rFkk vke vkckfn;ksa ls cgqr nwjA

q vfHktkr oxZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡& viuh laink ij LFkk;h fu;a=k.k] viuh lSU; {kerk] Lo;a U;k;ky; yxkus dk vf/dkj rFkk viuh eqnzk dk izpyu dj ldukA

q dq'ky v'olsuk dh vko';drk ds dkj.k ukbV oxZ dk mn;@ykMZ }kjk ukbV dks fn;k tkus okyk Hkwfe dk VqdM+k&iQhiQ dgyk;kA

q d"kd oxZ& dk'rdkj nks izdkj ds gksrs Fks& Lora=k fdlku vkSj liZQ vFkkZr~ df"knklA

Lora=k fdlku viuh Hkwfe dks ykWMZ ds dk'rdkj ds :i esa ns[krs Fks rFkk df"knkl ftu Hkw[kaMksa ij dke djrs Fks os ykWMZ ds usrRo esa FksA

q x;kjgoh 'krkCnh rd ;wjksi esa fofHkUu df"k izkS|ksfxdh esa cnyko& ubZ rduhdh& gyksa esa lq/kj] ty 'kfDr dk mi;ksx] i;kZoj.k iQly pØ esa cnykoA ifj.kkeLo:i df"k mRiknu esa c<+ksÙkjh gqbZA

q df"k foLrkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i tula[;k] O;kikj vkSj uxjksa dk foLrkj gqvkA vkSj pkSFkk oxZ uxjoklh dk mn~Hko gqvkA

47 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

q uxjksa dh LorU=k gok] oSrfud dk;Z vkSj ykWMZ ds fu;U=k.k ls eqfDr dkj.k lkeUrh laca/ detksj iM+us yxsA

q blh ds lkFk vkfFkZd laLFkk dk vk/kj Js.kh gks x;kA

q pkSngoha 'krkCnh dk ladV& pkSngoha 'krkCnh ds vkjaHk esa ;wjksi ds vkfFkZd&foLrkj dk /hek iM+uk & dkj.k (1) ekSle esa ifjorZu (2) vkfLVª;k lfcZ;k esa pkanh dh [kkuksa ds mRiknu esa deh (3) xgu tqrkbZ vkSj tula[;k of¼ (4) egkekfj;k¡A

q jktuhfrd ifjorZu& u, 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa dk mn;& laxfBr LFkk;h lsuk] ,d LFkk;h ukSdj'kkgh vkSj jk"Vªh; dj iz.kkyh LFkkfir djus dh izfØ;k vkjaHkA

q ubZ 'kklu O;oLFkk iqjkuh O;oLFkk ls fHkUu&'kkld vc fijkfeM ds f'k[kj ij u gksdj] O;kid njckjh lekt vkSj vkJ;nkrk vuq;k;h ra=k dk dsUnz fcUnq FkkA

48 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&6 rhu oxZ


1- lkeUrokn ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

2- Úkalhlh lekt esa eq[; :i ls rhu oxZ dkSu ls Fks\

3- esuj D;k Fkk\

4- ^VhFk* rFkk ^iQhiQ* 'kCnksa dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

5- Úkal ds dSFkhMªy uxjksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

6- eè;dky esa df"k ls tqM+h nks leL;kvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

7- ^Úk;j* fdUgsa dgk tkrk Fkk\


1- vki fdl vk/kj ij dg ldrs gSa fd Úkalhlh lekt esa vfHktkr oxZ dh ,d fo'ks"k gSfl;r FkhA

2- fHk{kq] fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds thou ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;s

3- ukbV oxZ dk mn; D;ksa gqvk\ ykWMZ rFkk ukbV ds vkilh laca/ksa dh laf{kIr tkudkjh nhft,A

4- lkearokn ds vUrxZr ;wjksi esa fdlkuksa dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh\

5- vkjafHkd ;wjksi esa df"k laca/h leL;k,a D;k FkhaA bUgksaus ykWMZ rFkk d"kd ds laca/ksa dks dSls izHkkfor fd;kA


1- pkSngoha lnh dh 'kq#vkr rd ;wjksi dk vkfFkZd foLrkj /hek iM+ x;kA ,slk fdu dkj.kksa ls gqvk\

2- ^'kkld vc fijkfeM ds f'k[kj ij ugha Fkk tgka jktHkfDr vkilh fuHkZjrk ij fVdh Fkh vfirq og vc O;kid njckjh lekt vkSj vkJ;nkrk vuq;k;h ra=k dk dsUnz fcUnq Fkk* ;wjksi dh ubZ 'kklu O;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3- X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi gksus okys fofHkUu izkS|ksfxdh cnykoksa dh foospuk djrs gq, pkSFks oxZ ds mn; ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA

49 bfrgkl d{kk&XI



1- lkearokn teZu 'kCn Ý;wM ls cuk] Ý;wM dk vFkZ&Hkwfe dk VqdM+k Hkwfe ds cnys esa lsok izkIr djukA

2- iknjh oxZ] vfHktkr oxZ] d"kd oxZA

3- ykWMZ dh Hkwfe&esujA esuj ds eè; esa ykWMZ dk egyA

4- iQhiQ& ykWMZ }kjk ukbV dks fn;k tkus okyk Hkwfe dk VqdM+k

VhFk& ppZ }kjk ,d o"kZ ds varjky esa ml d"kd ls mldh mit dk nloka Hkkx fy;k tkukA

5- cM+s&cM+s ppks± ds pkjksa vksj fodflr gksus okys uxj dSihMªy uxj dgyk,A

6- (1) ydM+h ds gy (2) izHkkoghu iQly pØA

7- fHk{kqvksa ds mu lewgksa dks] ftUgksaus eBksa esa u jgus dk fu'p; fd;k] Úk;j dgk x;kA os ?kwe ?kwe dj mins'k nsrs Fks vkSj nku ls viuh thfodk pykrs FksA

y?kq iz'uksÙkj

1- laink ij LFkk;h rkSj ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k lSU; {kerk c<+k ikuk] Lo;a dk U;k;ky; yxk ikuk rFkk viuh eqæk izpfyr dj ldukA

2- eBksa esa fuokl] izkFkZuk] vè;;u vkSj df"k tSls 'kkjhfjd Je dk ozr] [kkuiku rFkk oL=k lEcU/h fuf'pr fu;eksa dk ikyuA

3- ukSaoh lnh esa ;wjksi esa ;q¼ksa ds izk;% gksus ds dkj.k dq'ky v'olsuk dh vko';drk ds dkj.k ukbV oxZ dk mn; gqvkA ukbV ykWMZ ls mlh izdkj ls laca¼] ftl izdkj ykWMZ jktk ls] (foLrr fooj.k) iQhiQ& foLrr fooj.k

4- nks izdkj ds dk'rdkj& Lora=k fdlku] df"knklA

Lora=k fdlku& Hkwfe dks ykWMZ ds dk'rdkj ds :i esa ns[kuk] Je vf/'ks"k] VSyh uked dj

df"k nkl& ykWMZ ds LokfeRo okyh Hkwfe ij df"k] dksbZ etnwjh ugha] ykWMZ dh vkKk fcuk tkxhj u NksM+ ikuk] fookg lEcU/ ij Hkh ykWMZ dk fu;a=k.k

5- leL;k,a& ydM+h dk gy] izHkkoghu iQly pØ feV~Vh dh moZjrk esa deh] vdkyksa dk iM+uk bu lcus xjhcksa dk thou nq"dj cuk fn;kA

laca/& leL;kvksa ds ckotwn ykMks± dh vk; c<+kus dh bPNk] fdlkuksa }kjk vR;kpkj u lguk] fuf"Ø; izfrjks/ dk lgkjkA

50 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&7

cnyrh gqbZ lkaLd`frd ijEijk,a Lej.kh; rF;&

q pkSngoha 'krkCnh ls l=kgoha 'krkCnh ds vUr rd ;wjksi ds vusd ns'kksa esa uxjksa dh la[;k dk c<+uk rFkk ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh uxjh; laLdfr dk fodklA

q ckbtsaVkbu lkezkT; vkSj bLykeh ns'k rFkk ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa eaxksyksa vkSj phu ds chp O;kikj c<+us ls bVyh ds uxjksa dk eq[; :i ls iqu#RFkkuA

q ;wjksi esa lcls igys fo'ofo|ky; bVyh esa LFkkfirA uxjksa ds izeq[k fØ;kdyki O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; lEcU/h gksus ds dkj.k fo'ofo|ky; fof/'kkL=k ds vè;;u ds dsUnzA

q bVyh esa loZizFke ekuorkoknh fo"k;ksa & bfrgkl] uhfrn'kZu] O;kdj.k] vyadkj 'kkL=k vkfn fo"k;ksa dk vè;;u vkjEHkA

q pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa dqN fo}kuksa }kjk ;wukuh xzaFkksa ds vjch vuqokn ds dkj.k ;wukuh rFkk jkse ds lkfgR; vkSj mlesa vUrfuZfgr Kku dks izksRlkgu feyk vkSj mldk izpkj Hkh gqvkA

q lkFk gh ;wukuh fo}kuksa }kjk vjch vkSj iQkjlh fo}kuksa dh dfr;ksa dk ;wjksih; yksxksa ds chp izlkj ds fy, vuqokn fd;k x;kA

q ekuorkoknh fopkjksa dk izlkj dsoy vkSipkfjd f'k{kk }kjk gh ugha vfirq dyk] okLrqdyk vkSj xzaFkksa }kjk Hkh fd;k x;kA HkkSfrd vo'ks"kksa dh Hkh izkphu xzaFkksa dh Hkkafr [kkst dh xbZA

q ;FkkFkZ fp=k cukus dh pkg us 'kjhj foKku] js[kkxf.kr] HkkSfrdh vkSj lkSan;Z dh mRd"V Hkkouk dks mtkxj fd;kA bu lcus brkyoh dyk dks u;k :i fn;k ftls ckn esa ;FkkFkZokn dgk x;kA

q okLrqdyk dh ubZ 'kSyh & 'kkL=kh; 'kSyh ls ifjfpr f'kYidkjksa us Hkouksa dks ysifp=kksa] ewfrZ;ksa ls lqlfTtr fd;k vkSj jkse dks iquthZfor dj fn;kA

q ekuorkoknh laLdfr us ekuo thou ij /eZ dk fu;U=k.k detksj fd;k rFkk HkkSfrd lEifÙk] 'kfDr vkSj xkSjo dh vksj vkd"kZ.k c<+k;kA

51 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

q lksygoha 'krkCnh esa eqæ.k esa Økafr ds dkj.k lkfgR; dk rsth ls izpkj o izlkj gqvkA vr% fopkj] er vkSj tkudkjh dk rsth ls izpkj gqvkA

q efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh & ikfjokfjd iSQlyksa rFkk lkoZtfud thou esa lhfer Fkh] fdUrq dqN viokn Hkh Fks tSls& osful fuoklh isQnsys&ysf[kdk] eaVqvk dh ekfpZlk bZlkcsyk&fn bLrsA

q blkbZ /eZ ds vUrxZr erHksn& iki LohdkjksfDr nLrkost dh vkykspuk] ppZ }kjk yxk, x, u, djksa dk fojks/A

q teZu ;qok fHk{kq ekfVZu ywFkj fdax }kjk dSFkksfyd ppZ dk fojks/] izksVsLVsaV lq/kjokn vkUnksyu dk vkjEHkA

q dksijfudlh; ?kks"k.kk& i`Foh lesr lkjs xzg lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjØek djrs gSaA fdUrq ijaijkoknh bZlkbZ /ekZf/dkfj;ksa dh ?kksj izfrfØ;k ds Mj ls dksijfudl us ;g ?kks"k.kk izdkf'kr ugha dhA

q dSIyj rFkk xSyhfy;ks us dksijfudl ds lw;Z dsafnzr lkSjeaMyh; fl¼kar dks yksdfiz; cuk;kA

q iqutkZxj.k dh vo/kj.kk ij iqufoZpkj& ;g dguk fd iqutkZxj.k xfr'khyrk vkSj dykRed ltu'khyrk dk dky Fkk vkSj blds foijhr eè;dky va/dkje; (ftlesa fdlh izdkj dk fodkl u gks) dky] iw.kZ :i ls mfpr ugha gSA

q futh vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dk mn~HkoA


1- bVyh ds rVorhZ canjxkgksa ds iquthZfor gksus ds nks eq[; dkj.k crkb;sA

2- ^jsuslk O;fDr* 'kCn dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3- osful vkSj tsusok ;wjksi ds vU; {ks=kksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu Fks\

4- ^fn ikbVk* uked fp=k ds fp=kdkj dkSu gSa\ blesa D;k n'kkZ;k x;k gS\

5- ;FkkZFkokn ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

6- 15oha 'krkCnh esa fdu yksxksa dks ekuorkoknh dgk x;k\

7- iki LohdkjksfDr uked nLrkost D;k Fkk\

8- lw;Z dsafnzr lkSjeaMyh; fl¼kar D;k Fkk\

9- ekfVZu ywFkj fdax dkSu Fks\

52 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


1- foKku vkSj n'kZu ds {ks=k esa vjfc;ksa ds ;ksxnku dh O;k[;k dhft,A

2- iSVªkdZ ds fopkjksa ds ifjizs{; esa ekuorkoknh fo"k;ksa ds vè;;u ds egRo dks Li"V dhft,A

3- eqæ.k us fdl izdkj ekuorkoknh laLdfr ds izlkj esa lgk;rk dh\

4- eè;dkyhu ;wjksih; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr Li"V dhft,A

5- dkWUlVsUVkbu ds vuqokn uked nLrkost D;k Fkk\ ekuorkoknh fo}kuksa dh blds izfr izfrfØ;k ls ppZ ds fojks/h jktkvksa dks [kq'kh D;ksa gqbZ\

6- czãk.M ds izfr dksijfudl ds lw;Z&dsafnzr lkSjeaMyh; fl¼kar rFkk bZlkb;ksa ds fo'okl esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

7- bZlkbZ ekuorkoknh baXySaM ds VkWel eksj vkSj gkySaM ds bjsLel dh ppZ ds izfr D;k vo/kj.kk Fkh\


1- pkSngoha 'krkCnh dks ^iqutkZxj.k* dky dguk dgk¡ rd mfpr gS\

2- bZlkbZ /eZ ds vUrxZr erHksn vkSj okn&fookn dk foLrr fooj.k nhft,A

3- ;wjksi ds loZizFke fo'ofo|ky; bVyh esa D;ksa LFkkfir gq,\ mUgksaus ekuorkoknh fopkj/kjk ds izlkj esa D;k ;ksxnku fd;k\



1- ckbtsaVkbu lkezkT; vkSj bLykeh ns'kksa ds chp O;kikj eaxksyksa dk phu ds lkFk O;kikj

2- og euq"; ftldh vusd #fp;k¡ gks vusd gquj esa mls egkjr izkIr gksA

3- /ekZf/dkjh vkSj lkeUr jktuhfrd n`f"V ls 'kfDr'kkyh ugha uxj ds /uh O;kikfj;ksa vkSj egktu dk 'kklu esa lfØ; HkkxA

4- ekbdy ,saftyks] esjh dks bZlk dk 'kjhj /kj.k djrs gq,A

5- ;FkkFkZ fp=k cukus dh dksf'k'k

'kjhj foKku] js[kkxf.kr] HkkSfrdh rFkk lkSan;Z dh mRd"V Hkkouk us brkyoh dyk dks u;k :i fn;k ftls ckn esa ;FkkFkZokn dgk x;kA

53 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

^os tks HkkSfrd lEifÙk xkSjo vkSj 'kfDr ls vkd"V

os ftudh vPNs O;ogkjksa ds izfr fnypLih FkhA

7- ppZ }kjk tkjh nLrkost tks O;fdr dks mlds lHkh ikiksa ls eqfDr fnyk ldsaA

8- lw;Z fLFkj gS vkSj i`Foh lesr lkjs x`g lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjØek djrs gSaA

9- teZu ;qok fHk{kq ftUgksaus ppZ dSFkksfyd ppZ ds fo#¼ vfHk;ku NsM+kA


1- vrhr dh ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dk laj{k.k rFkk vuqokn bCu fluk rFkk bCu #'n dk ;ksxnkuA

2- iSVªkdZ ds fopkjksa ds vuqlkj iqjkdky ,d fof'k"V lH;rk ftls izkphu ;wukfu;ksa vkSj jkseuksa ds okLrfod 'kCnksa ds ekè;e ls gh vPNh rjg le>k tk ldrk FkkA

vr% izkphu ys[kdksa dh jpukvksa ds vè;;u dh vko';drkA

3- eqnz.k ds dkj.k tks dqN Hkh bVyh esa fy[kk x;k] fons'kksa rd igqapkA fopkj] er vkSj Kku dk rsth ls izlkj.k gqvkA eqnz.k ls igys dqN gh gLrfyf[kr izfr;kaA

4- ikfjokfjd fu.kZ;ksa esa rFkk lkoZtfud thou esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ughaA

dkjksckj pykus esa efgykvksa dh dksbZ jk; ugha ;|fi ngst dks dkjksckj esa yxk;k tkrk FkkA

O;kikjh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fHkUuA

dqN viokn HkhA

5- laHkor% izFke bZlkbZ jkseu lezkV dkULVSauVkbu }kjk tkjh U;kf;d vkSj foÙkh; 'kfDr;ksa ij iknfj;ksa dk nkok ekuorkoknh fo}ku ;g n'kkZus esa liQy jgs fd ;g nLrkost vlyh ugha vfirq ijorhZ dky esa tkylkth }kjk rS;kj& ;g jktkvksa dh [kq'kh dk dkj.kA

6- dksijfudl dk fl¼kar& lw;Z fLFkj gS] i`Foh lesr lkjs xzg lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj pDdj dkVrs gSaA

bZlkb;ksa dk fo'okl& i`Foh ikiksa ls Hkjh gS vkSj ikiksa dh vf/drk ds dkj.k og fLFkj gSA i`Foh czãk.M ds chp esa fLFkj gSA ftlds pkjksa vksj [kxksyh; xzg ?kwe jgs gSaA

7- ppZ ykyph vkSj ywV [klksV okyh laLFkkA

iki LohdkjksfDr nLrkost /u Bxus dk rjhdkA

dkULVSuVkbu ds vuqokn uked nLrkost tkylkth }kjk rS;kj fdlkuksa ij yxk, x, dj vf/d vkSj vuqfprA

54 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&8

laLd`fr;ksa dk Vdjko Lej.kh; rF;&

q ;wjksiokfl;ksa }kjk vKkr egklkxjksa esa lkgliw.kZ vfHk;ku tgk¡ ls os elkys ,oa pk¡nh izkIr dj ldrs FksA

q ;g dk;Z loZizFke Lisu vkSj iqrZxky fuokfl;ksa }kjk fd;k x;kA bUgksaus iksi ls mu izns'kksa ij 'kklu djus dk vuU; vf/dkj Hkh izkIr dj fy;kA

q dSjhfc;u lkxj esa fLFkr NksVs&NksVs lSdM+ksa }hi&lewgksa vkSj c`gÙkj ,safVyht esa vjkokdh leqnk; ds yksx jgrs FksA

q vjkokdh yksx >xM+k djuk ilUn ugha djrs Fks] mudh laLdfr dk ewyk/kj Fkk& lc ,d lkFk feydj [kk| mRiknu djsa vkSj leqnk; ds izR;sd lnL; dks Hkkstu izkIr gksA

q vjkokfd;ksa dk O;ogkj mnkjrkiw.kZ bruk fd os lksus dh ryk'k esa Lisuh yksxksa dk lkFk nsus dks rS;kjA

q rqfiukack& nf{k.kh vejhdk ds iwohZ leqnz rV ij czkthy uked isM+ksa ds taxyksa esa cls gq, xkaoksa esa jgus okys yksxA

q eè; vejhdk esa dqN vR;Ur lqxfBr jkT;& ,tVsd] ek;k vkSj badkA bu lH;rkvksa dk vkfFkZd vk/kj & eDds dh vf/d mitA

q ,tVsd lH;rk&fuokl LFkku& eSfDldks dh eè;orhZ ?kkVh] Js.khc¼ lekt] Hkwfe dh deh& fpukEik }kjk iwjk djuk] xzkeh.k vk/kj] cPpksa dh f'k{kk dk iwjk è;kuA

q ek;k lH;rk& eDds dh [ksrh& lH;rk dk eq[; vk/kj] mUur vkSj dq'kyrkiw.kZ [ksrh ds rjhds] mUur laLdfr dk fodkl& okLrqdyk] [kxksy foKku vkSj xf.kr tSls fo"k;ksa dh vfHkO;fDrA

q badk yksx& lkezkT; vR;Ur dsanzhdr] lkezkT; dk <kapk&fijkfeMuqek] mPpdksfV ds Hkou&fuekZrk] lH;rk dk vk/kj&df"kA

55 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

q fofHkUu oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa us ;wjksiokfl;ksa dks lkglh [kkst ;k=kkvksa ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA ;wjksi dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fxjkoV rFkk bZlkbZ /eZ dh bPNk us Hkh bu ;k=kkvksa dks izsfjr fd;kA

q loZizFke Lisuh ukfod dksyEcl dSfjfc;u lkxj esa fLFkr ^cgkek* igqapk] ;|fi lkezkT; dk foLrkj ?kksM+ksa vkSj ck:n ij vk/kfjr lSU; 'kfDr ds vk/kj ij gqvkA Lisuh yksxksa }kjk neu rFkk egkekfj;ksa us Hkh ewy fuokfl;ksa dks fouk'k dh vksj /dsykA

q dksVsZl us nks o"kks± ds Hkhrj eSfDldks ij fot; izkIr dhA

q fitkjks us lqu j[kk Fkk fd badk jkT; lksus vkSj pkanh dk ns'k gsA Lisu ds jktk ds leFkZu ls fitkjks us badk jkT; dks thrus dh ;kstuk cukbZ vkSj liQyrk izkIr dhA

q iqrZxkyoklh dSczky us fVEcj ds ykyp esa czkthy ij izHkqRo LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA

q vesfjdk dh [kkst ls lksus o pkanh dh ck<+ lh vk xbZA bl vf/drk us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vkSj vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk fodkl fd;kA

q ,tVsd vkSj badk lH;rk dk var&iwathokn dk izknqHkkZoA

q ubZ vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dk vkjEHk& taxyksa dk liQk;k&Hkwfe ij i'kqikyu] lksus dh [kkst ls [kkuksa dk dke vkjaHkA bu lcds fy, lLrs Je dh ekax&nkl izFkkA

vfr y?kq mÙkjh; iz'u (2 vad okys)

