Beyond protein intake: Bushmeat as source of micronutrients in the tri-frontier region
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Beyond protein intake: Bushmeat as source of micronutrients in the tri- frontier region Flavia Mori Sarti
description
Presentation by Flavia Mori Sarti at the symposium, "Innovative ways for conserving the ecosystem services provided by bushmeat" in the 51th Annual Meeting ATBC 2014 in Cairns, Australia.
Transcript of Beyond protein intake: Bushmeat as source of micronutrients in the tri-frontier region
Beyond protein intake: Bushmeat as
source of micronutrients in the tri-
frontier region
Flavia Mori Sarti
Protein availability in tropical forests
Local sources of protein
Wild animals and insects
Seasonal scarcity
Complemented by staple foods
Manioc
Sweet potatoes
Plaintains
Low dietary intake as limitation for size and
permanence of pre-contact Amazonian settlements
Bushmeat consumption
Central role in the diets of urban and rural
populations in tropical forests
Primary source of protein
Few evidences on micronutrients contribution
Diets in the Amazonian region
Lack of variety
Nutritional deficiencies
Low caloric content
Methods
Household (Hh) food intake study
Part of wider survey on bushmeat (BM) in Amazon region
Sample selection of households according to country,
location, income, and bushmeat consumption based on
Interviews among schoolchildren (16 schools)
875 interviews during dry season (September to October, 2012)
1,043 interviews during rainy season (February to March, 2013)
3 consecutive days collection of 24-hour recall (Sun-Tue)
with food items weighting in June and July, 2013
Methods
Household (Hh) food intake study
Household members converted into adult equivalent units
According to age and sex
Food intake converted into
Calories
Macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, lipids)
Micronutrients (fiber, cholesterol, vitamin C, iron, sodium,
calcium)
Nutrient intake per adult equivalent compared with
nutritional requirements for evaluation of populations
Household sample characteristics
CharacteristicsTotal
Hh without BM
ConsHh with BM Cons
n % n % n %
CountryBrazil 20 57% 17 57% 3 60%
Bolivia 15 43% 13 43% 2 40%
IncomeHigh 8 23% 7 23% 1 20%
Low 27 77% 23 77% 4 80%
Avg SD Avg SD Avg SD
Hh membersIndividuals 6.5 3.1 6.4 3.3 7.0 2.3
AE Units 5.1 2.3 5.1 2.4 5.5 1.6
Obs.: Hh = household; BM Cons = bushmeat consumption; Hh members = household members; AE Units =
adult equivalent units; Avg = average; SD = standard deviation.
Results
Nutrient consumption
Caloric intake per adult barely achieves recommendations
Iron deficiency in the diets registered
Low intake of fiber, calcium, and vitamin C
Markers of healthy diets
Low consumption of fruits and vegetables
Excessive intake of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids
Nutrients related to unhealthy diets
Households that consumed bushmeat presented intake
marginally higher (+20% and +25%)
Nutrient intake per day per adult (1/2)
NutrientTotal Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq
Calories (Kcal) 1,762.62 656.26 -39.2% 1,727.85 654.63 -40.4% 1,971.25 700.22 -32.0% 2,900.00
Fiber (g) 14.75 8.94 -61.2% 15.10 9.06 -60.3% 12.66 8.77 -66.7% 38.00
Calcium (mg) 410.61 207.74 -68.4% 408.70 191.45 -68.6% 422.09 317.63 -67.5% 1,300.00
Iron (mg) 8.00 6.13 -55.5% 6.59 3.02 -63.4% 16.51 12.17 -8.3% 18.00
Sodium (mg) 3,712.46 2,039.93 642.5% 3,672.46 1,955.06 634.5% 3,952.46 2,752.37 690.5% 500.00
Vitamin C (mg) 20.12 20.02 -77.6% 20.77 21.20 -76.9% 16.26 11.23 -81.9% 90.00
Cholesterol (mg) 374.65 175.19 24.9% 364.11 155.87 21.4% 437.88 280.90 46.0% 300.00
Nutrient intake per day per adult (1/2)
NutrientTotal Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq
Calories (Kcal) 1,762.62 656.26 -39.2% 1,727.85 654.63 -40.4% 1,971.25 700.22 -32.0% 2,900.00
Fiber (g) 14.75 8.94 -61.2% 15.10 9.06 -60.3% 12.66 8.77 -66.7% 38.00
Calcium (mg) 410.61 207.74 -68.4% 408.70 191.45 -68.6% 422.09 317.63 -67.5% 1,300.00
Iron (mg) 8.00 6.13 -55.5% 6.59 3.02 -63.4% 16.51 12.17 -8.3% 18.00
Sodium (mg) 3,712.46 2,039.93 642.5% 3,672.46 1,955.06 634.5% 3,952.46 2,752.37 690.5% 500.00
Vitamin C (mg) 20.12 20.02 -77.6% 20.77 21.20 -76.9% 16.26 11.23 -81.9% 90.00
Cholesterol (mg) 374.65 175.19 24.9% 364.11 155.87 21.4% 437.88 280.90 46.0% 300.00
Nutrient intake per day per adult (1/2)
NutrientTotal Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq
Calories (Kcal) 1,762.62 656.26 -39.2% 1,727.85 654.63 -40.4% 1,971.25 700.22 -32.0% 2,900.00
Fiber (g) 14.75 8.94 -61.2% 15.10 9.06 -60.3% 12.66 8.77 -66.7% 38.00
Calcium (mg) 410.61 207.74 -68.4% 408.70 191.45 -68.6% 422.09 317.63 -67.5% 1,300.00
Iron (mg) 8.00 6.13 -55.5% 6.59 3.02 -63.4% 16.51 12.17 -8.3% 18.00
Sodium (mg) 3,712.46 2,039.93 642.5% 3,672.46 1,955.06 634.5% 3,952.46 2,752.37 690.5% 500.00
Vitamin C (mg) 20.12 20.02 -77.6% 20.77 21.20 -76.9% 16.26 11.23 -81.9% 90.00
Cholesterol (mg) 374.65 175.19 24.9% 364.11 155.87 21.4% 437.88 280.90 46.0% 300.00
Nutrient intake per day per adult (2/2)
NutrientTotal Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD % Avg SD % Avg SD %
Protein (g) 95.93 50.61 21.8% 89.97 41.43 20.8% 131.72 86.38 26.7% 10-15%
Lipids (g) 60.22 31.01 30.7% 57.75 31.93 30.1% 75.01 21.53 34.2% 15-30%
Carbohydrates (g) 206.51 102.65 46.9% 209.59 104.40 48.5% 188.00 100.20 38.1% 55-75%
Saturated FA (g) 15.96 7.82 8.2% 15.41 7.84 8.0% 19.28 7.57 8.8% <10%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 18.97 10.44
18.2%
18.44 10.88
17.7%
22.18 7.30
20.5% >6%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 16.62 9.57 15.62 9.53 22.64 8.17
Obs.: BM Cons = bushmeat consumption; Avg = average intake; SD = standard deviation; Adeq = adequacy in relation to nutritional
recommendations; DRI = Dietary Reference Intakes; FA = fatty acids.
