Beyond social mix? Towards a policy of social mobility Elise Schillebeeckx The National Homelessness...
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Transcript of Beyond social mix? Towards a policy of social mobility Elise Schillebeeckx The National Homelessness...
![Page 1: Beyond social mix? Towards a policy of social mobility Elise Schillebeeckx The National Homelessness Conference 15/11/2012 - Glasgow.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d015503460f949d3a7a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Beyond social mix? Towards a policy of social mobility
Elise SchillebeeckxThe National Homelessness Conference15/11/2012 - Glasgow
![Page 2: Beyond social mix? Towards a policy of social mobility Elise Schillebeeckx The National Homelessness Conference 15/11/2012 - Glasgow.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d015503460f949d3a7a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
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Structure
• Social mix• Integration through segregation?• The urban zone of transition• The social mobility approach• The social mobility approach: a first evaluation
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Social mix: a recurrent policy theme
• Social mix is about mixing different types of residents within a certain area
• Types of residents:
-Socio-economic mix -Mix of lifestyles
-Ethno-cultural mix -Mix of age groups
• Mix within certain area:
-city -district
-street -block
• Social mix versus segregation
• spatial dimension of social inequality
• role of housing in translating social into spatial exclusion
![Page 4: Beyond social mix? Towards a policy of social mobility Elise Schillebeeckx The National Homelessness Conference 15/11/2012 - Glasgow.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d015503460f949d3a7a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
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Social mix: a recurrent policy theme• Different motives and assumptions behind social mix
• Solution for segregation of the working class
• Struggle against (ethnic) segregation (and racism)
• Reversing the exodus out of the city, attracting middle class double-income families
• Neighbourhood effects
• But:
Disadvantaged neighbourhoods still exist
Exodus out of the city still continues
Assumptions about positive neighbourhood effects contested and/or not scientifically proven
Often more negative (displacement of original inhabitants, loss of social cohesion, ...) than positive
consequences
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Integration through segregation?
Bron: Burgess, E.W. 1928. "Residential segregation in American cities." The Annals of the
American Academy, CXXXX:105-115.
• Chicago School – first half of the twentieth century
• City grows in concentric circles
• Social groups have tendency to cluster in different
zones
• Spatial segregation as something 'natural' (link with
ecology)
• Transition Zone plays crucial role
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The zone of transition
• ‘In-between’ zone under pressure from the expanding economic heart of the city
• Low quality of the living environment
• Lack of investment
• Poor housing conditions
• 'Marginal’ zone in the city
• Dual function:
• Port of first entry
• Transition function
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The zone of transition popularized
#1. Arrival City – Doug Saunders
• Story of massive migration from the countryside to the city in the 21st
century
• Arrival Cities are a platform for social mobility and economic integration,
thanks to:
• the presence of social networks
• informal economy
• cheap housing
• Services/facilities for migrants
• Disadvantaged neighbourhoods are often very promising and full of
possibilities
• Success / failure of arrival cities depends on local and supra-local policies
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The zone of transition popularized# 2. The social mobility approach– VROM Council
• Introduced in ‘Stad & Stijging’ (‘city and uplifting’) - in 2006 by the Dutch Council for Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment
(VROM-Raad)
![Page 9: Beyond social mix? Towards a policy of social mobility Elise Schillebeeckx The National Homelessness Conference 15/11/2012 - Glasgow.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d015503460f949d3a7a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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The social mobility approach
• Dutch urban renewal policies characterized by the dichotomy physical projects (increasing quality of
housing stock and living environment) and social projects (quality of life, social cohesion)
• The social mobility approach wants to put the focus on the ambitions of the local inhabitants to
climb the social ladder
• And subsequently tie those socially mobile residents to the city
• Social mobility = social-economic emancipation, self-realization and a feeling of social security
• Demands a different method for the measurement of poverty?
• Longitudinal rather than cross-sectional analysis!
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The social mobility approach
• Policy goal before: attract middle class from outside the city
• Policy goal now: gradual and slow creation of a middle class from within the existing population
• HOW?