1- ^fpukEik* fdUgsa dgk tkrk Fkk\

2- ,tVsd] ek;k vkSj badk lH;rk dk eq[; vkfFkZd vk/kj D;k Fkk\

3- ^fDoiq* ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

4- rqfiukack yksx df"k dh vksj vkdf"kZr D;ksa ugha gks lds\

5- ,tVsd yksxksa us Hkwfe dh deh dks iwjk djus dk D;k rjhdk fudkyk\

6- vjkokdh laLdfr dh nks eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA

7- czkthy ns'k dk uke czkthy D;ksa iM+k\

8- fitkjks dkSu Fkk\ og eè; vesfjdk dh fdl laLdfr ls izHkkfor Fkk\

9- iqrZdkyokfl;ksa dh czkthy esa fdl dkj.k ls #fp Fkh\

56 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

y?kq mÙkjh; iz'u (5 vad okys)

1- vjkokdksa vkSj Lisuokfl;ksa ds chp ik, tkus okys varjksa dks Li"V dhft,A buesa ls dkSu ls varjksa dks vki lcls egRoiw.kZ le>rs gSa\

2- ,tVsd lH;rk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA

3- ek;k laLdfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA

4- ^badk lkezkT; vR;Ur dsUnzhdr Fkk* bl dFku dh foospuk dhft,A

5- Lisuh vkSj iqrZxkyh gh fo'ks"k :i ls leqnzh [kkst dh vkSj ykyf;r D;ksa gq,\

6- vesfjdh ewy lH;rk,¡ dkSu&lh gSa\ budh vkfFkZd O;oLFkkvksa ds fo"k; esa foLrkj ls fy[kksA

7- dksVsZl us ,tVsd ij fdl izdkj viuk izHkqRo LFkkfir fd;k\

nh?kZ mÙkjh; iz'u (10 vad okys)

1- HkkSxksfyd [kkstksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ buds D;k dkj.k Fks\

2- [kkst ;k=kkvksa ds D;k ifj.kke fudys\ mifuos'khdj.k vkSj nkl O;kikj ds lanHkZ esa vius fopkj fyf[k;sA

3- vjkokdh leqnk; dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA Lisuokfl;ksa dh Øwjrkiw.kZ uhfr us mudh thou'kSyh dk fdl izdkj fouk'k fd;k\

4- dSczky fdl izdkj la;ksxo'k czkthy igqapkA mlus czkthy ds lalk/uksa dk fdl izdkj nksgu fd;k\ blds izfr czkthyokfl;ksa dh D;k izfrfØ;k Fkh\

visf{kr mÙkj@ladsr ,oa ewy fcUnq vfr y?kq iz'uksÙkj (2 vad okys)

1- ljdaMs rFkk pVkb;ksa ls iÙks <ddj cuk, x, df=ke VkiwA

2- eDds dh vf/d mitA

3- Mksfj;ksa ij xkaBs yxkdj xf.krh; bdkb;ksa dk fglkc j[kukA

4- yksgs dk gy u gksus ds dkj.k] iQy lfCt;ksa vkSj eNfy;ksa dk cgqrk;r ls feyukA

5- df=ke Vkiw (fpukEik) cukukA

6- mnkjrkiw.kZ O;ogkj] vkilh lg;ksx (ijLij esy ls [kk| mRiknu) ls jgukA

7- czkthyoqM o{k ds uke ij

57 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

8- lSfud Fkk] badk jkT; ds lksus vkSj pkanh ls izHkkfor

9- czkthyoqM o{k dh ydM+hA



1- q vjkokdh& mnkjrkiw.kZ O;ogkj] lkFk feydj [kk| mRiknu] q ljyrk & lksus dks vf/d egRo u nsuk] q cqukbZ dyk esa izoh.k q Lisuh& Øwjrk iw.kZ O;ogkj] ykyph] LokFkhZ & lksus ds ykyp esa vjkokdh thou 'kSyh

dks gkfu igqapkuk

2- q Js.khc¼ lekt] O;kikfj;ksa dks fo'ks"kkf/dkj izkIr] Hkwfe dh deh dks fpukEik }kjk iwjk djuk] ;q¼ ds nsorkvksa vkSj lw;Z dks lefiZr efUnj] lkezkT; dk vk/kj & xzkeh.k] f'k{kk dks egRoA

3- q xzkeh.k lekt] vkfFkZd vk/kj & eDds dh [ksrh] q [ksrh ds mUur rjhds & vf/d iSnkokj] q lkaLdfrd fodkl& okLrqdyk] [kxksy foKku vkSj xf.kr tSls fo"k;ksa dks c<+kokA

4- q jktk esa laiw.kZ 'kfDr fufgr] iztktu dks iz'kklu dh Hkk"kk Dospqvk cksyuk vfuok;Z] thrs x, dchyksa dks iw.kZ :i ls Hkhrj feykuk LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dks lSfud lg;ksx ds fy, iqjLdr djuk] bdkb;ksa ds fu;U=k.k okyk la?kA

5- q lkglh ukfod] lksus] pkanh dh izkfIr dk ykyp] ckgjh nqfu;k ds yksxksa dks blkbZ cukus dk ykyp rFkk /eZ vkSj O;kikj ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd fu;U=k.k c<+kus dh Hkh bPNkA

6- q ewy lH;rk,¡ & ,tVsd] ek;k] badk q ,tVsd & eq[; :i ls /krq deZ] lekt dk xzkeh.k vk/kj] eDdk] vkyw vkfn dh

[ksrhA q ek;k & df"k vk/kfjr] eDdk dk mRiknu] gLrf'kYiA q badk & vkfFkZd O;oLFkk & lksus pkanh ij vk/kfjr O;kikj&fofue;A

7- q eSfDldks dh Øwjrkiw.kZ thr] VkWVkuSd ls nksLrh] Lisuh lSfudksa }kjk V~ySDldykuks dks gjkuk] fiQj VSuksafDVVySu dh vksj c<+uk vkSj 8 uoEcj 1519 dks ogka igqapukA

58 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&9

vkS|ksfxd Økafr

vk/qfudhdj.k dh vksj dkyØe pkj (yxHkx 1700&2000 bZ-)

Lej.kh; rF;&

1- izFke vkS|ksfxd Økafr & fczVsu esa 1780 ds n'kd vkSj 1850 ds n'kd ds chp m|ksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dk tks :ikrja.k gqvk mls bl uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA

2- vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k& bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx ;wjksih; fo}kuksa tSls tkWftZl fe'kys (Úkal) vkSj ÚkWbfMªd ,atsYl (teZuh) }kjk fd;k x;kA vaxzsth esa bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx& loZizFke nk'kZfud ,oa vFkZ'kkL=kh vkjukWYM VkW;uch }kjk mu ifjorZuksa dk o.kZu djus ds fy, fd;k x;k tks fczVsu ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa 1760 vkSj 1820 ds chp gq, FksA

3- vkfFkZd izxfr & 1780 ds n'kd ls 1820 ds nkSjku dikl vkSj ykSg m|ksxksa] dks;yk [kuu lM+dksa vkSj ugjksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj fons'kh O;kikj esa izxfr gqbZ ubZ&ubZ e'khuksa o rduhdksa ds vkfo"dkjksa us igys Fkh gLrf'kYi vkSj gFkdj?kk m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjh iSekus ij eky ds mRiknu dks laHko cuk;kA

4- Hkki dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx (egRo) & fczVsu ds m|ksxksa esa 'kfDr ds ,d u;s Ïksr ds :i esa Hkki dk O;kid :i ls iz;ksx gksus yxk& ftlesa tgktksa vkSj jsyxkfM+;ksa }kjk ifjogu dh xfr dkiQh rst gks xbZ Cypj & 1814 esa ,d jsyos bathfu;j tkWtZ LVhisQulu }kjk fd;k x;k ,d jsy batuA ;g 30 Vu Hkkj pkj ehy izfr ?kaVs dh jÝrkj ls ,d igkM+h ij ys tk;k tk ldrk FkkA Hkki dh 'kfDr dk bLrseky lcls igys [kuu m|ksxksa esa fd;k x;kA

5- fczVsu igyk ns'k Fkk ftlus loZizFke vk/qfud vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk vuqHko fd;k FkkA

6- fczVsu dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& blds rhuksa fgLlksa& baXyS.M] osYl vkSj LdkWVySaM ij ,d gh jktra=k ;kuh lezkV dk 'kklu jgk Fkk& bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd lEiw.kZ jkT; esa ,d gh dkuwu O;oLFkk ,d gh flDdk (eqnzk iz.kkyh) vkSj ,d cktkj O;oLFkk FkhA

59 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

7- eqnzk dk iz;ksx& fofue; ;kuh vknku&iznku ds ekè;e ds :i esa O;kid :i ls gksus yxk FkkA

8- df"k Økafr& vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa baxySaM ,d cM+s vkfFkZd ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk FkkA ;g Økafr ,d ,slh izfØ;k Fkh ftlds }kjk cM+s tehnkjksa us viuh gh lEifÙk;ksa ds vkl&ikl NksVs [ksr [kjhn fy, vkSj xkao dh lkoZtfud tehuksa dks ?ksj fy;kA mUgksaus viuh cM+h&cM+h Hkw&lEink,¡ cuk yh ftlls [kk| mRiknu dh of¼ gqbZA

9- yanu dk egRo & ;g baXyS.M&vÚhdk vkSj osLVbaMht ds chp LFkkfir f=kdks.kh; O;kikj dk dsUn cuk rFkk baXyS.M esa fofHkUu cktkjksa ds chp eky dh vkoktkgh izeq[k :i ls unh ekxZ vkSj leqnzh rV dh lqjf{kr [kkfM+;ksa esa ikuh ds tgktksa ls gksrh FkhA

10- baXyS.M esa iz;kZIr lalk/u& e'khuhdj.k ds dke vkus okyh lkefxz;k¡ dks;yk vksj yksgs v;Ld vf/d ek=kk esa miyC/ Fkha rFkk m|ksxksa esa dke vkus okys vU; [kfut tSls& lhlk rkack vkSj jkaxk (fVu) Hkh izpqj ek=kk esa FksA

11- f}rh; MchZ (1711&68) & us <yoka yksgs ls fiVoka yksgs dk fodkl fd;k tks de Hkaxqj FkkA gsujh dksVZ (1740&1823) us vkyksMu HkV~Bh vkSj csyu fey (ftuls fi?kys yksgs esa ls v'kqf¼ dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk Fkk) dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA

12- ugjksa dk tky fcNk& baXyS.M esa igyh ugj ^olZyh dSuky* 1761 esa tsEl fczaMyh }kjk cukbZ xbZA 1788&1796 bZ- vkB o"kZ dh vof/ dks ugjksUekn* ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gS46 ugjksa ds fuekZ.k dh ubZ ifj;kstuk,a gkFk esa yh xb±A

13- vkS|ksfxd Økafr dk izHkko cPpksa o efgykvksa ij udkjkRed jgkA

14- cPpksa vkSj vkSjrksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kjus ds fy, dqN dkuwu cuk;s x;sA tSls 1833] 1842 [kku vkSj dks;yk [kku vf/fu;e (nl o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa vkSj fL=k;ksa ls [kkuksa ls uhps dke ysus ij ikcanh yxk nhA 1847 dk vf/fu;e & iQhYMlZ iSQDVªh vf/fu;e (18 o"kZ ls de mez ds cPpksa vkSj fL=k;ksa ls 10 ?kaVs izfrfnu ls vf/d dke u fy;k tk;A

15- vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds fo"k; esa i{k o foi{k esa vusd rdZ jgs& D;ksafd mUuhloha 'krkCnh 'kq: gksus ds dkiQh le; ckn Hkh baXyS.M ds cM+s&cM+s {ks=kksa esa dksbZ iSQfDVª;ka ;k [kkusa ugha Fkha blfy, vkS|ksfxd Økafr 'kCn vuqi;qDr le>k x;kA

16- vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds i{k esa bfrgkl ,-bZ- eLlu }kjk ;g dgk& fd 1850&1914 rd vof/ dks ,slk dky ekuus ds fy, i;kZIr vk/kj gS ftlesa vkS|ksfxd Økafr okLro esa vR;ar O;kid iSekus ij gqbZ] ftlls lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt dh dk;kiyV gks xbZA

60 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vkS|ksfxd Økafr


1- îzFke vkS|ksfxd Økafr* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

2- fdu nks ;wjksih; fo}kuksa ds }kjk vkS|ksfxd Økafr 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

3- ^df"k Økafr* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

4- loZizFke Hkki dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx (bLrseky) fdl :i esa fd;k x;k\

5- ôlZyh dSuky* loZizFke dgka dc rFkk fdlds }kjk fufeZr dh xbZ\

6- tehnkjksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ ugjksa ds egRo dks Li"V dhft,A

7- îqQiQdkjus okyk nkuo* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

8- 1830 ds n'kd esa ugjksa ds jkLrs ifjogu esa dkSu&dkSu lh leL;k,a Fkha\ Li"V dhft,A

9- ^pdcanh* ;k cM+k i¼fr fdls dgrs gSaA

10- ûgjksUekn** ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\


1- fczVsu esa loZizFke vkS|ksfxd Økafr fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k izkjaHk gqbZ\ o.kZu dhft,A

2- fczVsu esa diM+k m|ksx esa Økafr ykus okys vkfo"dkjksa dks Li"V dhft,\

3- fczVsu esa jsyos ds {ks=k esa gq, vkfo"dkjksa dk o.kZu dhft, rFkk vkS|ksfxd izfØ;k ij iM+s izHkkoksa dks Li"V dhft,A

4- vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds nkSjku vkSjrksa vkSj cPpksa ds dke djus dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dkuwu }kjk fd, x, lq/kjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

5- fczVsu vk/qfud vkS|ksfxdhdj.k vuqHko djus okyk izFke ns'k D;ksa ekuk x;k Fkk\ dkj.kksa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

6- vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us df"k] ;krk;kr] lapkj vkSj O;kikj dh fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k rFkk mlds dkj.k vf/d f'k{kk dh vko';drk D;ksa gqbZ\

61 bfrgkl d{kk&XI



1- fczVsu essa 1780 ds n'kd vkSj 1850 ds n'kd ds chp m|ksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dk tks :ikarj.k gqvkA

2- Úkal esa& tkWftZl fe'ksy@teZuh esa&ÚkWbfMªd ,atsYlA

3- blds vUrxZr cM+s tehnkjksa us viuh gh laifÙk;ksa ds vklikl NksVs&NksVs [ksr (iQkeZ) [kjhn fy, vkSj xkao dh lkoZtfud tehuksa dks ?ksj fy;k rFkk cM+h&cM+h Hkw&laink cuk yhA ftlls [kk| mRiknu dh of¼ gqbZA

4- bldk iz;ksx& [kuu m|ksxksa esa fd;k x;kA

5- baXyS.M esa 1761 & tSEl fczMayh }kjk cukbZ xbZA

6- ugjsa vkerkSj ij cM+s tehnkjksa }kjk viuh tehuksa ij fLFkr [kkuksa] [knkuksa dk taxyksa ds ewY; dks c<+kus ds fy;s cukbZ tkrh FkhA

7- 1801 esa fjpMZ VªsfofFkd us ,d batu dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftls iafiQx Msfoy* ;kuh iqQiQdkjus okyk nkuo dgrs FksA

8- (1) ugjksa ds dqN fgLls esa tyiksrksa dh HkhM+HkkM+ ds dkj.k ifjogu dh jÝrkj /heh iM+ xbZA

(2) ikys] ck<+ ;k lw[ks ds dkj.k muds bLrseky dk le; Hkh lhfer gks x;kA

9- ftlds }kjk 1770 ds n'kd ls NksVs&NksVs lSdM+ksa iQkeZ ([ksr) 'kfDr'kyh tehnkjksa ds cM+s iQkeks± esa feyk fy;s x;sA

10- 1760 ls 1790 bZ- ds chp ugjsa cukus dh 25 ifj;kstuk,a 'kq: dh xb±A 1788&1796 bZ- rd dh vof/ dks bl uke ls iqdkjk x;kA


1- q dks;yksa o yksgs dh [kkuksa dh vf/drkA

q df"k ØkafrA

q lLrs JfedA

q pkyd 'kfDr (Hkki) dk KkuA

q /u dh vf/drkA

62 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

2- q gjxzhCt us (1764) fLifuax tSuh dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA

q tkWu ds us Ýykbax 'kVy dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA

q vkdZjkbV us (1769) gjxzhCt ds pj[ks esa ifjorZu fd;kA

q dkVZjkbV us (1785) ^ikoj ywe*

q lSEiwvy Økeu us (1779) ^E;wy* e'khu cukbZ

3- q Hkki dk jsyos batu

q iqQiQdkjus okyk nkuo

q Lypj uked batu cuk;k

q izHkko%

(1) ;g ifjogu o"kZ Hkj pyrk Fkk

(2) eky o ;kf=k;ksa dks vf/d ek=kk esa yk;k ys tk;k tk ldrk FkkA

(3) ;g lLrk o rst ifjogu FkkA

4- q 1819 dk dkuwu

q 1833 dk vf/fu;e

q 1847 dk vf/fu;e (nl ?kaVs dk;Z djus dk fu'p; gqvk)

q 1842 dk vf/fu;e

q 1847 dk vf/fu;e (iQhYMlZ iSQDVªh vf/fu;e)

5- q l=kgoha 'krkCnh ls jktuhfrd n`f"V ls lqn`<+ ,oa larqfyr ns'k Fkk

q eqnzk dk fofue; ds fy, iz;ksx

q udn osru o etnwjh

q fczVsu ds rhuksa fgLls& baXyS.M] csYl vkSj LdkWVyS.M ,d gh jktra=k ds v/hu

q lEiw.kZ jkT; esa ,d gh dkuwu O;oLFkk] ,d gh eqnzk iz.kkyh vkSj ,d gh cktkj O;oLFkk FkhA

63 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&10

ewy fuokfl;ksa dk foLFkkiu Lej.kh; rF;&

1- mifuosf'kd foLrkj& l=kgoha lnh ds ckn Lisu vkSj iqrZxky ds vejhdk dk foLrkj ugha gqvk FkkA Úkal] gkyS.M vkSj baXyS.M tSls nwljs ns'kksa us viuh O;kikfjd xfrfof/;ksa dk foLrkj djuk vkSj vejhdk] vÚhdk rFkk ,f'k;k esa vius mifuos'k clkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA

2- ^lsVyj* & (vkckndkj) & 'kCn nf{k.k vÚhdk esa Mp ds fy, vk;jyS.M] U;wthyS.M vkSj vkLVsªfy;k esa fczfV'k ds fy, vejhdk esa ;wjksih; yksxksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA

3- usfVo& ,slk O;fDr tks vius ekStwnk fuokl LFkku esa gh iSnk gqvk FkkA chloha lnh ds vkjafHkd o"kks± rd ;g in ;wjksih; yksxksa }kjk vius mifuos'kksa ds ckf'kans ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk FkkA

4- HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr& mÙkjh vejhdk dk foLrkj mÙkj /zqoh; oÙk ls ysdj ddZ js[kk vkSj iz'kkar egklkxj ls vVykafVd egklkxj rd gSA dukMk dk 40 iQhlnh bykdk taxyksa ls <dk gS ogka rsy] xSl vkSj [kfut lalk/u ik, tkrs gSaA

5- ewy fuokfl;ksa dk thou Lrj& vBkjgoha lnh esa if'peh ;wjksi ds yksx lH; euq"; dh igpku lk{kjrk] laxfBr /eZ vkSj 'kgjhiu ds vk/kj ij djrs FksA

dukMk ds yksx& xsgwa] edbZ vkSj iQy cM+s iSekus ij mxkrs Fks vkSj eRL; m|ksx ,d egRoiw.kZ m|ksx gSA

Hkk"kk,¡& mÙkjh vejhdk esa vusd Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh Fkh ijarq og fy[kh ugha tkrh FkhaA

6- ewy fuokfl;ksa vkSj ;wjksih; yksxksa dh laLdfr esa dkiQh fHkUurk FkhA

7- la;qDr jkT; ds jk"Vªifr& ,afMªm tSDlu] ftudh Nfo vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd i{kikr ds f[kykiQ yM+us okys dh Fkh] yksdrkaf=kd vf/dkj vkSj lEifÙk dk vf/dkj fliZQ xksjs yksxksa ds fy, FksA

8- xksYM j'k vkSj m|ksxksa dh of¼&1840 esa dSyhiQksfuZ;k esa lksus ds fpg~u feys rFkk xksYM jl dk izkjaHk jsyos ykbuksa dk fuekZ.k] vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dk fodkl] dkj[kkuksa dh la[;k esa of¼ gqbZA

64 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

9- ,sckWfjftuht& mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh vejhdk dh rjg gh vkfLVª;k esa Hkh ekuo fuokl dk bfrgkl jgk gSA 'kq#vkrh euq"; ;k vkfnekuo dks ;g uke feykA

10- vkLVsªfy;k esa ewy fuokfl;ksa ds 350 ls 750 rd leqnk; Fks gj leqnk; dh viuh igpku Fkh rFkk vkt Hkh ogka T;knkrj 'kgj leqnz rV ds lkFk&lkFk cls gSa D;ksafd chp dk bykdk 'kq"d e#Hkwfe okyk gSA


1- ^usfVo* 'kCn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

2- ^lsVyj* 'kCn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

3- mÙkjh vejhdk dgka rd foLrr Fkk\

4- mÙkjh vejhdk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

5- if'peh ;wjksi ds yksxksa dks vesfjdk ds ewy fuoklh fdu dkj.kksa ls ^vlH;* izrhr gq, Li"V dhft,A

6- mÙkjh vesfjdk ds lanHkZ esa ^fjtosZ'kUl** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

7- ^xksMy jl ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

8- dukMk vkSj U;wthyS.M 'kCnksa dh mRifÙk fdl izdkj gqbZ la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A


1- mÙkjh vesfjdk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh fdUgha ikap egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- mÙkjh vesfjdk dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A

3- vkLVªsfy;k esa ekuo fuokl ds bfrgkl dk o.kZu djrs gq, ogka ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

4- mÙkjh vejhdk esa m|ksxksa ds fodflr gksus ds dkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

5- la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk }kjk viuh cfLr;ksa dk foLrkj djus ds fy, ewy okaf'knksa dks fdl izdkj csn[ky fd;k x;k foospuk dhft,A

65 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


1- la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj dukMk ds HkkSxksfyd foLrkj dh foospuk dhft,A

2- ^xksYM j'k** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS rFkk xksYM j'k dh vesfjdk ds vkfFkZd foLrkj esa D;k Hkwfedk Fkh\ O;k[;k dhft,A

3- vkLVªsfy;k ds ewy&fuokfl;ksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kjus ds fy, mBk;s x;s dneksa (dk;ks±) dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A

4- ;wjksih; cfLr;ksa ds rgr vkLVªsfy;k dk vkfFkZd fodkl vesfjdk ftruk egRoiw.kZ ugha Fkk D;ksa\ mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A



1- q ,slk O;fDr tks vius gh ekStwnk fuokl LFkku esa gh iSnk gqvk Fkk (ewy fuoklh)

2- q nf{k.k vÚhdk esa Mp ds fy, vk;jyS.M] U;wthyS.M vkSj vkLVªsfy;k esa fczfV'k ds fy, vesfjdk esa ;wjksih; yksxksa ds fy, bLrseky gksrk gSA bu mifuos'kksa dh jktHkk"kk vaxzsth FkhA

3- q mÙkj/zqoh; oÙk ls ysdj ddZ js[kk rd vkSj iz'kkar egklkxj ls vVykafVd egklkxj rd iSQyk gSA

4- q lewgksa esa unh ds vklikl jgrs FksA

q eNyh vkSj ekal [kkrs Fks vkSj lfCt;ka rFkk edbZ mxkrs FksA

5- q lH; dh igpku & lk{kjrk] laxfBr /eZ] vkSj 'kgjhiu ds vk/kj ij djrs FksA

6- q ewy fuoklh NksVs bykdksa esa dSn dj fy, x, FksA ;g izk;% ,slh tehu gksrh Fkh ftlds lkFk mudk igys ls dksbZ fj'rk ugha gksrk FkkA bUgha tehuksa dks ;g uke fn;k x;kA

7- q 1840 esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds dSfyiQksfuZ;k esa lksus ds dqN fpg~u feysA (vesfjdk esa /jrh ds uhps lksuk) blds ckn vesfjdk esa vR;f/d vkS|ksfxd fodkl gqvkA

8- q dukVk ls fudyk 'kCn & 1535 esa [kksth tkd dkfVZ;j dks feyh tkudkjh ds eqrkfcd& g~;wjks & bjkSD;wbl dh Hkk"kk esa dukVk dk eryc Fkk& xkaoA U;wthyS.M&gkyS.M ds rkleku }kjk fn;k x;k uke ftlus lcls igys 1642 esa bu Vkiqvksa dks ns[kkA

66 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


1- q mÙkjh vesfjdk ds lcls igys ckf'kans 30]000 lky igys csfjax&LVªsV~l ds vkjikj iSQys Hkwfe&lsrq ds jkLrs ,f'k;k ls vk,A

q unh ?kkVh ds lkFk&lkFk cus xkaoksa esa lewg cuk dj jgrs FksA q eNyh vkSj ekal [kkrs Fks vkSj lfCt;k¡ rFkk edbZ mxkrs FksA q vusd Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh Fkh ijUrq fy[kh ugha tkrh FkhA q vkS|ksfxd laca/ vkSj nksfLr;k¡ dk;e djuk rFkk migkjksa dk vknku iznku djrs FksA

2- q mÙkj /zqoh; oÙk ls ysdj ddZ js[kk rd vkSj iz'kkar egklkxj ls vVykafVd egklkxj rd iSQyk gSA

q iFkjhys igkM+ksa dh Ja[kyk gSA q iwjc esa xszV eSnkuh Hkkx q xzsV >hysa & felhflih vksfg;ks q vIikykfp;k¡ ioZrksa dh ?kkfV;k¡ gSaA

3- q ekuo fuokl dk bfrgkl dkiQh yack gS 'kq#vkrh euq"; ;k vkfnekuo ftUgs ,sckfjftuht* dgrs gSa ;g 40]000 lky igys vkus 'kq: gq, FksA vkLVªfy;k ds lkFk ,d Hkw lsrq ls tqM+s U;w fxuh ls vk, FksA ;g yksx ckgj ls ugha vk;s Fks vfirq izkjaHk ls gh ogha jg jgs FksA

fo'ks"krk,¡& (1) ;gka ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh 350 ls 750 rd viuh Hkk"kk Fkh (gj leqnk; dh) (2) budk ,d fo'kky lewg mÙkj esa jgrk FkkA

4- q jsyos ds dkj.k q ;a=kksa ds }kjk df"k dks vklku cukukA q vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dk fodklA q dkj[kkuksa dh la[;k esa of¼A q cM+s iSekus ij vkfFkZd mUufr

5- q tehu dh de dhers nh xb±A q tehu T;knk yh iSlk de fn;kA q mUgsa vkylh dgk tkrk FkkA q mUgsa NksVs bykdksa esa dSn dj fn;kA q mUgsa vlH; dgk tkrk FkkA

67 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&11

vk/qfudhdj.k ds jkLrs Lej.kh; rF;&

1- phu esa lkE;oknh ljdkj dh LFkkiuk 1949 esa gqbZA

2- phu vkSj tkiku dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr esa varj& phu fo'kkydk; egk}hih; ns'k] tyok;q esa fofo/rk] dbZ jk"Vªh;rk,a] Hkk"kk,¡] [kkuksa esa {ks=kh; fofo/rkA tkiku& ,d }hi J`a[kyk okyk ns'k] pkj eq[; }hi] lfØ; HkwdEi okyk {ks=kA

3- Hkk"kk,¡& phu dh izeq[k Hkk"kk phuhA ysfdu dbZ vkSj jk"Vªh;rk,¡ gSa tSls fd mb?kqj] gqbZ] ekapw vkSj frCcrh dSVuht dSVu dh cksyh m, vkSj 'ka?kkbZuht tSlh cksfy;ksa ds vykok dbZ vYila[;d Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh cksyh tkrh gSaA

4- tkiku dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& tkiku ij D;ksrks esa jgus okys lezkV dk 'kklu gqvk djrk Fkk] ysfdu ckjgoha lnh vkrs&vkrs vlyh lÙkk 'kksxquksa ds gkFk esa vk xbZA tks lS¼kafrd :i ls jktk ds uke ls 'kklu djrs FksA

5- tkiku le¼ ns'k& bls vehj ns'k le>k tkrk Fkk] D;ksafd og phu ls js'ke vkSj Hkkjr ls diM+k tSlh foyklh oLrq,¡ vk;kr djrk FkkA

6- tkiku ,d }hi J`a[kyk& blesa pkj cM+s }hi gSaA tSls& gksa'kw] D;w'kw] f'kdksdw rFkk gksdkbnks vkSj gksa'kwA

7- esth iquLFkkZiuk& bldk vFkZ gS tkiku esa izcq¼ ljdkj dk xBu 1868 esa ,d vkanksyu ftuds }kjk 'kksxqu dh tcjnLrh lÙkk ls gVk fn;k x;k vkSj lezkV esth dks ,nks (jkt/kuh) ys vk;k x;kA

8- tkiku esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk& 1870 ds n'kd ls u;h fo|ky;&O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k 'kq: gqvkA yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s Ldwy tkuk vfuok;Z gks x;kA rFkk i<+kbZ dh iQhl cgqr de Fkh vkSj 1910 rd f'k{kk ls dksbZ oafpr u jgkA

9- tkiku esa vFkZO;oLFkk dk vk/qfudhdj.k& df"k ij dj yxkdj /u bdV~Bk fd;k] jsy ykbuksa

68 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

dk fodkl] oL=k m|ksx esa e'khuksa dk iz;ksx] etnwjksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA vk/qfud cSafdax lLFkkvksa dk izkjaHk gksukA

10- esth lafo/ku & lhfer erkf/dkj ij vk/kfjr Fkk mlus Mk;V cukbZA ftlds vf/kdj lhfer FksA 'kkgh iqu% LFkkiuk djus okys usrk lÙkk esa cus jgs vkSj mUgksaus jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa dk xBu fd;kA

11- iqQdqtkok ;wfdph& ;g esth dky ds izeq[k cqf¼thoh Fks& budk dguk Fkk fd tkiku dks vius esa ls ,f'k;k dks fudky isaQduk pkfg, vkSj tkiku dks vius ,f'k;kbZ y{k.k NksM+ nsus pkfg, vkSj if'pe dk fgLlk cu tkuk pkfg,A

12- f}rh; fo'o;q¼ esa tkiku ds fgjksf'kek rFkk ukxklkdh uxjksa ij vesfjdk }kjk ce fxjk, x,A ;g dgk x;k fd ;q¼ dks tYnh lekIr djus ds fy, ,slk fd;k x;kA tkiku us vesfjdk ds iyZ gkcZj ij geyk fd;kA

13- phu dk vk/qfud bfrgkl& laizHkqrk dh iquZizkfIr] fons'kh dCts ds vieku dk var vkSj lekurk rFkk fodkl dks laHko cukus ij vk/kfjr FkkA

14- phu dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& laoS/kfud ljdkj FkhA LFkkiuk ds fy, LFkkuh; fo/kf;dkvksa dk xBu fd;k x;k rFkk vk/qfud iz'kkldh; O;oLFkk] u;h lsuk vkSj f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, uhfr;k¡ cukbZA

15- igyk viQhe ;q¼ (1839&1842) gqvkA blus lÙkk/kjh fDoax jktoa'k dks detksj fd;k vkSj lq/kj rFkk cnyko dh ekaxksa dks etcwrh nhA

16- phu esa x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk 1911 esa ekapw lkezkT; lekIr dj fn;k x;k vkSj lu ;kr&lsu ds usrRo esa x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA os fufoZokn :i ls vk/qfud phu ds laLFkkid ekus tkrs gSaA

17- lu ;kr&lsu ds rhu fl¼kar& jk"Vªokn] x.kra=k] lektoknA

18- dqvksehurkax& (us'kyu ihiqYl ikVhZ) blds usrk lu ;kr&lsu FksA mudh eR;q ds ckn fp;kax dkbZ&'ksd usrk cus mUgksaus lSU; vfHk;ku ds tfj;s okjykMZ~l dks (LFkkuh; usrk ftUgksaus lÙkk Nhu yh Fkh) vius fu;a=k.k esa fd;k vkSj lkE;okfn;ksa dks [kRe fd;kA

19- phu dh lkE;oknh ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk 1921 esa :lh Økafr ds dqN le; ckn gqbZ FkhA

20- dkSfeaVuZ ;k rrh; varjkZ"Vªh; dh LFkkiuk& 1918 esa ysfuu vkSj Vªk¡V~ldh usrkvksa }kjk dh xbZA bldk mn~ns'; fo'o Lrjh; ljdkj cukbZ tk, tks 'kks"k.k dks [kRe dj ldsA

21- ihiqYl fjifCyd vkWiQ pkbuk dh ljkdj&1949 esa cuhA ;g ^u;s yksdra=k* ds fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr FkhA

69 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

22- vk/qfudhdj.k lq/kj& 1978 ls 'kq: gksus okys lq/kj foKku] m|ksx] df"k vkSj j{kk dk fodklA

23- fp;kax dkbZ&'ksd dk rkboku esa izLFkku& phuh lkE;oknh ny }kjk ijkftr gksus ds ckn ;g 30 djksM+ ls vf/d vesfjdh Mkyj vkSj cs'kdherh dykdfr;ka ysdj 1949 esa rkboku Hkkx fudysA ogka bUgksaus phuh x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk dhA

24- ,f'k;k ds nks egRoiw.kZ ns'kksa esa tkiku vkSj phu dh vk/qfudhdj.k ds ekxZ esa fHkUurk FkhA


1- phu vkSj tkiku dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

2- tkiku dks vehj ns'k D;ksa le>k tkrk Fkk\ Li"V dhft,A

3- esth dh iquLFkkZiuk ds nks egRoiw.kZ dkj.k fyf[k,A

4- iqQdqtkok ;wfdph* dkSu Fks\ muds mn~ns';ksa dks Li"V dhft,A

5- tkiku dk ^,d vk/qfud lekt* esa :ikarj.k fdl izdkj gqvk\ Li"V dhft,A

6- vesfjdk }kjk tkiku ds dkSu ls nks 'kgjksa ij ukfHkdh; ce fxjk;s x;s vkSj D;ksa\

7- ,d ;q¼ksÙkj ^peRdkj* ls D;k rkRi;Z gSA

8- lu ;kr&lsu ds rhu fl¼kar dkSu ls Fks\

9- tkiku esa u;h fo|ky; O;oLFkk D;k Fkh\ bldk D;k ifj.kke gqvk\

10- tkiku esa LFkkfir igyh laln dkSu lh Fkh rFkk ;g fdl ns'k dh lksp ls izHkkfor Fkh\


1- tkiku dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk ikap fcUnqvksa esa o.kZu dhft,A

2- tkiku ij rksdqxkok ifjokj ds 'kksxquksa us dc ls dc rd 'kklu fd;k\ rFkk mudh 'kklu O;oLFkk dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- mu dkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft;s ftuds dkj.k tkiku le¼ ns'k ekuk tkrk FkkA

4- tkiku esa 1870 ds n'kd esa viukbZ xbZ u;h fo|ky; O;oLFkk dk mYys[k dhft,A

5- lu ;kr&lsu dkSu Fks\ muds rhu fl¼karksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A

6- phu dh ihiqYl fjifCyd vkWiQ pkbuk dh ljdkj dc dk;e gqbZ rFkk ;g fdl fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr Fkh\ bldh liQyrkvksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

70 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


1- esth 'kklu ds vUrxZr tkiku esa vFkZO;oLFkk dk vk/qfudhdj.k fdl izdkj gqvk\ i;kZoj.k ij m|ksxksa ds fodkl dk D;k izHkko iM+kA

2- dqvksehurkax ds usrk ds :i esa ^fp;kax dkbZ&'ksd* ds dk;ks± dk mYys[k dhft,A rFkk dqvksehurkax dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kksa dks of.kZr dhft,A

3- esth iquZLFkkiuk ls iwoZ tkiku dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A

4- rkboku dk ,d yksdra=k esa :ikarj.k ,d ukVdh; eksM+ Fkk\ Li"V dhft,A

5- vk/qfudrk ds nks ekxZ ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ rFkk phu vkSj tkiku esa ;s ekxZ fdl izdkj fHkUu&fHkUu gS\ mYys[k dhft,A



1- q phu& fo'kkydk; egk}hih; ns'k gSa] eq[; {ks=k esa rhu ufn;ka gSa] vf/d fgLlk igkM+h gSA

q tkiku& ,d }hi J`a[kyk okyk ns'k gS] pkj cM+s }hi gSa HkwdEi okyk {ks=k gSA

2- q phu ls js'ke dk vk;krA

q Hkkjr ls diM+k dk vk;kr djrk FkkA tkiku bldk ewY; lksus esa pqdkrk FkkA

3- q ns'k esa rjg&rjg dk vlarks"k Fkk (jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd)

q varjk"Vªh; O;kikj o dwVuhfrd laca/ksa dh ekax dh tk jgh FkhA

4- q ;g esth dky ds izeq[k cqf¼thfo;ksa esa ls FksA mn~ns';& tkiku dks vius esa ls ,f'k;k dks fudky isaQduk pkfg,A

5- q iSrd ifjokj O;oLFkk Fkh& dbZ ihf<+;ka ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ds fu;a=k.k esa jgrh FkhA ckn esa tSls&tSls yksx le¼ gq,] ,dy ifjokj esa cny x;sA

6- q fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ;q¼ dks (f}rh; fo'o;q¼) tYnh [kRe djus ds fy,A

7- q ;q¼ esa Hk;adj gkj ds ckotwn tkikuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ftl rsth ls iqufuZekZ.k gqvk] mls ;g uke fn;k x;kA

8- q jk"Vªokn] x.kra=k] rFkk lektoknA

71 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

9- q 1870 ds n'kd esa tkiku esa yM+ds yM+fd;ksa ds fy, Ldwy tkuk vfuok;Z] i<+kbZ dh iQhl cgqr de FkhA ifj.kke& 1910 rd dksbZ Hkh cPpk Ldwy tkus ls oafpr ugha jgkA

10- q Mk;V] teZu fopkj/kjk ijA


1- q tkiku ,d }hi J`a[kyk gSA

q 50 izfr'kr ls vf/d tehu igkM+h gSA

q HkwdEi okyk {ks=k

q vksfdukok }hiksa dh J`a[kyk nf{k.k esa gSa

q lcls cM+s pkj }hi& gksa'kw] D;w'kw] f'kdksdw rFkk gksdkbnksA

2- 1603 ls 1867

q jktk ds uke ij ('kksxqu) 'kklu djrs FksA

q ns'k 250 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr Fkk ftudk 'kklu nSE;ks pykrs FksA

q 'kksxqu nSE;ks ij fu;a=k.k j[krs FksA

q 'kksxqu izeq[k 'kgjksa vkSj [knkuksa ij Hkh fu;a=k.k j[krs FksA

3- q phu ls js'ke vkSj Hkkjr ls diM+k tSlh foyklh oLrq,¡ vk;kr djrk FkkA

q vk;krksa ds fy;s lksus&pkanh ds :i esa dher vnk djuh iM+rh FkhA

q dherh /krqvksa ds fu;kZr ij jksd yxk nha

q vFkZra=k u;h fn'kkvksa esa fodflr gks jgk Fkk& eqæk dk c<+rk bLrseky vkSj pkoy ds 'ks;j cktkj ds dkj.k

q fuf'kftu dk js'ke nqfu;k Hkj esa csgrjhu js'ke ekuk tkus yxkA

4- q 1870 ds n'kd& yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, Ldwy tkuk vfuok;Z gks x;kA

q 1910 Ldwy tkus ls dksbZ oafpr ugha jgkA

q i<+kbZ dh iQhl cgqe de FkhA

q f'k{kk ea=kky; ikB~;ppkZ ij fdrkcksa ds p;u vkSj f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k ij fu;a=k.k j[krk FkkA

72 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

q fdrkcksa esa ekrk firk ds izfr] jk"Vª ds izfr oiQknkjh vkSj vPNs ukxfjd cuus dh izsj.kk nh tkrh FkhA

q lu ;kr&lsu (1866&1925) vk/qfud phu ds lLFkkid ekus x;s gSaA (yksdra=k vkSj bZlkbZ /eZ)

rhu fl¼kar &

q jk"Vªokn& ekapw oa'k dks lÙkk ls gVkukA

q x.kra=k & x.krkaf=kd ljdkj dh LFkkiukA

q lektokn& iawth dk fu;eu djuk rFkk Hkw&LokfeRo esa cjkcjh ykukA

6- q 1949 esa] ;g yksdra=k ds fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr FkhA

liQyrk,¡&

q yksdra=k (lHkh lkekftd oxks± dk laxBu FkkA)

q vFkZ O;oLFkk ds eq[; {ks=k ljdkj ds fu;a=k.k esa j[ks x;sA

q futh dkj[kkuksa vkSj HkwLokfeRo dks /hjs&/hjs [kRe fd;k x;kA

73 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&1

vuqPNsn vk/kfjr iz'u

vkYVkehjk ds xqiQk fp=k fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, %&

vkYVkehjk Lisu esa fLFkr ,d xqiQk&LFky gSA vkYVkehjk dh xqiQk dh Nr ij cuh fp=kdkfj;ksa dh vksj ekflZyhuksa lSat fn lmrqvksyk dk è;ku mldh csVh ekfj;k }kjk uoacj 1879 esa fnyk;k x;k FkkA ekflZyhuks ,d LFkkuh; HkwLokeh rFkk 'kkSdhu iqjkrRofon~ Fks vkSj mudh uUgh lh yM+dh xqiQk esa b/j&m/j [ksy vkSj nkSM+ jgh FkhA tcfd mlds firk xqiQk ds iQ'kZ dh [kqnkbZ dj jgs FksA vpkud ekfj;k dh utj Nr ij cuh fp=kdkfj;ksa ij iM+h og rqjUr fpYyk mBhA ^^ikik ns[kks] cSyA** ,d ckj rks mlds firk us csVh dh ckr dks galh esa mM+k fn;kA ij rqjar gh mUgsa ;g vglkl gqvk fd Nr ij lpeqp dqN fp=kdkfj;ka cuh gqbZ gSaA ftuesa jax dh ctk; fdlh izdkj dh ysbZ (isLV) dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA

iz'u

1- ^^vkYVkehjk** ds xqiQk fp=kksa ls fdl izdkj dh tkudkjh feyrh gS\ vkSj bls bl ikB esa 'kkfey D;ksa fd;k x;k gS\ 4