• 4 social mobility routes, different
steps on the ladder
• Identification of opportunities and
barriers
• The policy makers should add steps
to the ladder
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The social mobility approachHousing: possible steps on the ladder
From being homeless to having a roof over your head
From being illegal to being legal
From renting to buying
From small to large in rent or buy
From a multi-family house to a single-family unit with a garden
From rent to buy, from a single-family house to a multi-family house, from large to
small
Improving the living environment, moving to another neighbourhood
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The social mobility approachHousing
Obstacles
• Lack of diversity in bottom part of the housing
market (cf. figure)
• Financial constraints
• Segregation on the housing market
• Allocation criteria and waiting lists social housing
• …
Opportunities & Recommendations
• Adding more (flexible) steps to the housing ladder
(houses for starters, temporary housing, …)
• Greater diversity in lower segment
• Experiment with new buy/rental systems
• …
Source: Platform 31 (2012). Social mobility– theme ‘Housing’ (report) http://www.kei-centrum.nl
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The social mobility approach
Binding the socially mobile residents to the city?
• Socially mobile needed to let others climb on the social ladder-> continuation of social
networks, stability and economic capacity and capital (cf. ‘organically’ grown social mix)
• But ‘Up & Out’ remains the general trend
• What do socially mobile residents demand from their living environment? What would be
needed to make them stay?
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The social mobility approach
Binding the socially mobile residents to the city?
• VROM-council= it is not about social cohesion, but about familiarity, recognition and about
feeling at home
• 4 conditions for binding people to their neighbourhood:
- Space for the own lifestyle
- A manageable environment
- Surrounded by familiar strangers
- Identification with the environment
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The social mobility approach
In sum, the VROM Council advocates for:
• An urban policy that starts from a social agenda to develop social, physical and
economic interventions
• A rupture with the sectoral approach
• A transversal urban renewal policy
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The social mobility approach
From a critical view
• Stimulating social mobility≠ fighting social inequality
• The ladder remains unchanged
• Meritocratic model – responsibility is placed to a great extent upon the individual
• Risk that political mobilization and collective power to change society completely disappears from the
picture
• Underexposure of non-economic dimensions of social mobility –> social mobility has also an expressive
dimension (cf. Thys et. al, 2004) = progress in the area of emotional wellbeing
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The social mobility approach : an evaluation
#1: ‘ A new round, new chances. Upward and downward social mobility in perspective’ (Dutch Council for
Societal Development, 2011)
• Education as the main engine for social mobility, but education also the new dividing line on the labour market and in
society in general
• Growing belief amongst Dutch population in social
mobility
• 4 developments that affect the promise of social
mobility:
-Downward social mobility (esp. amongst men) regarding
educational attainment
-Impact of social origin remains
-Increasing path dependency
-Increasing competition on the labour market
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The social mobility approach : an evaluation
• Is social climbing always desirable / necessary?
• Attention needed for appreciation of various positions in society
• Possibilities of horizontal career perspectives
deserve attention as well
• Too little attention for participation and active citizenship
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The social mobility approach : an evaluation
#2: Social mobility: between dream and deed (Platform Corpovenista, 2010)
• Evaluation of 16 social mobility projects initiated by various housing corporations:
- ‘Your own home’: initiated by 11 homeless people
- ‘Empowerment’: youth programme in Amsterdam
• Increasing social mobility = long-term and slow
process, many immeasurable and immaterial steps
• Greatest effects on the level of (social) housing
complex and street, district level rather limited
• Importance of continuing upward social mobility
route after projects have officially ended
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The social mobility approach : an evaluation
• VROM council puts too much emphasis on government
control
• Social mobility approach too often assumes a linear
route, sometimes one takes steps down the social ladder
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• Thank you for listening
• Elise Schillebeeckx
- OASeS, Centre on Inequality, Poverty, Social Exclusion and the City (University of Antwerp) http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=*OASESE [email protected]