2- ekflZyhuks dh csVh dk D;k uke gS\ xqiQk ds vUnj csVh us ikik ls D;k dgk\ 2

3- vkYVkehjk xqiQk fdl ns'k esa gSa\ vkSj taxyh cSy dk fp=k xqiQk esa fdl LFkku ij gS\ 2

gkntk tulewg fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, %&

^^gkntk f'kdkfj;ksa rFkk laxzkgdksa dk ,d NksVk lewg gS tks ^ysd b;klh* ,d [kkjs ikuh dh foHkza'k ?kkVh esa cuh >hy ds vklikl jgrs gSaA iwohZ gkntk dk bykdk lw[kk vkSj pV~Vkuh gSA tgka ?kkl (lokuk) dkaVsnkj >kfM+;ka vkSj ,dkfl;ksa ds isM+ksa dh cgqrk;r gS] ysfdu ;gka taxyh [kk| oLrq,¡ Hkjiwj ek=kk esa feyrh gSaA chloha 'krkCnh ds 'kq: esa ;gka Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds tkuojksa dh cs'kqekj

74 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

la[;k FkhA ;gka ds cM+s tkuojksa esa gkFkh] xSaMs] HkSals] ftjkiQ] tsczk] okVjcd] fgj.k] fpadkjk] [kkxnkj taxyh lqvj ccwu canj] 'ksj] rsanq, vkSj ydM+cX?ks ftrus vke gS mrus gh vke NksVs tkuojksa esa lkgh eNyh] [kjxks'k] xhnM+] dNq, vkSj vusd izdkj ds tkuoj gSaA gkntk yksx gkFkh dks NksM+dj ckdh lHkh fdLe ds tkuojksa dk f'kdkj djrs gSaA vkSj mudk ekal [kkrs gSaA ;gka f'kdkj ds Hkfo"; dks dksbZ [krjk iSnk fd, fcuk fu;fer :i ls ftruk ekal [kk;k tkrk gS] mruk nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh ,sls Hkkx esa ugha [kk;k tk ldrk] tgka ,sls f'kdkjh&laxzkgd jgrs gSa vFkok fudV Hkwrdky esa jgrs FksA

iz'u

1- gkntk tu lewg ls D;k vfHkiz; gS\ 3

2- gkntk tu lewg ds yksx dgka jgrs gSa\ 1

3- ^ysd b;klh* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ Li"V dhft,A 2

4- bl lewg ds {ks=k esa dkSu&dkSu ls cM+s tkuoj ik;s tkrs gSa\ muds uke fyf[k,A 2

75 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&1


vuqPNsn & okdkZ 'kk"kZ fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, %&

3000 bZ-iw- m#d uxj esa L=kh dk ;g flj ,d lisQn laxejej dks rjk'kdj cuk;k x;k FkkA bldh vka[kksa vkSj HkkSagksa esa Øe'k% uhys yktonZ rFkk liQsn lhih vkSj dkys Mkej dh tM+kbZ dh xbZ gksxhA flj ds mQij ,d [kkapk cuk gqvk tks 'kk;n xguk iguus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA ;g ewfrZdyk dk ,d fo'o&izfl¼ uewuk gS] blds eq[k] BksM+h vkSj xkyksa dh lqdksey&lqanj cukoV ds fy, bldh iz'kalk dh tkrh gSA ;g ,sls dBksj iRFkj esa rjk'kk x;k gS ftls dkiQh vf/d nwjh ls ykuk iM+k gksxkA

iz'u

1- L=kh dk ;g flj fdrus o"kZ iqjkuk gS\ 2

2- vka[kksa o HkkSagksa ij dkSu&dkSu lk ltkoV dk lkeku yxk;k gS\ 3

3- ;g ewfrZ dyk dk dSlk uewuk gS\ 2

4- mijksDr of.kZr 'kgj dk uke crkb,\ 1

,d iqjkdkyhu iqLrdky; fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, %&

,d iqjkdkyhu iqLrdky;

ykSg;qx esa] mÙkjh izns'kksa ds vlhfj;kbZ yksxksa us ,d lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh tks 720 ls 610 bZ-iw- rd viuh mUufr ds f'k[kj ij jgkA ;g lkezkT; feJ rd iSQyk gqvk FkkA jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk mu fnuksa ywVekj dh gks xbZ Fkh D;ksafd v/huLFk iztktuksa dks nckdj muls [kk|&lkexzh] i'kq] /krq rFkk f'kYi dh oLrqvksa ds :i esa csxkj vkSj utjkuk tcjnLrh fy;k tkrk FkkA

cM+s&cM+s vlhfj;kbZ 'kkld tks ckgj ls vkdj cls Fks] nf{k.kh {ks=k cschyksfu;k dks mPp laLdfr dk dsanz ekurs FksA muesa ls vkf[kjh jktk vlqjcfuiky (668&627 bZ-iw-) us mÙkj esa fLFkr

76 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

viuh jkt/kuh fuuoS esa ,d iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dhA mlus bfrgkl] egkdkO;] 'kdqu lkfgR;] T;ksfr"k fo|k] Lrqfr;ksa vkSj dforkvksa dh ifV~Vdkvksa dks bdV~Bk djus dk cgqr iz;Ru fd;k vkSj mlesa liQy jgkA mlus vius fyfidksa dks nf{k.k esa iqjkuh ifV~Vdkvksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, HkstkA D;ksafd nf{k.k esa fyfidksa dks fo|ky;ksa esa i<+uk&fy[kuk fl[kk;k tkrk Fkk] tgka mUgsa ntZuksa dh la[;k esa ifV~Vdkvksa dh udysa rS;kj djuh gksrh FkhaA cschyksfu;k esa ,sls Hkh uxj Fks tks ifV~Vdkvksa ds fo'kky laxzg rS;kj fd, tkus vkSj izkIr djus ds fy, e'kgwj FksA gkykafd ykXkHkx 1800 bZ- iw- ds ckn lqesfj;u Hkk"kk cksyh tkuh can gks xbZ Fkh] ysfdu fo|ky;ksa esa og 'kCnkofy;ksa] ladsrksa&lwfp;ksa] f}Hkk"kh (lqesjh vkSj vDdnh) ifV~Vdkvksa vkfn ds ekè;e ls vc Hkh i<+kbZ tkrh FkhA blfy, 650 bZ-iw- esa Hkh 2000 bZ-iw- rd iqjkuh dhykdkj v{kjksa esa fy[kh ifV~Vdk,a i<+h vkSj le>h tk ldrh Fkha& vkSj vlqjcfuiky ds vkneh ;g tkurs Fks fd iqjkuh ifV~Vdkvksa vkSj mudh izfrdfr;ksa dks dgka [kkstk vkSj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iz'u

1- mPp laLdfr ds dsUnz dk uke crkb,A 2

2- iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk fdl 'kgj esa gqbZ\ 1

3- iqLrdky; esa j[kus ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls fo"k; dh iqLrd ,df=kr dh Fkh\ 3

4- cschyksfu;k ds uxj fdl ckr ds fy, e'kgwj Fks\ 2

77 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&3

vuqPNsn ij vk/kfjr iz'u

nklksa ds izfr O;ogkj fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj vUr esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

dqN gh le; ckn 'kgj ds 'kkld Y;wfl;l isMsuf;l lsdaM~l dk mlds ,d nkl us dRy dj fn;kA dRy ds i'pkr] iqjkus fjokt ds vuqlkj ;g vko';d Fkk fd ,d gh Nr ds uhps jgus okys izR;sd nkl dks iQkalh ns nh tk,A ijarq cgqr ls funksZ"k yksxksa dks cpkus ds fy, HkhM+ ,d=k gks xbZ vkSj naxs 'kq: gks x,A lSusV Hkou dks ?ksj fy;k x;kA gkykafd lSusV Hkou esa vR;f/d dBksjrk dk fojks/ fd;k tk jgk FkkA ijarq vf/dka'k lnL;ksa us ifjorZu fd, tkus dk fojks/ fd;kA tks lSusVj iQkalh nsus ds i{k esa Fks] mudh ckr ekuh xbZA ijarq iRFkj vkSj tyrh gqbZ e'kkysa fy, Hkkjh HkhM+ us bl vkns'k dks dk;kZfUor fd, tkus ls jksdkA uhjks us vfHkys[k }kjk bu yksxksa dks iQVdkj yxkbZ] mu lkjs ekxks± ij lsuk yxk nh xbZ tgka lSfudksa ds lkFk nksf"k;ksa dks iQkalh ij p<+kus ds fy, ys tk;k tk jgk FkkA

&VSflVl (55&117)] vkjafHkd lkezkT; dk bfrgkldkjA

iz'u

1- mi;qZDr x|ka'k ds vk/kj ij jkseu lkezkT; esa nklksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A 3

2- jkseu lkezkT; esa lSusV dh fLFkfr D;k Fkh\ 2

3- uhjks us bu yksxksa ds izfr D;k joS;k viuk;k\ 2

4- nkl }kjk fdldk dRy fd;k x;k\ 1

MkWDVj xSysu ds vuqlkj jkseu 'kgj dk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ds lkFk crkZo

fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, %&

dbZ izkarksa esa yxkrkj dbZ o"kks± ls iM+ jgs vdky us lk/kj.k ls lk/kj.k cqf¼okys vkneh dks Hkh ;g crk fn;k fd yksxksa esa dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k chekfj;ka gks jgh gSaA 'kgj esa jgus okys yksxksa dk iQly dVkbZ ds 'kh?kz ckn vxys iwjs o"kZ ds fy, i;kZIr ek=kk esa [kk|kUu vius HkaMkjksa esa Hkj ysuk ,d fjokt FkkA lkjk xsgwa] tkS] lse rFkk elwj vkSj nkyksa dk dkiQh cM+k fgLlk 'kgfj;ksa }kjk

78 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

ys tkus ds ckn Hkh dbZ izdkj dh nkysa fdlkuksa ds fy, cph jg xb± FkhaA lfnZ;ksa ds fy, tks dqN Hkh cpk Fkk] mls [kk&ihdj [kRe dj nsus ds i'pkr nsgkrh yksxksa dks olar ½rq esa vLokLF;dj [kk|ksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+k_ mUgksaus isM+ksa dh Vgfu;ka] Nkysa] tM+sa] >kfM+;ka] v[kk| isM+ ikS/s vkSj iÙks [kkdj fdlh rjg vius izk.kksa dks cpk, j[kkA

&xSysu] vkWu xqM ,.M cSM MkbV

iz'u

1- MkWDVj xSysu ds vuqlkj jkseu 'kgjksa dk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls O;ogkj fdl izdkj dk Fkk\ 3

2- xkaoksa dks 'kgj vkSj 'kgj dks xkao dk ntkZ fdl vk/kj ij fn;k tkrk Fkk\ 1

3- 'kgjksa esa jgus dk eq[; ykHk D;k Fkk\ 2

4- vLokLF;dj [kk|ksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ 2

jkseu vfHktkr oxZ dh vkenfu;ka ikapoha 'krkCnh ds izkjafHkd n'kdksa esa

fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

jkse ds mQaps ?kjkuksa es ls izR;sd ds ikl vius vki esa og lc dqN ekStwn Fkk tks ,d eè;e vkdkj ds 'kgj esa gks ldrk gSA ,d ?kqM+nkSM+ dk eSnku (fgIiksMªkse)] vusd eap&eafnj] iQOokjs vkSj fofHkUu izkdj ds Lukukxkj---- cgqr ls jkseu ifjokjksa dks viuh laifÙk ls izfro"kZ 4]000 ikmaM lksus dh vk; izkIr gskrh Fkh] ftlesa vukt] 'kjkc vkSj vU; mit 'kkfey ugha Fkha bu mitksa dks cspus ij lksus esa izkIr vk; ds ,d frgkbZ ds cjkcj vkenuh gks ldrh FkhA jkse esa f}rh; Js.kh ds ifjokjksa dh vk; 1000 vFkok 1500 ikmaM lksuk FkhA

FksCl dk vksfyfivksMksjl

iz'u

1- jkse ds mQ¡ps ?kjkuksa ds ikl D;k lalk/u Fks\ 2

2- fofHkUu jkseu ifjokjksa dh izfro"kZ vk; fdruh Fkh\ 2

3- izkjafHkd vkSj ijorhZ dky esa jkseu lkezkT; fdrus oxks± esa foHkkftr Fkk\ 4

79 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&4


bLykeh dSysaMj fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj vUr esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

fgtjh lu~ dh LFkkiuk mej dh f[kykiQr ds le; dh xbZ Fkh] ftldk igyk o"kZ 622 bZ- esa iM+rk FkkA fgtjh lu~ dh rkjh[k dks tc vaxszth esa fy[kk tkrk gS rks o"kZ ds ckn ,-,p- yxk;k tkrk gSA fgtjh o"kZ pUnz o"kZ gS] ftlesa 354 fnu] 29 vFkok 30 fnukad ds 12 eghus (eqgjZe ls /qy fgTtk rd) gksrs gSaA izR;sd fnu lw;kZLr ds le; ls 'kq: gksrk gS vkSj izR;sd] eghuk v/Zpanz ds fnu ls 'kq: gksrk gSA fgtjh o"kZ lkSj o"kZ ls 11 fnu de gksrk gSA vr% fgtjh dk dksbZ Hkh /kfeZd R;ksgkj] ftuesa jetku ds jksts] bZn vkSj gt 'kkfey gSa] ekSle ds vuq:i ugha gksrkA fgtjh dSysaMj dh rkjh[kksa dks xzSxksfj;u dSysaMj (ftldh LFkkiuk iksi xzSxjh 13osa }kjk 1582 bZ- esa dh xbZ Fkh) dh rkjh[kksa ds lkFk feykus dk dksbZ ljy rjhdk ugha gSA bLykeh (,p) vkSj xSzxksfj;u fØf'p;u (lh) o"kks± ds chp eksVs :i ls lekurk dh x.kuk fuEufyf[kr iQkewZyksa ls dh tk ldrh gS%

(,p x 32/33) + 622 = lh

(lh – 622) x 33/32 = ,p

iz'u

1- iSxEcj eqgEen dk tUe dc gqvk vkSj mUgksaus bLyke /eZ dh LFkkiuk dc dh\ 2

2- fgtjh lu~ dh LFkkiuk dc o fdl o"kZ gqbZ\ 2

3- fgtjh lu~ fdl izdkj dk o"kZ gS rFkk blesa fdrus fnu gksrs gSA\ 2

4- fgtjh o"kZ esa dksbZ Hkh R;ksgkj ekSle ds vuq:i D;ksa ugha gksrk\ 2

dkxt xsfutk vfHkys[k vkSj bfrgkl fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

vkfo"dkj ds ckn bLykeh txr esa fyf[kr jpukvksa dk O;kid :i ls izlkj gksus yxkA dkxt (fyuu ls fufeZr) phu ls vk;k Fkk] tgka dkxt cukus dh izfØ;k dks cgqr lko/kuh ls xqIr j[kk x;k FkkA 751 esa] lejdan ds eqlyeku iz'kkld us 20]000 phuh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dks canh

80 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

cuk fy;k] ftuesa ls dqN dkxt cukus esa cgqr fuiq.k Fks vxys lkS o"kks± ds fy,] lejdan dk dkxt fu;kZr dh ,d egRoiw.kZ oLrq cu x;kA pwafd bLyke ,dkf/dkj dk fu"ks/ djrk gS] blfy, dkxt bLykeh nqfu;k ds ckdh fgLlksa esa cuk;k tkus yxkA nloha 'krkCnh ds eè; Hkkx ij blus vf/dka'kr% iSikbjl dk LFkku ys fy;k FkkA iSikbjl ,d ,slh ys[ku lkexzh Fkk] ftls ,d ,sls ikS/ksa ds van:uh rus ls cuk;k tkrk Fkk] tks uhy ?kkVh esa cgqrk;r ls mxrk FkkA dkxt dh ekax c<+ xbZ] vkSj vCn vy&yrhiQ] tks cxnkn ls vk;k gqvk ,d fpfdRld Fkk (vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ dk mldk fp=k.k nsf[k,) vkSj 1193 ls 1207 rd feJ dk fuoklh Fkk] fy[krk gS fd feÏ ds fdlkuksa us efe;ksa ds mQij yisVs x, fyuu ls cus gq, vkoj.k izkIr djus ds fy, dczksa dks fdl rjg ywVk Fkk] rkfd os bu fyuu dkxt ds dkj[kkuksa dks csp ldsaA

dkxt dh miyC/rk ds dkj.k lHkh izdkj ds okf.kfT;d vkSj futh nLrkostksa dks fy[kuk Hkh lqfo/ktud gks x;k 1896 esa iQqLrkr (iqjkuk dkfgjk) esa csu ,tjk ds ;gwnh izkFkZuk&Hkou ds ,d lhycan dejs (xsfutk] ftldk mPpkj.k xfut+k ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS) esa csu ,tjk ds ;gwnh nLrkostksa dk ,d fo'kky laxzg feykA ;s nLrkost+ bl ;gwnh izFkk ds dkj.k laHkky dj j[ks x, Fks fd ,slh fdlh Hkh fy[kkoV dks u"V ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlesa ijes'oj dk uke fy[kk gqvk gksA xsfut+k esa yxHkx <kbZ yk[k ikaMqfyfi;ka vkSj muds VqdM+s Fks] ftuesa dbZ vkBoha 'krkCnh ds eè;dky ds Hkh FksA vf/dka'k lkexzh nloha ls rsjgoha 'krkCnh rd dh Fkh] vFkkZr~ iQkfreh] v;wch] vkSj izkjafHkd ekeyqd dky dh FkhaA buesa O;kikfj;ksa] ifjokj ds lnL;ksa vkSj nksLrksa ds chp fy[ks x, i=k] lafonk] ngst ls tqM+s okns] fcØh nLrkost] /qykbZ ds diM+ksa dh lwfp;ka vkSj vU; ekewyh phtsa 'kkfey FkhaA vf/drj nLrkost+ ;gwnh&vjch Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x, Fks] tks fgczw v{kjksa esa fy[kh tkus okyh vjch Hkk"kk dk gh :i Fkk] ftldk mi;ksx lewps eè;dkyhu Hkweè; lkxjh; {ks=k esa ;gwnh leqnk;ksa }kjk vkerkSj ij fd;k tkrk FkkA xsfut+k nLrkost+ futh vkSj vkfFkZd vuqHkoksa ls Hkjs gq, gSa vkSj os Hkweè;lkxjh; vkSj bLykeh laLdfr dh van:uh tkudkjh izLrqr djrs gSaA bu nLrkost+ksa ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd eè;dkyhu bLykeh txr ds O;kikfj;ksa ds O;kikfjd dkS'ky vkSj okf.kfT;d rduhds muds ;wjksih; izfrif{k;ksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/d mUur FkhaA xsfVu us xsfut+k vfHkys[kksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Hkweè;lkxj dk bfrgkl dbZ laxzgksa esa fy[kkA xsfut+k ds ,d i=k ls izsfjr gksdj vferko ?kks"k us viuh iqLrd bu ,u ,aVhd ySaM esa ,d Hkkjrh; nkl dh dgkuh izLrqr dh gSA

iz'u

1- dkxt dh miyC/rk ds D;k ykHk gq,\ 2

2- eè;dky ds ;gwnh nLrkost+ksa dk ,d fo'kky laxzg dc vkSj dgka ls feyk\ 2

3- ;gwfn;ksa dh fdl izFkk ds dkj.k fo'kky nLrkost+ksa dks laHkky dj j[kk x;k Fkk\ 2

4- xsfut+k nLrkost+ksa esa D;k fn;k x;k gS\ 2

81 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

ckjgoha 'krkCnh ds cxnkn esa dkuwu vkSj fpfdRlk ds fo"k;ksa ds fo}ku&vCn vy&yrhiQ (Abd alLatif)vius vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ ls ckr dj jgs gSa%

^^esjk vuqjks/ gS fd vki fcuk fdlh dh lgk;rk ds] dsoy iqLrdksa ls gh] foKku u lh[ksa] pkgs vkidks le>us dh viuh ;ksX;rk ij Hkjkslk gksA mUgsa izR;sd fo"k; ds fy, ftldk Kku vki izkIr djuk pkgrsa gksa] vè;kidksa dk lgkjk ysa] vkSj ;fn vkids vè;kid dks Kku lhfer gks] rks tks dqN og ns ldrk gS mls izkIr dj ysa] tc rd vkidks mlls ;ksX; vè;kid u fey tk,A vkidks vius vè;kid dk vknj vkSj lEeku vo'; djuk pkfg,A tc vki dksbZ iqLrd i<+sa] rks mls daBLFk djus vkSj mlds vFkZ ij iw.kZ vf/dkj izkIr dj ysaA eku yks fd iqLrd [kks xbZ gS vkSj vki mls NksM+ ldrs gSa rc iqLrd daBLFk gksus ij vkidk dqN ugha fcxM+sxkA O;fDr dks bfrgkl dh iqLrdsa i<+uh pkfg,] thofu;ksa vkSj jk"Vªksa ds vuqHkoksa dk vè;;u djuk pkfg,A ,slk djus ls ;g yxsxk fd i<+us okyk vius vYi thou&dky esa vrhr ds yksxksa ds lkFk jg jgk gSA muds lkFk mlds ?kfu"B laca/ gSa vkSj muesa vPNksa vkSj cqjksa dks igpkurk gSA vkidks viuk vkpj.k 'kq: ds eqlyekuksa ds vkpj.k ds vuq:i cukuk pkfg,A blfy,] iSxEcj dh thouh dks i<+ks vkSj muds in&fpUgksa ij pyksA vkidks vius LoHkko ds ckjs esa vPNh jk; j[kus dh ctk;] ml ij ckjackj vfo'okl djuk pkfg,] viuk è;ku fo}ku yksxksa vkSj mudh dfr;ksa ij yxkuk pkfg,] cgqr lko/kuh ls vkxs c<+uk pkfg, vkSj dHkh Hkh tYnckth ugha djuh pkfg,A ftl O;fDr us vè;;u dk ncko u >syk gks] og Kku ds vkuan dk etk ugha ys ldrkA tc vkius viuk vè;;u vkSj fparu euu iwjk dj fy;k gks] rks viuh thHk dks vYykg dk uke ysus ds dk;Z esa O;Lr jf[k, vkSj vYykg dk xq.kxku dhft,A ;fn lalkj vkidh vksj ihB eksM+ ys] rks f'kdk;r u djsaA ;g tku ysa fd Kku dHkh [kRe ugha gksrk] og ihNs viuh lqxa/ NksM+ tkrk gS] tks mlds Lokeh dk irk crk nsrh gS Kku izdk'k vkSj Økafr dh fdj.k Kkuh ij pedrh jgrh gS vkSj mldh vksj ladsr djrh jgrh gSA**

&vgen bCu vy dkfle bCu vch ml;fc;k] m;wu vy vUck

iz'u

1- vCn vy&yrhiQ dkSu Fkk\ 2

2- vCn vy&yrhiQ us vius vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ dks D;k lykg nh\ 2

3- O;fDr dks bfrgkl dh iqLrdsa D;ksa i<+uh pkfg,\ 2

4- Kku dk D;k egRo gS\ 2

82 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&5


;k;koj lkezkT;

eaxksyksa }kjk fd, x, fouk'k dk vkdyu fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj vUr esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

paxst [kku ds vfHk;kuksa ds fo"k; esa izkIr leLr fooj.k bl ij lger gSa fd ftu uxjksa us mudk izHkqRo Lohdkj ugha fd;k mu ij vf/dkj tekus ds ckn ogka jgus okys cgqr ls yksxksa dks mlus ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;kA budh la[;k cgqr pkSadk nsus okyh gSA 1220 bZ- esa fu'kkiqj ij vkf/iR; djus esa 17]47]000] tcfd 1222 bZ- fgjkr ij vkf/iR; djus esa 16]00]000 vkSj 1258 esa cxnkn ij vkf/iR; djrs le; 8]00]000 yksxksa dk o/ fd;k x;kA NksVs uxjksa esa lkisf{kd :i ls de ujlagkj gqvkA uklk esa 70]000] cSgkd ftys esa 70]000 vkSj dqfgLrku izkar ds rwu uxj esa 12]000 yksxksa dks vius thou ls gkFk /ksuk iM+kA

eè;dkyhu bfroÙkdkjksa us erdksa dh la[;k dk vuqeku dSls yxk;k\

brj[kkuksa ds iQkjlh bfroÙkdkj tqoSuh us crk;k fd ekpZ esa 13]00]000 yksxksa dk o/ fd;k x;kA mlus bl la[;k dk vuqeku bl izdkj yxk;k fd rsjg fnu rd 1]00]000 'ko izfrfnu fxus tkrs FksA

iz'u

1- mi;qZDr orkar ls D;k fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS\ 2

2- Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ,sls vkØe.kdkjh dk uke crkb,A 1

3- eè;dkyhu bfroÙkdkjksa us erdksa dh la[;k dk vuqeku dSls yxk;k\ 2

4- orZeku eaxksfy;k esa paxst [kku dk D;k LFkku gS\ 3

cq[kkjk ij dCtk fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj vUr esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

rsjgoha 'krkCnh ds bZjku ds eaxksy 'kkldksa ds ,d iQkjlh bfroÙkdkj tqoSuh us 1220 bZ- esa cq[kkjk dh fot; dk oÙkkar fn;k gSA tqoSuh ds dFkukuqlkj uxj fot; ds ckn paxst [kku mRlo

83 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

eSnku esa x;k tgka ij uxj ds /uh O;kikjh ,df=kr Fks mUgsa lacksf/r dj dgk] ^^vjs yksxksa! rqEgsa ;g Kkr gksuk pkfg, fd rqe yksxksa us vusd iki fd, gSa vkSj rqeesa ls tks vf/d lEiUu yksx gSa mUgksaus lcls vf/d iki fd, gSA vxj rqe eq>ls iwNks fd bldk esjs ikl D;k izek.k gS rks blds fy, eSa dgwaxk fd eSa bZ'oj dk naM gwaA ;fn rqeus iki u fd, gksrs rks bZ'oj us eq>s naM gsrq rqEgkjs ikl u Hkstk gksrkA vc dksbZ O;fDr] cq[kkjk ij vf/dkj gksus ds ckn [kqjklku Hkkx x;k FkkA mlls uxj ds HkkX; ds ckjs esa iwNus ij mÙkj fn;k] ^os (uxj) vk,] nhokjksa dks èoLr dj fn;k] tyk fn;k yksxksa dk o/ fd;k] ywVk vkSj py fn,A

iz'u

1- paxst [kku us cq[kkjk ij dc fot; izkIr dh\ 1

2- tqoSuh dkSu Fkk\ 2

3- paxst [kku ds cq[kkjk ij vkØe.k djus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ 2

4- bl x|ka'k ds vk/kj ij eaxksyksa dh ;q¼ i¼fr D;k Fkh\ 3

;kl fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj vUr esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

1921 esa cq[kkjk ij fot; izkIr djus ds ckn paxst [kku us ogka ds vehj eqlyeku fuokfl;ksa dks ^mRlo eSnku* esa ,df=kr dj mudh HkRlZuk dhA mlus mudks ikih dgk vkSj psrkouh nh fd bu ikiksa ds izk;f'prLo:i mudks viuk fNik gqvk /u mls nsuk iM+sxkA ;g o.kZu djus ;ksX; ,d ukVdh; ?kVuk Fkh ftldksa yksxksa us yacs le; rd ;kn j[kk vkSj ml ij fp=k cuk,A lksygoha 'krkCnh ds var esa paxst [kku ds lcls cM+s iq=k tksph dk ,d nwj dk oa'kt vCnqYykg [kku cq[kkjk ds mlh mRlo eSnku esa x;kA paxst [kku ds foijhr vCnqYykg [kku ogka NqV~Vh dh uekt vnk djus x;kA mlds bfrgkldkj giQht&,&rkuh'k us vius Lokeh dh bl eqfLye /eZ&ijk;.krk dk fooj.k vius bfroÙk esa fn;k vkSj lkFk esa ;g pkSadk nsus okyh fVIi.kh Hkh dh% ^fd ;g paxst [kku ds ;kl ds vuqlkj Fkk*A

iz'u

1- paxst [kku us dc rFkk fdu eqlyekuksa dks mRlo eSnku esa ,df=kr dj mudh HkRlZuk dh\ 3

2- paxst [kku us eqlyekuksa dks ikih D;ksa dgk\ 1

3- giQht&,&rkuh'k us vCnqYykg [kku ds ckjs esa D;k fVIi.kh dh\ 2

4- ;kl ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ bldk izpyu vc vkSj fdlus fd;k\ 3

84 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj vUr esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

ckjgoha lnh esa] fcaxsu us vkcsl fgYMsxkMZ us fy[kk& dkSu pjokgk vius leLr i'kqvksa] xk;ksa] x/ksa] HksM+ksa] cdfj;ksa dk dksbZ varj fd, fcuk ,d vLrcy esa j[kus dh lkspsxk\ blfy, euq";ksa esa varj LFkkfir djuk vko';d gS ftlls os ,d nwljs dks rckg u djs----- bZ'oj vius jsoM+ esa varj j[krk gS pkgs LoxZ ij vFkok i`Foh ijA mlds }kjk lcdks I;kj feyrk gS ijarq muesa dksbZ lekurk ugha gSA

iz'u

1- ys[kd bl ys[k }kjk fdl vo/kj.kk ij cy Mky jgk gS\ 3

2- rRdkyhu lekt eq[; :i ls dkSu&dkSu ls oxks± esa caVk Fkk\ 2

3- ys[kd dk uke crkb;sA 1

4- euq";ksa esa varj j[kuk D;ksa vko';d Fkk\ 2


^^vxj esjs I;kjs ykWMZ dks dkV fn;k tkrk gS] mldh rdnhj dk eSa Hkkxhnkj cuwaxk] vxj og yVdk fn;k tkrk gS rc eq>s Hkh mlds lkFk yVdk nsa] vxj mls vfXu naM fn;k tkrk gS rks eSa Hkh mlds lkFk ty tkmQaxk_ vkSj vxj mls Mqck fn;k tk,A**

rsjgoha lnh esa xkbZ tkus okyh Úkalhlh dfork ^Mwu ns e;kUl* tks ukbVksa ds lkgl dh ;kn fnykrh gSA

iz'u

1- mijksDr iafDr;ka fdl oxZ ls lacaf/r gSa\ 2

2- ;s iafDr;ksa mYysf[kr oxZ ds fdl xq.k ij izdk'k Mky jgh gSaA 2

3- bu iafDr;ksa ds vk/kj ij vki ykWMZ vkSj ukbV ds laca/ksa ds fo"k; esa D;k dg ldrs gSa\ 4


csusfMDVhu (Benedictine) eBksa esa fHk{kqvksa ds fy, ,d gLrfyf[kr iqLrd gksrh Fkh ftlesa fu;eksa ds 73 vè;k; FksA bldk ikyu fHk{kqvksa }kjk dbZ lfn;ksa rd fd;k tkrk jgkA bl iqLrd ds dqN fu;e bl izdkj gSA&

vè;k; 6 % fHk{kqvksa dks cksyus dh vkKk dHkh&dHkh gh nh tkuh pkfg,A

vè;k; 7 % fouezrk dk vFkZ gS vkKk ikyuA

85 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vè;k; 33 % fdlh Hkh fHk{kq dks futh laifÙk ugha j[kuh pkfg,A

vè;k; 47 % vkyL; vkRek dk 'k=kq gS] blfy, fHk{kq vkSj fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks fuf'pr le; esa 'kkjhfjd Je vkSj fuf'pr ?kaVksa esa ifo=k ikB djuk pkfg,A

vè;k; 48 % eB bl izdkj cukus pkfg, fd vko';drk dh leLr oLrq,¡& ty] pDdh] m|ku] dk;Z'kkyk lHkh mldh lhek ds vanj gksaA

iz'u 1- mijksDr fooj.k esa fu;eksa laca/h fdrus vè;k;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS\ 1

2- vè;k; 47 esa fHk{kq rFkk fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds fy, D;k vkns'k gS\ 2

3- fHk{kq rFkk fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds fy, fy[ks x, fdUgha pkj fu;eksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 4

4- futh lEifÙk laca/h fu;e fdl vè;k; esa fn;k x;k gS\ 1


^^dyk izdfr esa jph&clh gksrh gSA tks blds lkj dks idM+ ldrk gS ogh bls izkIr dj ldrk gS---- blds vfrfjDr vki viuh dyk dks xf.kr }kjk fn[kk ldrs gSaA ftanxh dh viuh vkdfr ls vkidh dfr ftruh tqM+h gksxh mruk gh lqanj vkidk fp=k gksxkA dksbZ Hkh vkneh dsoy vkids dYiuk ek=k ls ,d lqanj vkdfr ugha cuk ldrk tc rd mlus vius vki dks thou dh izfrNfo ls u Hkj fy;k gksA**

&vYoVZ M~;wVj (Albrecht Durer, 1571&1528)

M~;wjj }kjk cuk;k x;k ;g js[kkfp=k (izkFkZukjr gLr) lksygoha 'krkCnh dh brkyoh laLdfr dk vkHkkl djkrk gS tc ;gka ds yksx xgu :i ls /kfeZd FksA ijarq mUgsa euq"; dh ;ksX;rk ij Hkjkslk Fkk fd og fudV iw.kZrk dks izkIr dj ldrk gS vkSj nqfu;k rd czãk.M ds jgL;ksa dks lqy>k ldrk gSA M~;wjj dk rwfydk fp=k 1508 & ^^izkFkZuk jr gLr**

ikaMqfyfi ij dk;Z djrs gq, ,d csusfMDVhu fHk{kq dk dk"Bfp=k

86 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

iz'u

1- bl fp=k ds fp=kdkj dk uke crkb;sA 1

2- dyk ds laca/ esa M~;wjj ds fopkj Li"V dhft, 2

3- ;g fp=k fdl laLdfr dk vkHkkl djkrk gS\ 2

4- bVyh ds yksxksa dks euq"; dh fdl ;ksX;rk ij fo'okl Fkk\ 3


fudksyks eSfD;kosyh (Niccolo Machiavelli) vius xzaFk fn fizal (1513) ds ianzgosa vè;k; esa euq"; ds LoHkko ds ckjs esa fy[krs gSa&

^^dkYifud ckrksa dks ;fn vyx dj nsa vkSj dsoy mUgha fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa lkspsa tks okLro esa gSa] eSa ;g dgrk gwa fd tc Hkh euq"; ds ckjs esa ppkZ gksrh gS (fo'ks"kdj jktdqekjksa ds ckjs esa] tks turk dh utj esa jgrs gSa) rks buesa vusd xq.k ns[ks tkrs gSa ftuds dkj.k os iz'kalk ;k fuank ds ;ksX; cus gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN dks nkuh ekuk tkrk gS vkSj vU; dks datwlA dqN yksxksa dks fgrS"kh ekuk tkrk gS rks vU; dks yksHkh dgk tkrk gS] dqN funZ;h vkSj dqN n;kyqA ,d O;fDr vfo'oluh; vkSj nwljk fo'oluh;_ ,d O;fDr dkeqd] nwljk ifo=k] ,d fu"diV nwljk pkykd_ ,d vfM+;y nwljk yphyk_ ,d xaHkhj nwljk fNNksjk_ ,d /kfeZd nwljk lansgh bR;kfnA

eSfD;kosyh ;g ekurs Fks fd ^lHkh euq"; cqjs gSa vkSj og vius nq"V LoHkko dks iznf'kZr djus esa lnSo rRij jgrs gSa D;ksafd dqN gn rd euq"; dh bPNk,a viw.kZ jg tkrh gSaA* eSfD;kosyh us ns[kk fd blds ihNs] izeq[k dkj.k gSa fd euq"; vius leLr dk;ks± esa viuk LokFkZ ns[krk gSA**

iz'u 1- euq"; vius fdu xq.kksa ds dkj.k fuank vFkok iz'kalk ds ;ksX; gksrs gSa\ 4

2- eSfD;kosyh us euq"; ds LoHkko ds fo"k; esa D;k fopkj izLrqr fd;s\ 3

3- mijksDr fooj.k fdl iqLrd ls fy;k x;k gS\ 1


1506 esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa ckbZcy dk vuqokn djus okys] ywFkjoknh vaxzst] fofy;e fVaMsy (William Tyndale 1494&1536) us izksVSLVsaVokn dk bl rjg leFkZu fd;k%

^^bl ckr ls lc yksx lger gksaxs fd os vkidks /eZxzaFk ds Kku ls nwj j[kus ds fy, ;g pkgrs Fks fd /eZxzaFk ds vuqokn vkidh ekrHkk"kk esa miyC/ u gks ldsaA ftlls nqfu;k va/dkj esa gh jgs vkSj os (iqjksfgr oxZ) yksxksa ds var%dkj.k (conscience) esa cus jgsa ftlls muds }kjk cuk, O;FkZ ds va/fo'okl vkSj >wBs /eZfl¼kar pyrs jgsa_ ftlds jgrs mudh mQaph vkdka{kk,a

87 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vkSj vrIr yksyqirk iwjh gks ldsA bl rjg os jktk] lHkzkar oxZ vkSj ;gka rd fd vius dks bZ'oj ls Hkh mQapk cuk lds--- ftl ckr us eq>s eq[; :i ls U;w VsLVkesaV dk vuqokn djus dh izsj.kk nhA eq>s vius vuqHkoksa ls Kkr gqvk fd lkekU; yksxksa dks fdlh Hkh lPpkbZ dh rc rd tkudkjh ugha gks ldrh tc rd muds ikl vius /eZxzaFk ds ekrHkk"kk esa vuqokn miyC/ u gksaA bu vuqoknksa ls gh os /eZxzaFk dh ifjikVh] Øe vkSj vFkZ le> ldsaxsA

iz'u

1- /eZxzaFkksa dk ekrHkk"kk esa miyC/ gksuk D;ksa vko';d gS\ 2

2- iqjksfgr oxZ] yksxksa ds vUr%dj.k esa D;ksa cus jguk pkgrs Fks\ 2

3- fofy;e fVaMsy us bl vuqPNsn ds }kjk bZlkbZ /eZ dh fdl fopkj/kjk dk leFkZu fd;k gS\ 4


vkt Hkh vusd lSykuh badk yksxksa ds dyk&dkS'ky ds uewuksa dks ns[kdj nax jg tkrs gSa] gkykafd fpyh ds dfo us#nk (Neruda) tSls Hkh dqN yksx gSa] ftUgksaus bl ckr ij izdk'k Mkyk gS fd ,sls foijhr okrkoj.k esa [ksrh] f'kYi] LFkkiR; vkfn ds {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; dk;Z djus ds fy, gtkjksa yksxksa dks fdrus dBksj ifjJe ds fy, ckè; fd;k x;k gksxkA

^^,s [ksr tksrus okyks] cqudjks] mQaps [krjukd epku ij p<+dj fpukbZ djus okys jktxhjksa] ,saMht ds esgurd'k iugkjks] viuh dqpyh gqbZ maxfy;ksa okys tkSgfj;ksa] vius yxk, ikS/ksa dh [kq'kgkyh ds fy, fparkrqj fdlkuksa] feV~Vh esa cjckn gq, dqEgkjks&

bl tehu dh xgjkb;ksa ls >kaddj esjh vksj rks ns[kks_ vius iqjkus nq%[k&nnks± dks feV~Vh esa niQukdj ftanxh dk u;k I;kyk Hkj ykvks_

rqeus bu [ksrksa] [kfygkuksa] [knkuksa esa tks [kwu cgk;k gS tjk mldk uewuk rks eq>s fn[kykvks_

tjk crkvksa fd % ;gka eq> ij pkcqd dh ekj iM+h Fkh D;ksafd esjk rjk'kk x;k ,d ghjk tjk /qa/yk jg x;k FkkA vFkok ;g /jrh vius vukt dk iRFkj dk fgLlk le; ij ugha ns ldh FkhA**

&ikcyks us#M+k (1904&1973) gkbV~l vkWiQ ekpw&fiPpw] 1943 dh iafDr;ksa dk Lora=k vuqoknA

88 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

iz'u

1- ;s iafDr;ka fdl iqLrd ls yh xbZ gSa\ 1

2- ;s iafDr;k¡ badk yksxksa dh fdl fo'ks"krk ds lanHkZ esa gSa\ 1

3- dfo us#nk us badk dykdkjksa rFkk okLrqdkjksa dh esgur ds fo"k; esa D;k fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSa\ 3

4- mijksDr vuqPNsn dh dkSu lh iafDr;ka dykdkjksa ij gq, vR;kpkjksa dk lokZf/d ekfeZd o.kZu djrh gSa\ 3


1550 ds n'kd esa [kkuksa dk dke pkyw gks tkus ds ckn] laU;klh Mksfefuxks fM lSaVks VkWel (Dominigo de Santo Tomas) us baMht dh ifj"kn esa dgk Fkk fd iksVkslh (Potosi) ujd dk eq[k gS tks gj lky gtkjksa dh la[;k esa bafM;u yksxksa dks fuxy tkrk gS vkSj ogka ds ykyph vkSj csjge [kku ekfyd muds lkFk ykokfjl tkuojksa tSlk crkZr djrs gSaA

iz'u 1- bu iafDr;ksa ds ys[kd dk uke fyf[k;sA 1

2- bu iafDr;ksa esa fdu yksxksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS\ 1

3- [kku ekfyd nkl Jfedksa ds lkFk dSlk O;ogkj djrs Fks\ 3

4- fdu dkj.kksa ds iQyLo:i lksus dh [kkuksa esa dke rsth ls py iM+k\ 3

89 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&9

vkS|ksfxd Økafr fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsnksa ds var esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

fczVsu ds fuca/dkj vkSj miU;kldkj Mh-,p- ykWjsUl (1885&1930)] fMdsUl ds lÙkj lky ckn] dks;yk {ks=k esa fLFkr ,d xkao esa vk, ,sls ifjorZu dk bl izdkj o.kZu fd;k ftls mUgksaus Lo;a vuqHko ugha fd;k Fkk] ysfdu ftlds ckjs esa mUgksaus vius cM+s&cqtqxks± ls lquk FkkA

^^bZLVoqM--- mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa vo'; gh ,d NksVk xkao jgk gksxk tgka NksVh&NksVh >ksifM+;ka Fkha] [kku etnwjksa ds pkj dejksa okys NksVs&NksVs ?kjksa dh fNViqV drkjsa Fkha vkSj iqjkus [kku ekfydksa ds vkokl Fks--- ysfdu 1820 ds vklikl fdlh le; daiuh us igyk cM+k 'kSÝV fn;k gksxk---- vkSj vkS|ksfxd dks;yk [kku dh igyh okLrfod e'khujh yxkbZ--- etnwjksa ds jgus ds NksVs&NksVs ?kjksa dh drkjsa vf/drj fxjk nh xb± vkSj fiQj ukfVa?ke jksM ds lkFk&lkFk NksVh&NksVh nqdkusa [kqyus yxha vkSj uhps <yku esa daiuh us dqN bekjrsa cukb± ftUgsa vkt Hkh ^u;h bekjrsa* dgk tkrk gS- -- HkV~Bh] dkyh xyh esa [kqyus okyh NksVs&NksVs pkj dejksa okys ?kjksa dh drkjsa ftudh ihB pkSdksj futZu LFky dh vksj Fkh] csjdksa ds ckM+s dh rjg can dj nh xbZ] cM+k vthc yxrk gS ;g lcA**

1- mi;qZDr vuqPNsn ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\ rFkk blesa fdudk o.kZu fd;k gS\ 2

2- ys[kd ds xkao ds fo"k; esa D;k fopkj Fks\ 3

3- xkao esa dks;yk [kku dh e'khujh yxus ds ckn D;k ifjorZu vk;s\ 3

pkYlZ fMdUl (1812&70) vkS|ksfxdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i xjhcksa ds fy, tks Hk;adj fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZ mldk laHkor% lcls dBksj ledkyhu vkykspd FksA mUgksaus vius miU;kl gkMZ VkbEl esa ,d dkYifud vkS|ksfxd uxj ^dksdVkmu* dk cM+k lVhd o.kZu fd;k gSA** ;g ,d yky b±Vksa ls cuk uxj Fkk] ysfdu mldh b±Vksa dk jax yky rHkh jg ldrk Fkk ;fn /q,a vkSj jk[k us mls iksrdj cnjax u dj fn;k gksrk_ ysfdu gkyr ;g Fkh fd ;g dLck vthc yky vkSj dkys jax ds feJ.k ls iqrk Fkk ekuks og fdlh [kwa[kkj vkneh dk psgjk gksA ;g e'khuksa vkSj mu yach xxupaqch fpefu;ksa dk 'kgj ftuesa ls /q,a ds lkaiksa dh vVwV iafDr;ka dHkh dqaMfyr u gksdj] yxkrj fudyrh jgrh FkhaA bu uxj esa ,d dkyh ugj Fkh vkSj ,d unh Hkh Fkh ftldk ikuh cncwnkj jatd xanxh ls Hkjdj cSaxuh jax dk gks x;k FkkA ogka <sjksa bekjrsa Fkha tks muds Hkhrj pyus okyh

90 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

e'khuksa ds dkj.k gjne dk¡irh jgrh Fkha vkSj mudh f[kM+fd;k¡ ges'kk gh [kM+drh jgrh Fkha vkSj ogka Hkki ds batu dk fiLVu mdrkgV ds lkFk mQij&uhps gksrk jgrk Fkk] ekuks fdlh gkFkh dk flj gks tks vius nq%[kHkjs ikxyiu esa vka[ks iQkM+s ,d gh vksj ns[k jgk gksA**

1- pkYlZ fMdUl }kjk fyf[kr miU;kl dk uke fyf[k,A 1

2- fMdUl }kjk vkS|ksfxd fLFkfr dk o.kZu fdl izdkj fd;k x;k gS\ 3

3- bl miU;kl esa mUgksaus fdl dkYifud vkS|ksfxd uxj dk o.kZu fd;k gS\ 2

4- ^^dkyh ugj** ls miU;kldkj dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ 2

91 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&10

ewy fuokfl;ksa dk foLFkkiu fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsnksa ds var esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

^^vejhdk dh iwoZlaè;k (;kuh tc ;wjksih; yksx vk, vkSj bl egk}hi dks mUgksaus vejhdk uke fn;k) ls Bhd igys rd fofo/rk gj txg iljh gqbZ FkhA yksx lkS ls Hkh T;knk tckusa cksyrs FksA os f'kdkj] eNyh idM+uk] laxzg.k] ckxokuh vkSj [ksrh esa tks&tks eqefdu gks] og lc vktekrs gq, viuh thfodk dekrs FksA feV~Vh dh xq.koÙkk dSlh gS vkSj mlds bLrseky rFkk ns[k&Hkky ds fy, fdrus iz;kl dh njdkj gS] blh ij thus ds rjhds dk mudk pquko fuHkZj djrk FkkA lkaLdfrd vkSj lkekftd iwokZxzg ds vk/kj ij dqN nwljh phtsa r; gksrh FkhaA eNyh] vukt] ckx ds isM+&ikS/s] ekal& buds vf/'ks"k gekjs ;gka rkdroj] Js.khc¼ lektksa dh jpuk esa ennxkj cus] ysfdu ogka ughaA dqN laLdfr;ka lgÏkfCn;ksa rd dk;e jghaA----**

&fofy;e eSdfy'k] vejhdk ls igys dk fnu 1- mijksDr vuqPNsn ds ys[kd dk uke fyf[k,A 2 2- vejhdk dh ^^iwoZ laè;k** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ 2 3- vejhdk dh iwoZ laè;k ls igys bl egk}hi ds yksxksa dh fofo/rkvksa ds ckjs esa o.kZu

dhft,A 4

flMuh ds bykds dk ,d o.kZu] 1790 ^^fczfV'kksa dh mifLFkfr us vkfnokfl;ksa ds mRiknu dks ukVdh; <ax ls vLr&O;Lr dj fn;kA

gtkjksa Hkw[ks eq[kksa ds vkus ls] ftuds ihNs&ihNs lSdM+ksa vkSj vk,] LFkkuh; lalk/uksa ij vHkwriwoZ ncko iM+kA

rks nk:d yksxksa us bu lcds ckjs esa lkspk gksxk\ muds fy, ifo=k LFkkuksa dk brus cM+s iSekus ij fouk'k vkSj viuh tehu ds izfr fofp=k] fgald cjrko le> ls ijs FkkA ;s uokaxrqd fcuk otg isM+ksa dks dkVrs tkrsA ;g fcuk otg blfy, tku iM+rk Fkk fd mUgsa u Mksaxh cukuh Fkha] u taxyh 'kgn bdV~Bk djuk Fkk vkSj u gh tkuoj idM+us FksA iRFkjksa dks gVkdj mudk pV~Vk yxk fn;k x;k] feV~Vh [kksn dj mls vkdkj nsdj idk fn;k x;k] tehu esa xM~<s cuk fn, x,] cgqr Hkkjh&Hkjde bekjrsa rS;kj dj nh xb±A igys&igy mUgksaus bl liQkbZ dh rqyuk fdlh ifo=k vkuq"Bkfud Hkwfe ds fuekZ.k ls dh gksxh--- laHkor% mUgksaus lkspk fd ,d fo'kky deZdkaMh tylk gksus tk jgk gS vkSj ;g ,d [krjukd /a/k gksxk] ftlls mUgsa iwjh rjg nwj jguk pkfg,A blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd blds ckn nk:d mu cfLr;ksa ls cp dj jgus yxs] vkSj jktdh; vigj.k gh mUgsa okil ykus dk ,dek=k rjhdk FkkA**

&ih- fxze'kk¡] ,e-ysd] ,- eSDxzkFk] ,e-DokVZyh] fØ,fVax , us'ku)

92 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

1- mijksDr iafDr;ksa dk o.kZu fdl (vkLVsªfy;kbZ) bykds dk gS rFkk dc fd;k x;k\ 2

2- bl bykds esa [kk|&lalk/uksa dh deh D;ksa mRiUu gqbZ\ 2

3- fczfV'kksa dh mifLFkfr us vkfnoklh ds thou dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k\ 4

1854 esa] la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds jk"Vªifr dks ewy fuokfl;ksa ds ,d usrk] fl,Vy ds iz/ku dk [kr feykA jk"Vªifr us iz/ku ls ,d le>kSrs ij nLr[kr djus ds fy, dgk FkkA le>kSrs ds vuqlkj fl,Vy ds yksxksa dh fjgkb'kh tehu dk ,d cM+k fgLlk vejhdh ljdkj dks lkSaik tkuk FkkA iz/ku us tokc fn;k%

^^vki vkdk'k dks] Hkwfe dh mQ"ek dks dSls [kjhn ;k csp ldrs gSa\ ;g [k;ky gh ge yksxksa ds fy, cgqr vtwck gSA vxj vki gok dh rktxh vkSj ikuh dh ped ds Lokeh ugha] rks vki mls [kjhn dSls ldrs gSa\ /jrh dk gj fgLlk esjh turk ds fy, iq.;&ikou gSA phM+ dh pedrh gqbZ gj lqbZ] gj ckyqdk&rV] ?kus taxyksa esa iljk gj dqgjk] liQkbZ djus okyk vkSj xquxqukus okyk gj dhM+k esjs yksxksa dh Lefr vkSj vuqHkoksa esa ifo=k gSA isM+ksa esa nkSM+rk gqvk jl ^jsM eSu* dh Lefr;ksa dk okgd gSA------

blfy, okf'kaxVu esa cSBk egku eqf[k;k (xzsV phiQ) tc ;g lans'k Hkstrk gS fd og gekjh tehu [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks og gels dqN T;knk gh mEehn djrk gSA egku eqf[k;k dk lans'k gS fd og gekjs fy, dksbZ txg eqdjZj dj nsaxs] rkfd ge vkjke ls jg ldsaxsA og gekjs firk gksaxs vkSj ge muds cPps gksaxsA blfy, ge bl tehu dks [kjhns tkus ds izLrko ij fopkj djsaxsA ysfdu ;g vklku u gksxk D;ksafd ;g tehu gekjs fy, ikou gSA /kjkvksa vkSj ufn;ksa esa cgrk gqvk pedhyk ikuh fliQZ ikuh ugha gS] og gekjs iqj[kksa dk ygw gSA vxj ge vkidks tehu csp nsa rks vkidks ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd og ifo=k gS vkSj vius cPpksa dks fl[kkuk gksxk fd og ifo=k gS vkSj mlds rkykcksa ds fuFkjs gq, ikuh esa fn[krk gj Hkwrgk izfrfcac esjh turk ds thou dh ?kVukvksa vkSj Lefr;ksa dk c;ku djrk gSA ikuh dh dydy esjs firk ds firk dh vkokt gS---**

1- la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds jk"Vªifr dks dc o fdldk [kr feyk\ 2

2- dchyksa dh tehuksa ij vf/dkj djus dks fdl izdkj mfpr Bgjk;k tkrk Fkk\ Li"V dhft,A 2

3- D;k bl le>kSrs ds fo#¼ rdZ nsus ls vejhdk dk foLrkj #d x;k\ 2

4- D;k le>kSrs dk ikyu mfpr izdkj ls fd;k x;k\ rdZ nsdj mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A 2

iqQdqtkok ;wfdph (1835&1901) budk tUe ,d xjhc lkeqjkbZ ifjokj esa gqvkA budh f'k{kk ukxklkdh vkSj vkslkdk esa gqbZ

bUgksaus Mp vkSj if'peh foKku i<+k vkSj ckn esa vaxzsth HkhA 1860 esa os vejhdk esa igys tkikuh

93 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

nwrkokl esa vuqoknd ds :i esa x,A blls bUgsa if'pe ij fdrkc fy[kus ds fy, cgqr dqN feykA mUgksaus vius fopkj Dykfldh ugha cfYd cksyus pkyus ds vankt esa fy[ksA ;g fdrkc cgqr gh yksdfiz; gqbZA bUgksaus ,d f'k{kk laLFkku LFkkfir fd;k tks vkt dsvks fo'ofo|ky; ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA os esjksdq'kk (meirokusha) laLFkk ds eq[; lnL;ksa esa ls FksA ;s laLFkk if'peh f'k{kk dk izpkj djrh FkhA

viuh ,d fdrkc] Kku ds fy, izksRlkgu (xkdquksu uks lqlqes] 1872&78) esa mUgksaus tkikuh Kku dh dM+h vkykspuk dh% ^^tkiku ds ikl izkdfrd n`';ksa ds vykok xoZ djus ds fy, dqN Hkh ugha gS**] mUgksaus vk/qfud dkj[kkuksa o laLFkkvksa ds vykok if'pe ds lkaLdfrd lkjrRo dks Hkh c<+kok fn;k tks fd muds eqrkfcd lH;rk dh vkRek gSA mlds tfj;s ,d u;k ukxfjd cuk;k tk ldsxkA budk fl¼kar Fkk] ^^LoxZ us balku dks balku ds mQij ugha cuk;k] u gh balku dks balku ds uhps**A

1- tkiku ds ,d cqf¼thoh dk uke fyf[k,A tkiku ds fo"k; esa mudk D;k er Fkk\ 3

2- ^^LoxZ us balku dks balku ds mQij ugha cuk;k gS** ;g dFku fdl iqLrd ls fy;k x;k gSA 2

3- ys[kd us fdl pht dks c<+kok nsus dh ckr dgh gS\ 3

ijh{kk iz.kkyh vfHktkr lÙkk/kjh oxZ esa izos'k (1850 rd yxHkx 11 yk[k) T;knkrj bfErgku ds tfj;s

gh gksrk FkkA blesa 8 Hkkx okyk fuca/ fu/kZfjr izi=k esa (ik&dw osu) 'kkL=kh; phuh esa fy[kuk gksrk FkkA ;g ijh{kk fofHkUu Lrjksa ij gj 3 lky esa 2 ckj vk;ksftr dh tkrh FkhA igys Lrj dh ijh{kk esa dsoy 1&2 izfr'kr yksx 24 lky dh mez rd ikl gks ikrs Fks vkSj os (lqanj izfrHkk) cu tkrs FksA bl fMxzh ls mUgsa fupys dqyhu oxZ esa izos'k fey tkrk FkkA 1850 ls igys fdlh Hkh le; 526]869 flfoy vkSj 212]330 lSU; izkarh; ('ksax gqvku) fMxzh okys yksx iwjs ns'k esa ekStwn FksA ns'k esa dsoy 27]000 jktdh; in Fks] blfy, dbZ fupys ntsZ ds fMxzh/kjdksa ds ikl ukSdjh ugha gksrh FkhA ;g bfErgku foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl esa ck/d dk dke djrk Fkk] D;ksafd blesa fliZQ lkfgfR;d dkS'ky dh ekax gksrh FkhA pawfd ;g Dykfld phuh lh[kus ds gquj ij gh vk/kfjr Fkk] ftldh vk/qfud fo'o esa dksbZ izklaxfxrk utj ugha vkrh Fkh] blfy, 1905 esa bl iz.kkyh dks [kRe dj fn;k x;kA

1- phu esa vfHktkr lÙkk/kjh oxZ esa izos'k ijh{kk dh iz.kkyh dh of.kZr dhft,A 2

2- 1850 ls iwoZ flfoy vkSj lSU; izkUrh; fMxzh okyksa dh la[;k fdruh Fkh\ 2

3- phu esa ;g iz.kkyh dc o D;ksa lekIr gqbZ\ 2

4- iqjkuh phuh ijh{kk&iz.kkyh dc rFkk fdl ;q¼ ds ckn lekIr dh xbZ\ 2

94 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

dkj Dyc eksxk% &vk/qfud yM+dh* ds fy, laf{kIr 'kCnA ;g 20oha 'krkCnh esa fyax cjkcjh] fo'otuhu

(dkWLeksikWfyVu) laLdfr vkSj fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk ds fopkjksa ds ,d lkFk vkus dk lwpd gSA u, eè;e oxZ ifjokjksa us vkokxeu vkSj euksjatu ds u, rjhdksa dk yqRiQ mBk;kA 'kgjksa esa fctyh dh Vªkeksa ds lkFk ifjogu csgrj gqvkA 1878 ls turk ds fy, ckx cuk;s x, vkSj cM+h nqdkus fMikVZesaV LVksj cuus yxsA VksD;ksa esa fxUtk fxucqjk ds fy, ,d iSQ'kuscqy bykdk cu x;kA fxucqjk 'kCn fxUtk vkSj cqjcqjk feyk dj cuk;k x;k gSA cqjcqjk dk vFkZ gS ^fcuk fdlh y{; ds ?kweuk*A 1925 esa igyk jsfM;ks&LVs'ku [kqykA vfHkus=kh ekRlqbZ] lqekdks] bClu ds ukVd ,d xqfM+;k dk ?kj (A Doll's House) esa uksjk dk csgrjhu fdjnkj fuHkk dj jk"Vªh; Lrj dh rkfjdk cu xbZA 1899 esa fiQYesa cuus yxha vkSj tYn gh ntZu Hkj daifu;ka lSdM+ksa dh rknkn esa fiQYesa cukus yxhaA ;g nkSj vkst ls Hkjk gqvk Fkk vkSj bl nkSjku lkekftd jktuhfrd O;ogkj ds ikjaifjd ekudksa ij loky mBk;s x,A

1- eksxk 'kCn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ 2

2- 1978 esa turk ds fy, fd;s x;s fdUgha nks dkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 2

3- ^fxucqjk* vkSj ^cqjcqjk* dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A 2

4- igyk jsfM;ks&LVs'ku dc [kqyk rFkk fiQYesa dc cuus yxha\ 2

tkikuh Hkk"kk ,d lkFk rhu fyfi;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA buesa ls ,d dkath] tkikfu;ksa us phfu;ksa ls NBh 'krkCnh esa yhA pwafd mudh Hkk"kk phuh Hkk"kk ls cgqr vyx gS] mUgksaus nks èoU;kRed o.kZekykvksa dk fodkl Hkh fd;k& ghjkxkuk vkSj drkdkukA ghjkxkuk ukjh lqyHk le>h tkrh gS D;ksafd gsvku dky esa cgqr lh ysf[kdk,a bldk bLrseky djrh Fkha& tSls fd eqjklkdhA ;g phuh fp=kkRed fpg~uksa vkSj èoU;kRed v{kjksa (ghjkxkuk vFkok drkdkuk) dks feykdj fy[kh tkrh gSA 'kCn dk izeq[k Hkkx dkath ds fpg~u ls fy[kk tkrk gS vkSj ckdh dk ghjkxkuk esaA

èoU;kRed v{kjekyk dh ekStwnxh ds pyrs Kku dqyhu oxks± ls O;kid lekt esa dkiQh rsth ls iSQy ldkA 1880 ds n'kd esa ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k fd tkikuh ;k rks iwjh rjg ls èo;kUred fyfi dk fodkl djsa ;k dksbZ ;wjksih; Hkk"kk viuk ysaA nksuksa esa ls dqN Hkh ugha fd;k x;kA

1- tkikuh Hkk"kk esa ,d lkFk fdruh fyfi;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ,d dk uke fyf[k;s rFkk og dgka ls yh xbZ\ 2

2- nks èoU;kRed o.kZekykvksa ds uke fyf[k,A 2

3- 1880 ds n'kd esa D;k lq>ko fn;k x;k\ D;k og liQy gqvk\ 2

4- ghjkxkuk ukjh lqyHk le>h tkrh Fkh D;ksa\ Li"V dhft,A 2

95 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&1

vH;kl ekufp=k (vÚhdk)

1- vÚhdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr dks vafdr dhft,A

1- eksjDdks] 2- pkM] 3- dsU;k] 4- lksekfy;k] 5- ekstkfEcd

96 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&1

;wjksi

fn, x,s ;wjksi ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkku fn, x, gSa mUgsa igpku dj muds uke fyf[k,

97 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&2

if'pe ,f'k;k

fn, x, if'pe ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr dks vafdr dhft,A

1- ntyk unh] 2- bZjku] 3- mj] 4- cschyksu] 5- lhfj;k

98 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&2

if'pe ,f'k;k

fn, x, if'pe ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k ij ikap LFkku 1&5 rd fn, x, gSa igpku dj muds uke fyf[k,&

5

1

3

2

4

99 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&3

fn;s x;s ;wjksi o mÙkjh vÚhdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr dks vafdr dhft,\

1- jkse] fllyh] nfe'd] dqLrqarqfu;k] usiYl

100 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&3

fn;s x;s if'pe ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k ds 1&5 LFkku fn[kk;s x;s gSa mUgsa igpku dj muds uke fy[kksA

101 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&4

fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr bLykfed {ks=kksa dks vafdr dhft,A

1- enhuk] eDdk] cxnkn] fu'kkiqj] xt+uh

102 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&4

fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr bLykfed {ks=kksa ds ikap LFkku 1&5 rd fn[kk,s x, gSA mUgsa igpkudj muds uke fyf[k,A

103 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&5

fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr eaxksy lkezkT; ds ikap LFkku 1&5 rd fn[kk,s x, gSA mUgsa igpkudj muds uke fyf[k,A

104 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&5

fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr eaxksy lkezkT; ds fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa dks vafdr dhft,A

dkjkdksje] rqi+QkZu] fgjkr] eoZ] rk'kdUn

105 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&6

fn;s x;s if'peh ;wjksi ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa dks vafdr dhft,A

teZu jkT;] bVyh] bafXy'k pSuy] vkfLVª;k] iqrZxky

106 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

1

2

3

4

5

fo"k;&6

fn;s x;s if'peh ;wjksi ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkku fn, x;s gSaA mUgsa igpkudj muds uked fyf[k,A

107 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&7

fn;s x;s bVyh ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr jkT;ksa dks vafdr dhft,\

dksflZdk] lkMhZfu;k] tsusok] Ýyksjsal] iknqvk

108 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

5

4

2 3

1

fo"k;&7

fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa bVyh ds 1&5 jkT; fn[kk, x;s gSa mUgsa igpkudj muds uked fyf[k,A

109 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&8

fn;s x;s eè; vesfjdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr dks vafdr dhft,& ,tVsd lkezkT;] ek;k laLdfr] badk lkezkT;] dqtdks] eSfDldks dh [kkM+h

110 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&8

fn;s x;s vÚhdk ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkku fn[kk, x, gSa tgka ls nkl idM+dj ys tk;s x;sA mu LFkkuksa dks igpkudj muds uke fyf[k,A

111 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&9

fn;s x;s fczVsu ds ekufp=k esa ykSg] dks;yk m|ksx ds fuEufyf[kr {ks=kksa dks vafdr dhft,\ U;wdSly] yadk'kk;j] eSupsLVj] cfeZ?kae] yanu

112 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&9

fn;s x;s fczVsu ds ekufp=k esa oL=k mRiknu ds 1&5 LFkku fn;s x;s gSa mUgsa igpkudj muds uke fyf[k,A

1

2

3

4

5

113 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&10

fn;s x;s la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa dks fn[kkb,A 1- U;w;kWdZ] fef'kxu] tksftZ;k] vyckek] ÝyksfjMk

114 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&10

fn;s x;s vkLVªsfy;k ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkkuksa dks igpkudj muds uke fyf[k,A

115 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&11

fn;s x;s iwohZ ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa dks vafdr dhft,& 1- Vksfd;k] 2- D;ksrks] 3- fgjksf'kek] 4- 'ka?kkbZ] 5- ukxklkdh

116 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&11

fn;s x;s iwohZ ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkkuksa dks igpkudj vafdr dhft,A

1 2

3 4

5

117 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

HISTORY SAMPLE PAPER

Solved

le; % 3 ?k.Vs vf/dre vad % 100

lkekU; funsZ'k % 1- lHkh iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A izR;sd iz'u ds vad lkeus fy[ks gSaA 2- 2 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^d*) dk mÙkj 30 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 3- 5 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^[k) dk mÙkj 100 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 4- 10 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^x*) dk mÙkj 500 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 5- [k.M ^?k* esa Ïksr vk/kfjr iz'u fn;s x;s gSaA 6- ekufp=k mÙkj iqfLrdk ds lkFk layXu dhft,A

[k.M ^d*

1- jkse lkezkT; ds ifjizs{; esa ^x.kra=k* dk vFkZ le>kb,A

2- lkearoknh izFkk esa ^esuj* fdls dgrs Fks\ fdUgha nks fcUnqvksa dh ppkZ dhft,A

3- ^vkS|ksfxd Økafr fdls dgrs gSa O;k[;k dhft,A

[k.M ^[k* (vuqHkkx 1)

fdUgha rhu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

4- ;g dguk dgka rd mfpr gS fd eslksiksVkfe;k HkkSxksfyd fofo/rk dk {ks=k gS\ blds i{k esa mÙkj nhft,A

5- ^;k;kojksa dks O;kikj ds fy, phu ds ikl tkuk iM+rk FkkA* ;g O;oLFkk nksuksa i{kksa ds fy, fdl izdkj ykHkdkjh FkhA fooj.k nhft,A

6- ^nkl izttu* dk vFkZ le>krs gq, fyf[k, fd nkl HkkM+s ds etnwjksa ds foijhr fdl izdkj egaxs iM+rs Fks\

7 f[kykiQr dh LFkkiuk ds ihNs D;k mn~ns'; Fks\ igys pkj [kyhiQkvksa ds dky dk fooj.k nhft,A


fdUgha nks iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

8- phu esa x.krU=k dh LFkkiuk ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dk lekykspukRed fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

9- xksYM j'k ls fdl izdkj la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa m|ksxksa dh of¼ gqbZ\ foLrkjiwoZd fyf[k,A

10- fczVsu esa dkuwuksa ds tfj;s vkSjrksa vkSj cPpksa ds dke dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa D;k cnyko ykus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ\ D;k ;s dkuwu bl dk;Z esa liQy gq,\ rdZ lfgr mÙkj nhft,A

118 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


fdUgha rhu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

11- ^oS;fDrdrk vkSj ukxfjdrk ds u,] fopkjksa ls efgykvksa dks nwj j[kk x;k* bl dFku dh leh{kk iqutkZxj.k ds ifjizs{; esa dhft,A

12- foKku vkSj n'kZu esa vjfc;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks fyf[k,A ;g iqutkZxj.k esa fdl gn rd dke vk;k foLrkjiw.kZ mÙkj nhft,A

13- eè;dkyhu ;wjksi esa uxjokfl;ksa dks pkSFkk oxZ dguk dgka rd mfpr gksxk\

14- dksVsZl ds fo"k; esa la{ksi esa crkb,A mlus ,tVsd leqnk; dks fdl izdkj gjk;k\

[k.M ^x*

15- eslksiksVkfe;k ds 'kgjh thou dk foLrr fooj.k nhft,A

vFkok

izkjafHkd ekuo dgk¡ jgrs Fks vkSj os fdu rjhdksa ls viuk Hkkstu tqVkrs Fks\

16- esth iquLFkkZiuk ds ckn tkiku esa vk;h vk/qfudrk dk fooj.k nhft,A

vFkok

1960 ds n'kd ls vkLVªsfy;kbZ ewy fuokfl;ksa ds izfr cnyko dh ygj dk fooj.k nhft,A

[k.M ^?k*

17- fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsnksa dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj muds var esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

MkWDVj xSysu ds vuqlkj jkseu 'kgj dk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ds lkFk crkZo

dbZ izkarksa esa yxkrkj dbZ o"kks± ls iM+ jgs vdky us lk/kj.k ls lk/kj.k cqf¼okys vkneh dks Hkh ;g crk fn;k fd yksxksa esa dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k chekfj;k¡ gks jgh gSaA 'kgj esa jgus okys yksxksa dk iQly dVkbZ ds 'kh?kz ckn vxys iwjs o"kZ ds fy, i;kZIr ek=kk esa [kk|kUu vius HkaMkjksa esa Hkj ysuk ,d fjokt FkkA lkjk xsgwa] tkS] lse rFkk elwj vkSj nkyksa dk dkiQh cM+k fgLlk 'kgfj;ksa }kjk ys tkus ds ckn Hkh dbZ izdkj dh nkysa fdlkuksa ds fy, cph jg xb± FkhaA lfnZ;ksa ds fy, tks dqN Hkh cpk Fkk] mls [kk&ihdj [kRe dj nsus ds i'pkr nsgkrh yksxksa dks olar ½rq esa vLokLF;dj [kk|ksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+k_ mUgksaus isM+ksa dh Vgfu;k¡] Nkysa] tM+sa] >kfM+;ka] v[kk| isM+ ikS/s vkSj iÙks [kkdj fdlh rjg vius izk.kksa dks cpk, j[kkA &xSysu] vkWu xqM ,.M cSM MkbV d) bl vuqPNsn ds ys[kd dk uke crkb,A (1)

[k) MkWDVj xSysu ds vuqlkj jkseu 'kgj ds yksx fdl rjg dk crkZo xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ds lkFk djrs Fks\ (3)

x) jkse lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,EiQksjk dk D;k egRo Fkk\ fyf[k,A (4)

119 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vFkok

vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ

ckjgoha krkCnh ds cxnkn esa dkuwu vkSj fpfdRlk ds fo"k;ksa ds fo}ku&vCn vy&yrhiQ (Abd alLatif)vius vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ ls ckr dj jgs gSa%

^^esjk vuqjks/ gS fd vki fcuk fdlh dh lgk;rk ds] dsoy iqLrdksa ls gh] foKku u lh[ksa] pkgs vkidks le>us dh viuh ;ksX;rk ij Hkjkslk gksA mUgsa izR;sd fo"k; ds fy, ftldk Kku vki izkIr djuk pkgrsa gksa] vè;kidksa dk lgkjk ysa] vkSj ;fn vkids vè;kid dks Kku lhfer gks] rks tks dqN og ns ldrk gS mls izkIr dj ysa] tc rd vkidks mlls ;ksX; vè;kid u fey tk,A vkidks vius vè;kid dk vknj vkSj lEeku vo'; djuk pkfg,A tc vki dksbZ iqLrd i<+sa] rks mls daBLFk djus vkSj mlds vFkZ ij iw.kZ vf/dkj izkIr dj ysaA eku yks fd iqLrd [kks xbZ gS vkSj vki mls NksM+ ldrs gSa rc iqLrd daBLFk gksus ij vkidk dqN ugha fcxM+sxkA O;fDr dks bfrgkl dh iqLrd i<+uh pkfg,] thofu;k¡ vkSj jk"Vªksa ds vuqHkoksa dk vè;;u djuk pkfg,A ,slk djus ls ;g yxsxk fd i<+us okyk vius vYi thou&dky esa vrhr ds yksxksa ds lkFk jg jgk gSA muds lkFk mlds ?kfu"B laca/ gSa vkSj muesa vPNksa vkSj cqjksa dks igpkurk gSA vkidks viuk vkpj.k 'kq: ds eqlyekuksa ds vkpj.k ds vuq:i cukuk pkfg,A blfy,] iSxEcj dh thouh dks i<+ks vkSj muds in&fpUgksa ij pyksA vkidks vius LoHkko ds ckjs esa vPNh jk; j[kus dh ctk;] ml ij ckjackj vfo'okl djuk pkfg,] viuk è;ku fo}ku yksxksa vkSj mudh dfr;ksa ij yxkuk pkfg,] cgqr lko/kuh ls vkxs c<+uk pkfg, vkSj dHkh Hkh tYnckth ugha djuh pkfg,A ftl O;fDr us vè;;u dk ncko u >syk gks] og Kku ds vkuan dk etk ugha ys ldrkA tc vkius viuk vè;;u vkSj fparu euu iwjk dj fy;k gks] rks viuh thHk dks vYykg dk uke ysus ds dk;Z esa O;Lr jf[k, vkSj vYykg dk xq.kxku dhft,A ;fn lalkj vkidh vksj ihB eksM+ ys] rks f'kdk;r u djsaA ;g tku ysa fd Kku dHkh [kRe ugha gksrk] og ihNs viuh lqxa/ NksM+ tkrk gS] tks mlds Lokeh dk irk crk nsrh gS Kku izdk'k vkSj Økafr dh fdj.k Kkuh ij pedrh jgrh gS vkSj mldh vksj ladsr djrh jgrh gSA**

&vgen bCu vy dkfle bCu vch ml;fc;k] m;wu vy vUck

d) bl Ïksr ds ys[kd dk uke crkb,A (1)

[k) bl Ïksr esa fdu nks O;fDr;ksa ds chp ckr gks jgh gS\ (2)

x) vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ dkSu gksrk gS bl Ïksr ds vk/kj ij fyf[k,A (2)

?k) KkuksiktZu ds fy, vè;kid ds egRo ij vius fopkj O;Dr dhft,A (3)

18- csusfMDVhu (Benedictine) eBksa esa fHk{kqvksa ds fy, ,d gLrfyf[kr iqLrd gksrh Fkh ftlesa fu;eksa ds 73 vè;k; FksA bldk ikyu fHk{kqvksa }kjk dbZ lfn;ksa rd fd;k tkrk jgkA bl iqLrd ds dqN fu;e bl izdkj gSA&

120 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vè;k; 6 % fHk{kqvksa dks cksyus dh vkKk dHkh&dHkh gh nh tkuh pkfg,A

vè;k; 7 % fouezrk dk vFkZ gS vkKk ikyuA

vè;k; 33 % fdlh Hkh fHk{kq dks futh laifÙk ugha j[kuh pkfg,A

vè;k; 47 % vkyL; vkRek dk 'k=kq gS] blfy, fHk{kq vkSj fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks fuf'pr le; esa 'kkjhfjd Je vkSj fuf'pr ?kaVksa esa ifo=k ikB djuk pkfg,A

vè;k; 48 % eB bl izdkj cukus pkfg, fd vko';drk dh leLr oLrq,¡& ty] pDdh] m|ku] dk;Z'kkyk lHkh mldh lhek ds vanj gksaA

d) eksuSLVªh 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A (2)

[k) Úk;j fdUgsa dgrs gSa\ (2)

x) fHk{kqvksa ds fy, gLrfyf[kr iqLrd esa fn;s x;s fdUgha pkj fu;eksa dk o.kZu dhft,A (4)

vFkok

^^fdrus cgknqj iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa us vius dqVqacf;ksa ds lkFk uk'rk dj mlh jkf=k dks nwljh nqfu;k esa vius iwoZtksa ds lkFk jkf=k Hkkstu fd;k gksxkA yksxksa dh gkyr n;uh; Fkh ftls ns[kk ugha tk ldrk FkkA os gtkjksa dh la[;k esa izfrfnu chekj gksrs Fks vkSj fcuk fdlh enn ds ej tkrs FksA vusd [kqyh xfy;ksa esa ejrs Fks vkSj ckdh vius ?kjksa esa ejrs Fks bldk irk muds lM+s 'kjhj dh cncw ls pyrk Fkk pwafd ifo=k dfczLrku bruh vf/d la[;k esa 'kjhjksa dks nckus ds fy, i;kZIr ugha Fks vr% mudks lSdM+ks dh la[;k esa cM+h&cM+h [kandksa esa Mky fn;k tkrk Fkk] tSls fd iksr esa lkeku dks Hkjk tkrk gS] vkSj mQij FkksM+h lh feV~Vh Mky nh tkrh FkhA**

&ftvksokuh cksdkfp;ks (Giovanni Boccacio) (1313&75)] brkyoh ys[kd

d) bl Ïksr ds ys[kd dk uke fyf[k,A (1)

[k) 14oha lnh ;wjksi esa egkekjh ds dkj.k gksus okys fouk'k dk fooj.k nhft,A (3)

x) ;g =kklnh ;wjksi dh dkSu&lh voLFkk ls lacaf/r gS\ foLrkj iw.kZ fyf[k,A (4)

19- ^^vejhdk dh iwoZlaè;k (;kuh tc ;wjksih; yksx vk, vkSj bl egk}hi dks mUgksaus vejhdk uke fn;k) ls Bhd igys rd fofo/rk gj txg iljh gqbZ FkhA yksx lkS ls Hkh T;knk tckusa cksyrs FksA os f'kdkj] eNyh idM+uk] laxzg.k] ckxokuh vkSj [ksrh esa tks&tks eqefdu gks] og lc vktekrs gq, viuh thfodk dekrs FksA feV~Vh dh xq.koÙkk dSlh gS vkSj mlds bLrseky rFkk ns[k&Hkky ds fy, fdrus iz;kl dh njdkj gS] blh ij thus ds rjhds dk mudk pquko

121 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fuHkZj djrk FkkA lkaLdfrd vkSj lkekftd iwoZxzg ds vk/kj ij dqN nwljh phtsa r; gksrh FkhaA eNyh] vukt] ckx ds isM+&ikS/s] ekal& buds vf/'ks"k gekjs ;gka rkdroj] Js.khc¼ lektksa dh jpuk esa ennxkj cus] ysfdu ogka ughaA dqN laLdfr;ka lgÏkfCn;ksa rd dk;e jghaA----**

&fofy;e eSdfy'k] vejhdk ls igys dk fnu

d) bl Ïksr ds ys[kd dk uke crkb,A mudh dfr dk uke fyf[k,A (2)

[k) ^vejhdk dh iwoZ laè;k* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ (1)

x) ^usfVo* fdUgsa dgk tkrk Fkk\ (2)

?k) usfVo dk thou fdl izdkj fof/rk ls iw.kZ FkkA foLrkjiw.kZ fyf[k,A (3)

pkYlZ fMdUl (1812&70) vkS|ksfxdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i xjhcksa ds fy, tks Hk;adj fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZ mldk laHkor% lcls dBksj ledkyhu vkykspd FksA mUgksaus vius miU;kl gkMZ VkbEl esa ,d dkYifud vkS|ksfxd uxj ^dksdVkmu* dk cM+k lVhd o.kZu fd;k gSA** ;g ,d yky b±Vksa ls cuk uxj Fkk] ysfdu mldh b±Vksa dk jax ykyk rHkh jg ldrk Fkk ;fn /q,a vkSj jk[k us mls iksrdj cnjax u dj fn;k gksrk_ ysfdu gkyr ;g Fkh fd ;g dLck vthc yky vkSj dkys jax ds feJ.k ls iqrk Fkk ekuks og fdlh [kwa[kkj vkneh dk psgjk gksA ;g e'khuksa vkSj mu yach xxupaqch fpefu;ksa dk 'kgj ftuesa ls /q,a ds lkaiksa dh vVwV iafDr;ka dHkh dqaMfyr u gksdj] yxkrj fudyrh jgrh FkhaA bl uxj esa ,d dkyh ugj Fkh vkSj ,d unh Hkh Fkh ftldk ikuh cncwnkj jatd xanxh ls Hkjdj cSaxuh jax dk gks x;k FkkA ogka <sjksa bekjrsa Fkha tks muds Hkhrj pyus okyh e'khuksa ds dkj.k gjne dkairh jgrh Fkha vkSj mudh f[kM+fd;ka ges'kk gh [kM+drh jgrh Fkha vkSj ogka Hkki ds batu dk fiLVu mdrkgV ds lkFk mQij&uhps gksrk jgrk Fkk] ekuks fdlh gkFkh dk flj gks tks vius nq%[kHkjs ikxyiu esa vka[ks iQkM+s ,d gh vksj ns[k jgk gksA**

d) bl Ïksr esa fn;s x;s ys[kd o mldh dfr dk uke fyf[k,A (2)

[k) ys[kd ds dkYifud uxj dk uke fyf[k,A (1)

x) bl uxj dk o.kZu dhft,A (3)

?k) vkids fopkj ls ;g o.kZu dgka rd lVhd Fkk\ (2)

[k.M ^;*

20- fn;s x;s vÚhdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFky fn[kkbZ,A (5)

1- pkM] 2- bfFk;ksfi;k] 3- nj ,l lqYrku] 4- nh dsYMlZ] 5- ekstkfEcd

vFkok

122 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fn;s x;s ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa eaxksy lkezkT; ds dksbZ ikap LFky fn[kkb,A

21- fn;s x;s vkLVªsfy;k ds ekufp=k esa ikap LFkku&1&5 fn[kk, x, gSaA mUgsa igpku dj muds uke fyf[k,A (5) fuEufyf[kr iz'u dsoy n`f"Vghu ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ekufp=k iz'u (iz-la- 20 vkSj 21) ds LFkku ij gSA

20- vkfnekuo ls tqM+s vÚhdk ds dksbZ ikap LFkyksa ds uke fyf[k,A

vFkok

eaxksy lkezkT; ls tqM+s dksbZ ikap LFky fyf[k,A (5)

21- vkLVªsfy;k ds ikap izeq[k 'kgjksa ds uke fyf[k,A (5)

20 (d) vÚhdk

123 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

20 ([k)

124 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

21

125 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


Solved


1- ^x.kra=k* & 'kklu O;oLFkkA

lÙkk ^lSusV* ds gkFk esa FkhA (1$1)

2- vfHktkr oxZ & dk ?kj] futh [ksr] pjkxkgA

O;fDrxr Hkwfe d"kdksa }kjk tksrh tkrh FkhA (1$1)

3- og ifjorZu tks fczVsu ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa 1760 vkSj 1820 ds chp gq,A

nwjxkeh izHkko fo'o ij iM+sA (1$1)

4- iwoksZÙkj Hkkx esa & gjs&Hkjs] eSnkuA

mÙkj esa & LVsih&?kkl ds eSnkuA

iwoZ esa & ntyk dh lgk;d ufn;kaA

nf{k.k Hkkx & jsfxLrkuA

jgu lgu] Hkk"kk ij vljA 1x5) 5- LVsih {ks=k & lalk/uksa dh dehA

& ;k;koj & [ksrh ds mRikn vkSj yksgs ds midj.k phu ls izkIr djrs FksA

& ?kksM+s] iQj] f'kdkj dk fofue; djrs FksA

& rukoiw.kZ fofue;A

& ywVikV dh fLFkfr Hkh gks tkrh FkhA (1x5) 6- nkl iztuu & xqykeksa dh la[;k c<+kus dh izFkk nkl nkfl;ksa dks vf/d cPps iSnk djus

ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk FkkA

& nkl egaxs & j[k j[kko dk [kpkZ] vU; [kpsZ Hkh mBkus iM+rs FksA

& nkl (eqDr nkl Hkh) O;kikj&izca/dksa ds :i esa fu;qDr gksrs FksA

& dksywesYyk dh fliQkfj'kA (2$1$1$1)

7- mn~ns'; & dchyksa ij fu;a=k.k] mEek dk xBu jkT; ds fy, lalk/u tqVkuk

vcw cdj & fonzksgksa dk neuA

mej & mEek dh lÙkk dk foLrkjA

mFkeku & fu;a=k.k eè; ,f'k;k rd c<+k;kA

vyh & eqlyekuksa esa njkj vkSj xgjh gks xbZA (2$1$1$1)

126 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

8- 1911 esa ekapw lkezkT; dks lekIr dj fn;kA

& lu ;kr&lsu dk usrRoA

& lu ds rhu fl¼karA

& igys nks fl¼karksa ij dqvksehurkax dk tksjA

& rhljs fl¼kar ij lkE;oknh ny dk tksjA

& phu esa x`g ;q¼A (1x5) 9- dSyhiQksfuZ;k esa lksus ds dqN fpg~u feys

& jsyos dk fuekZ.kA

& m|ksxksa dk fodklA

& [ksrh dk foLrkjA

& vejhdk dk ,d 'kfDr ds :i esa mn; (1x5) 10- 1819 ds dkuwu& 9 o"kZ ls de cPps iSQfDVª;ksa esa dke ugha djsaxsA

& 9&16 lky ds cPpksa dh dke dh lhek 12 ?kaVs

& 1833 ds vf/fu;e & 9 o"kZ ls de vk;q okys cPps js'ke dh iSQfDVª;ksa esa dke dj ldsaxsA

& 10 ?kaVs dk fnuA

& ;s vf/fu;e diM+k m|ksxksa esa ykxw ughaA (1x5) 11- iq#"kksa dk izHkqRo&vfHktkr oxZ esaA

& yM+dksa dks f'k{kkA

& efgyk,a O;kikj esa n[ky ugha nsrh FkhaA

& ngst u feyus ij yM+fd;ksa dks eBksa esa Hkst nsrs FksA

& O;kikjh ifjokjksa esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fHkUuA

& dqN efgyk,a ckSf¼d :i ls jpukRed FkhaA (1x5) 12- 14oha 'krkCnh esa vjc ds vuqokndksa dk egRo&viQykrwu vkSj vjLrw dh dfr;ka

& VkWyseh dh dfr dk vjch esa vuqoknA

& eqlyeku ys[kdksa&bCu&fluk] vy&jkthA

& vjch nk'kZfud bCu #'n dh i¼frA

& blls ekuorkoknh fopkj/kjk dk izHkqRo c<+kA

13- ^uxj dh gok Lora=k cukrh gS* ,d izfl¼ dgkorA

& Lora=k gksus dh bPNk j[kus okys vusd df"knkl Hkkx dj uxj esa fNi tkrs FksA

127 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

& tula[;k] O;kikj vkSj uxjksa dk foLrkj gqvkA

& uxjksa us ykWMZ ds fu;a=k.k ls eqfDr dh vf/d laHkkouk,a iznku dhA

& Js.kh dk laxBuA

& uxj ,d vyx oxZ cu dj mHkjk] lkearokn ds iru esa ,d vge dkj.k cukA

14- dksVsZl dks fuokZflr nsork dk vorkj ekuk x;k tks cnyk ysus ds fy, izdV gqvk gSA

& og D;wck dk fuoklh Fkk] ftlus VkWVkuSd leqnk; ls nksLrh djhA

& dksVsZl vkSj mlds lSfudksa us VªySDldykuks ij geyk fd;kA

& ,tVsd yksxksa }kjk Lisfu;ksa dk LokxrA

& vkalwHkjh jkr dk gR;kdkaMA

& Mksuk eSjhuk&dksVsZl dh lgkf;dkA (1x5) 16- uxj ds yksx vkRefuHkZj ugha FksA

& Je&foHkktuA

& vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk lkekftd laxBu

& O;kikj (?kjsyw o fo'o Lrj dk)A

& ys[ku dykA

& lk{kjrkA

& eafnj dk egRoA

& ikfjokfjd thouA

& mj uxj dk voyksduA (1x8=8) + 2 marks for reflective thinking

vFkok

& ,d gh {ks=k esa gksfefuM vU; izkbesVksa vkSj ekalHkf{k;ksa ds lkFk fuokl djrs FksA

& 400]000 ls 125]000 igys xqiQkvksa rFkk [kqys fuokl {ks=k dk izpyu 'kq: gks x;kA

& nf{k.k Úkal esa fLFkr ystjsV xqiQkA

& Vsjk vekVk dk iqjkLFkyA

& Hkkstu tqVkus ds rjhds & laxzg.k] f'kdkj] viektZu vkSj eNyh idM+ukA

16- & iQqdksdq D;ksgs dk ukjkA

& lezkV&O;oLFkk dk iqufuZekZ.k] lw;Z nsoh dk oa'kt vkSj if'pehdj.k dk usrkA

& 1870 ds n'kd esa u;h fo|ky; O;oLFkkA

& jk"Vª ds ,dhdj.k ds fy, u;k iz'kklfud <kapk rS;kjA

128 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

& lsuk esa dke vfuok;Z] vk/qfud lSU; cyA

& yksdrkaf=kd lafo/kuA

& etcwr fons'k uhfrA

& vFkZ O;oLFkk dk vk/qfudhdj.kA (1x8=8) + 2 marks for reflective thinking

vFkok

& 1968 esa MCY;w bZ- ,p- LVSuj ds O;k[;ku ^fn xzsV vkWLVsªfy;u lkbysal*] ls rsth ls ifjorZuA

& 1970 ds n'kd ls mÙkjh vejhdk dh rjg ewy fuokfl;ksa dks u, :i esa le>us dh pkgr tkx xbZA

& mUgsa fof'k"V laLdfr;ksa okys leqnk;ksa ds :i esa ns[kk x;kA

& gsujh jsukWYM~l dh iqLrd ^Ogkb ojaV oh VksYM*\ dk vljA

& ewy fuokfl;ksa dh laLdfr;ksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, fo'ofo|ky;h foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

& ewy fuokfl;ksa us vius thou&bfrgklksa dks fy[kuk 'kq: fd;kA

& 1974 ls ^cgqlaLdfrokn* vkLVªsfy;k dh jktdh; uhfr jgh gSA

& fefJr jDr okys yksxksa dk bfrgkl

& lkoZtfud :i ls ekiQh ekaxus dh xqtkfj'k (vejhdk ls rqyuk dj ldrs gSa)

(1x8$2=10) 17- d) MkWDVj xSysuA (1)

[k) i;kZIr ek=kk esa [kk|kUu Hkjus dk fjokt jln esa cM+k fgLlkA

x) de [kk|ksa ij nsgkfr;ksa dks fuHkZj NksM+rs FksA (3)

?k) tSrwu ds rsy dk egRoA

& rjy inkFkks± dh <qykbZ ds fy, eVds& ,EiQksjk dk cgqr la[;k esa ekStwn

& Msªly&20 dk mRiknA

& Lisu ls rsy dk O;kikjA (4)

vFkok

d) vgen bCn vy dkfle bCu vch ml;fc;kA (1)

[k) fo|kFkhZ rFkk fpfdRlk fo"k;ksa ds fo}ku vCn vy&yrhi+QA (2)

x) Kku iqLrdksa ls ijsA

129 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

Kku dgha ls Hkh izkIr djsaA

vè;kidksa dk vknj vkfnA (2)

?k) vè;kid dk lEeku o mlds izfr fu"BkA (3)

18- xzhd Hkk"kk dk 'kCn&eksuksl ls cukA vFkZ& O;fDr tks vdsyk jgrk gksA (1$1)

& tks fHk{kq eB esa ugha jgrs Fks (2)

& de cksyuk

& fouez jguk

& futh laifÙk u gksuk

& vkyl u djuk (1$1$1$1)

vFkok

1- ftvksokuh cksdkfp;ks (1)

2- (i) gkyr n;uh;] chekjh] xfy;ksa esa yk'ksa] dfczLrku Hkjk gqvkA (1$1$1$1) (ii) 14oha lnh dk ladV& ekSle esa cnykoA (iii) tula[;k of¼A (iv) pkanh dh [kkuksa ds mRiknu esa dehA

3- vkfFkZd eanhA (1$1$1$1)

19- fofy;e eSdfy'k] vejhdk ls igys dk fnu (1$1)

& tc ;wjksih; yksx vk, vkSj bl egk}hi dks mUgksaus vejhdk uke fn;kA (1)

& ^usfVo* (ewy ckf'kank)] og O;fDr tks vius ekStwnk fuokl&LFkku esa gh iSnk gqvkA (2)

& vusd tckus cksyrs FksA

fofHkUu izdkj ls thfodk dekrs FksA

feV~Vh dh xq.koÙkk dh igpkuA (4)

vFkok

& pkYlZ fMdUl] gkMZ VkbElA (1$1)

& dksdVkmuA (1)

& /q,a@jk[k ls Hkjk uxjA

& e'khuksa dk 'kgj] fpefu;ksa ls /q,sa fudyrs jrs FkkA

& dkyh unhA (1$1$1)

& Nk=k ds fopkjA

130 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

20 (d)

nj ,l lqYrku

nh dsYMlZ

ekst+kfEc

d

bfFk;ksfi;k

pkM

131 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

l fu

'kkiqj

l

fgjkr

l

cY[

k l rk'kdan

l d

jkdksje

20 ([k)

132 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

22-

flMu

h dsuc

sjk esy

cksuZ

iFkZ

MkfoZu

133 bfrgkl d{kk&XI


Un-Solved


lkekU; funsZ'k % 1- lHkh iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A izR;sd iz'u ds vad lkeus fy[ks gSaA 2- 2 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^d*) dk mÙkj 30 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 3- 5 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^[k) dk mÙkj 100 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 4- 10 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^x*) dk mÙkj 500 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 5- [k.M ^?k* esa Ïksr vk/kfjr iz'u fn;s x;s gSaA 6- ekufp=k mÙkj iqfLrdk ds lkFk layXu dhft,A

[k.M ^d* 1- jkseu lkezkT; esa rhljh&'krkCnh dks ^ladV* dk dky D;ksa dgk x;k gS\ 2- êksuSLVªh* fdls dgrs gSa\ ;g fdl Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS\ 3- vkWjukWYM VkW;uch dh iqLrd ds fo"k; esa nks fcanq nhft,A

[k.M ^[k* (vuqHkkx 1) fdUgha rhu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A 4- D;wuhiQkeZ (dhykdkj) ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ ;g eslksiksVkfe;k ds ys[ku dyk dk mRd"V uewuk

fdl izdkj Fkk\ foospuk dhft,A 5- ^lwiQhokn dk }kj lcds fy, [kqyk Fkk* bl dFku dh leh{kk djrs gq, fyf[k,] fd lwiQh

yksxksa us fdl izdkj viuh yksdfiz;rk cuk, j[kh\ 6- êaxksy fofo/ tu leqnk; dk ,d fudk; FkkA* eaxksyksa dh lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd i"BHkwfe

ds lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh leh{kk dhft,A 7- jkse lkezkT; ds ifjizs{; esa ijorhZ iqjkdky dks le>kb,A

[k.M ^[k* (vuqHkkx 2) fdUgha nks iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A 8- phu esa lkE;oknh ny dk mn~Hko] lu&;kr&lsu ds rhljs fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr Fkk] O;k[;k

dhft,A 9- 20oha 'krkCnh esa vejhdk vkSj dukMk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa ds thou esa fdl vk/kj ij cnyko

vk;s\ Li"V dhft,A 10- îhVj yw* ujlagkj D;k Fkk\ bls vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds fo#¼ gq, fojks/ vkanksyu ds ifjizs{;

esa le>kb,A

134 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

[k.M ^[k* (vuqHkkx 3) fdUgha rhu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%& 11- 15oha vkSj 16oha 'krkfCn;ksa esa bZlkbZ /eZ ds varxZr okn&fookn dh ppkZ dhft,A

12- ^jsuslka* 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A bfrgkldkj tSdc cdZgkVZ ds bfrgkl ys[ku ds D;k fopkj Fks] og ^vk/qfud* O;fDr fdls ekurs Fks\ fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

13- 15oha vkSj 16oha lfn;ksa esa ;wjksi esa vkbZ ubZ 'kklu O;oLFkk ij ppkZ dhft,A crkb, fd ;g O;oLFkk ('kkgh fujadq'krk) fdl izdkj lkearokn dk ifj"dr :i Fkh\

14- fitkjks ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa fyf[k,A og badk jkT; dh rjiQ D;ksa vkdf"kZr gqvk\ badk lkezkT; dh ckxMksj mlds gkFk esa fdl izdkj vkbZ\

[k.M ^x*

15- eslksiksVkfe;k dk HkkSxksfyd fooj.k nsrs gq, crkb, fd fdl izdkj i'kqpkjd] 'kgjh thou ds fy, [krjk Fks\

vFkok

latkfr oÙk fdls dgrs gSa\ D;k orZeku f'kdkjh laxzkgd lektksa ds ckjs esa izkIr tkudkjh dk mi;ksx lqnwj vrhr ds ekuo ds thou dks iqufufeZr djus ds fy, tk ldrk gS\ vius fopkj izdV dhft,A

16- phu vkSj tkiku ds lanHkZ esa ^vk/qfudrk ds nks ekxZ* dk Li"Vhdj.k dhft,A

vFkok

vesfjdk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa rFkk ;wjksih; O;kikfj;ksa ds chp oLrqvksa ds vknku&iznku o lH;* ^vlH;* ds n`f"Vdks.k esa D;k varj Fks\ fyf[k,A

17- lezkV =kktku dk LoIu&Hkkjr dh fot;\

^rRi'pkr~ Hk;adj Hkwadi ls ihfM+r ,afVvkWd esa lfnZ;ksa ds ckn (115@16)] 116 esa =kktku iQjkr unh ds jkLrs vkxs dh vksj c<+rk gqvk ikfFkZ;u dh jkt/kuh VslhiwQu rd pyk x;k vkSj fiQj ogka iQkjl dh [kkM+h ds fljs ij igqap x;kA (bfrgkldkj) dSfl;e fM;ks (Cassius Dio) ds vuqlkj ogka ij og Hkkjr dh vksj tkus okys fdlh okf.kfT;d iksr dks ykykf;r utjksa ls ns[k jgk Fkk vkSj pkg jgk Fkk fd dk'k og fldanj tSlk toku gksrkA* &Ïksr% iQjxl feYyj] fn jkseu uh;j bZLV d) bl Ïksr dk ys[kd o 'kh"kZd dk uke fyf[k,A (2)

[k) iQjkr unh fdl {ks=k ls gksdj cgrh Fkh\ (1)

x) fldanj us fo'o bfrgkl ij D;k Nki NksM+h\ Li"V dhft,A (3)

?k) lezkV =kktku dk LoIu&Hkkjr dh fot; dk D;ksa Fkk\ (2)

135 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vFkok

xt+u [kku dk Hkk"k.k

xt+u [kku (1295&1304) igyk by&[kkuh 'kkld Fkk ftlus /eZ&ifjorZu dj bLyke xzg.k fd;kA mlus vius eaxksy&rqdhZ ;k;koj lsukifr;ksa dks fuEu Hkk"k.k fn;k ftls laHkor% mlds bjkuh ot+hj j'khnqn~nhu us fy[kk Fkk vkSj ftls ea=kh ds i=kksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA

^êSa i+Qkjl ds d"kd oxZ ds i{k esa ugha gwaA ;fn mu lcdks ywVus dk dksbZ mn~ns'; gS rks ,slk djus ds fy, esjs ls vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj dksbZ ugha gS] pyks ge lc feydj mUgsa ywVrs gSaA ysfdu vxj vki fuf'pr :i ls Hkfo"; esa vius Hkkstu ds fy, vukt vkSj HkksT;&lkexzh bdV~Bk djuk pkgrs gSa rks eq>s vkids lkFk dBksj gksuk iM+sxkA vkidks rdZ vkSj cqf¼ ls dke ysuk fl[kkuk iM+sxkA ;fn vki d"kdksa dk vieku djsaxs] muls muds cSy vkSj vukt ds chp Nhu ysaxs vkSj mudh iQlyksa dks dqpy Mkysaxs] rks vki Hkfo"; esa D;k djsaxs\ ,d vkKkdkjh d"kd oxZ vkSj ,d fonzksgh d"kd oxZ esa varj le>uk vko';d gSA----**

d) xt+u [kku dkSu Fkk rFkk mlus dkSu&lk /eZ viuk;k\ (2)

[k) ,d vkKkdkjh d"kd oxZ vkSj ,d fonzksgh oxZ esa varj Li"V dhft,A (2)

x) xt+u [kku us Hkk"k.k fdl dks fn;k rFkk ;g fdlds }kjk fyf[kr Fkk\ (2)

?k) êSa i+Qkjl ds d"kd oxZ ds i{k esa ugha gwa* bl dFku dk Li"Vhdj.k dhft,A (2)

18- ;g LofufeZr :ifp=k fy;ksukMksZ nk foUph (Leonardo da Vinci, 14521519) dk gS ftudh vk'p;Ztud vfHk#fp ouLifr foKku vkSj 'kjhj jpuk foKku ls ysdj xf.kr 'kkL=k vkSj dyk rd foLrr FkhA mUgksaus eksuk yhlk vksj n ykLV lij fp=kksa dh jpuk dhA

mudk ;g LoIu Fkk fd os vkdk'k esa mM+ ldssaA os o"kks± rd vkdk'k esa if{k;ksa ds mM+us dk ijh{k.k djrs jgs vkSj mUgksaus ,d mM+u&e'khu (Flying machine) dk izfr:i (Design) cuk;kA mUgksaus viuk uke ^fy;ksukMksZ nk foUph ijh{k.k dk vuq;k;h* j[kkA

d) fy;ksukMksZ nk foUph dkSu Fkk\ (2)

[k) muds fdUgha nks fp=kksa dk uke fyf[k,A (2)

x) vkids fopkj ls foUph dh dfr;ka fdl izdkj ^;FkkFkZokn* ls tqM+h gqbZ Fkha\(3)

vFkok

ÝyksjsUl ds ekuorkoknh tksokUus fidks nsYyk) fejkanksyk (1463&94) us vkWu fn fMxfuVh vkWiQ eSu (1486) uked iqLrd esa okn&fookn ds egRo ij fy[kk gS%&

^ÎysVks vkSj vjLrw** ds vuqlkj lR; dh [kkst djus vkSj bls izkIr djus ds fy, os ges'kk tqVs jgrs Fks vkSj mudk dguk Fkk fd tgka rd gks lds fopkjxksf"B;ksa esa tkuk pkfg, vkSj okn&fookn djuk pkfg,A ;g mlh rjg gS tSls 'kjhj dks etcwr cukus ds fy, dljr t:jh

136 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

gS] fnekx dh rkdr dks c<+kus ds fy, 'kCnksa ds naxy esa mrjuk t:jh gSA blls fnekxh rkdr c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk og vkSj vf/d vkstLoh gksrh gSA**

d) bl Ïksr ds ys[kd o mudh iqLrd dk uke fyf[k,A (2)

[k) bl iqLrd esa fdldk egRo crk;k x;k gS\ (1)

x) bl Ïksr esa fdu nks nkf'kZfudksa dk uke fy;k x;k gS\ (1)

?k) vkids fopkj ls okn&fookn dk D;k egRo gS\ (4)

19- fczVsu ds fuca/dkj vkSj miU;kldkj Mh-,p- ykWjsUl (1885&1930)] fMdsUl ds lÙkj lky ckn] dks;yk {ks=k esa fLFkr ,d xkao esa vk, ,sls ifjorZu dk bl izdkj o.kZu fd;k ftls mUgksaus Lo;a vuqHko ugha fd;k Fkk] ysfdu ftlds ckjs esa mUgksaus vius cM+s&cqtqxks± ls lquk FkkA

^^bZLVoqM--- mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa vo'; gh ,d NksVk xkao jgk gksxk tgka NksVh&NksVh >ksifM+;ka Fkha] [kku etnwjksa ds pkj dejksa okys NksVs&NksVs ?kjksa dh fNViqV drkjsa Fkha vkSj iqjkus [kku ekfydksa ds vkokl Fks--- ysfdu 1820 ds vklikl fdlh le; daiuh us igyk cM+k 'kSÝV fn;k gksxk---- vkSj vkS|ksfxd dks;yk [kku dh igyh okLrfod e'khujh yxkbZ--- etnwjksa ds jgus ds NksVs&NksVs ?kjksa dh drkjsa vf/drj fxjk nh xb± vkSj fiQj ukfVa?ke jksM ds lkFk&lkFk NksVh&NksVh nqdkusa [kqyus yxha vkSj uhps <yku esa daiuh us dqN bekjrsa cukb± ftUgsa vkt Hkh ^u;h bekjrsa* dgk tkrk gS--- HkV~Bh] dkyh xyh esa [kqyus okyh NksVs&NksVs pkj dejksa okys ?kjksa dh drkjsa ftudh ihB pkSdksj futZu LFky dh vksj Fkh] csjdksa ds ckM+s dh rjg can dj nh xbZ] cM+k vthc yxrk gS ;g lcA**

d) Mh-,p ykWjsUl dkSu Fks\ (1)

[k) bl Ïksr esa fdl uxj dk o.kZu gS vkSj ykWjsUl dks bldh tkudkjh dgka ls izkIr gqbZ\ (2)

x) bl uxj dk fooj.k nhft,A (3)

?k) vkids fopkj ls ;g fooj.k fdl gn rd lgh gS\ (2)

^^izLrj dh iV~Vh ij ;g [kqnk Fkk fd gksih ;g ekurs Fks fd muds ikl okil vkus okys igys HkkbZ vkSj cgu /jrh ds ikj ls dNqvksa ds :i esa vk,axsA os balku gksaxs] ij dNqvksa ds :i esa vk,axsA blfy, tc le; vk;k] rks gksih yksx /jrh ds ml ikj ls vkus okys mu dNqvksa dk Lokxr djus ds fy, ,d [kkl xkao esa bdV~Bk gq,A os lqcg&lqcg mB x, vkSj mUgksaus lw;ksZn; ns[kkA mUgksaus e#Hkwfe ds ikj fuxkg nkSM+kbZ vkSj mUgsa c[rjcan Lisuh dkWfUDoLVkMksj fn[kykbZ iM+s] tks /jrh ds ml Nksj ls vkrs dNqvksa dh rjg yx jgs FksA lks] mUgksaus le>k] ;s rks ogh gSa ftudk bartkj FkkA blfy, os Lisuh balku ds ikl x, vkSj gkFk feykus dh mEehn esa viuk gkFk c<+k;k] ysfdu Lisuh us muds gkFk esa dksbZ lLrh&lh pht+ idM+k nhA vkSj blls iwjs mÙkjh vejhdk esa ;g ckr iSQy xbZ fd cgqr dfBu le;

137 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vkus okyk gS] fd 'kk;n dqN Hkkb;ksa vkSj cguksa us lHkh phtksa dh ifo=krk dks Hkqyk fn;k gS vkSj bldh otg ls /jrh ij lHkh balku dkiQh d"V ikus okys gSaA** &yh czkmu dh ,d okrkZ ls] 1986 d) ;g Ïksr dgka ls fy;k x;k gS\ (1)

[k) ^gksih* dkSu Fks] (1)

x) usfVo 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A (2)

?k) dkWfUDoLVkMksj dkSu Fks vkSj fdl vk/kj ij mudk Lokxr gqvk\ (4)

[k.M ^;*

20- fn;s x;s vÚhdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFky fn[kkbZ,&

1- eksjDdks] 2- lwMku] 3- dsU;k] 4- nh dsYMlZ (5)

vFkok

fn;s x;s ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa eaxksy lkezkT; ds dksbZ ikap LFky fn[kkb,A

21- fn;s x;s la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds ekufp=k esa ikap LFkku 1&5 fn[kk, xls gSaA mugsa igpku dj muds uke fyf[k,A fuEufyf[kr iz'u dsoy n`f"Vguh ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ekufp=k iz'u (iz-la- 20 vkSj 21) ds LFkku ij gSaA

20- vkfn ekuo ls tqM+s vÚhdk ds dksbZ ikap LFkyksa ds uke fyf[k,A (5)

vFkok

eaxksy lkezkT; ds fdUgha ikap LFkkuksa ds uke fyf[k,A

21- la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh ikap cfLr;ksa ds uke fyf[k,A

138 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

21 (d)

139 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

21 ([k) ,f'k;k

140 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

22-

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