Nutrient intake per day per adult (2/2)
NutrientTotal Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD % Avg SD % Avg SD %
Protein (g) 95.93 50.61 21.8% 89.97 41.43 20.8% 131.72 86.38 26.7% 10-15%
Lipids (g) 60.22 31.01 30.7% 57.75 31.93 30.1% 75.01 21.53 34.2% 15-30%
Carbohydrates (g) 206.51 102.65 46.9% 209.59 104.40 48.5% 188.00 100.20 38.1% 55-75%
Saturated FA (g) 15.96 7.82 8.2% 15.41 7.84 8.0% 19.28 7.57 8.8% <10%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 18.97 10.44
18.2%
18.44 10.88
17.7%
22.18 7.30
20.5% >6%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 16.62 9.57 15.62 9.53 22.64 8.17
Obs.: BM Cons = bushmeat consumption; Avg = average intake; SD = standard deviation; Adeq = adequacy in relation to nutritional
recommendations; DRI = Dietary Reference Intakes; FA = fatty acids.
Nutrient intake per day per adult (2/2)
NutrientTotal Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD % Avg SD % Avg SD %
Protein (g) 95.93 50.61 21.8% 89.97 41.43 20.8% 131.72 86.38 26.7% 10-15%
Lipids (g) 60.22 31.01 30.7% 57.75 31.93 30.1% 75.01 21.53 34.2% 15-30%
Carbohydrates (g) 206.51 102.65 46.9% 209.59 104.40 48.5% 188.00 100.20 38.1% 55-75%
Saturated FA (g) 15.96 7.82 8.2% 15.41 7.84 8.0% 19.28 7.57 8.8% <10%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 18.97 10.44
18.2%
18.44 10.88
17.7%
22.18 7.30
20.5% >6%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 16.62 9.57 15.62 9.53 22.64 8.17
Obs.: BM Cons = bushmeat consumption; Avg = average intake; SD = standard deviation; Adeq = adequacy in relation to nutritional
recommendations; DRI = Dietary Reference Intakes; FA = fatty acids.
Results
Nutrient consumption
Carbohydrate, protein and iron in households that did not
consume bushmeat
Higher intake of carbohydrates (+12%)
Lower intake of protein (-32%) and iron (-60%)
Food consumption
Manioc flour reported in 69 of the 302 meals registered
Protein sources in households without BM consumption
Chicken (40), fish (39), eggs (34), and processed meat (32)
Meat (18) and pork (6) were the least mentioned
Results
Bushmeat consumption
Registered in seven meals at five households
Represents
32% of usual caloric intake
72% of protein intake
Main food source of iron
73% of cholesterol
38% of saturated fatty acids
Contribution from bushmeat (1/2)
NutrientHh without BM Cons BM Cons Nutr value of BM in
Avg SD Avg SD Day 3 Day Avg
Calories (Kcal) 1,971.25 700.22 628.25 571.34 28.5% 31.8%
Fiber (g) 12.66 8.77 0.00 0.00 0.0% 0.0%
Calcium (mg) 422.09 317.63 55.49 62.80 18.4% 19.5%
Iron (mg) 16.51 12.17 25.65 28.32 74.1% 139.9%
Sodium (mg) 3,952.46 2,752.37 175.86 164.63 6.1% 5.1%
Vitamin C (mg) 16.26 11.23 6.01 9.47 30.8% 41.1%
Cholesterol (mg) 437.88 280.90 317.94 323.98 59.6% 72.8%
Contribution from bushmeat (1/2)
NutrientHh without BM Cons BM Cons Nutr value of BM in
Avg SD Avg SD Day 3 Day Avg
Calories (Kcal) 1,971.25 700.22 628.25 571.34 28.5% 31.8%
Fiber (g) 12.66 8.77 0.00 0.00 0.0% 0.0%
Calcium (mg) 422.09 317.63 55.49 62.80 18.4% 19.5%
Iron (mg) 16.51 12.17 25.65 28.32 74.1% 139.9%
Sodium (mg) 3,952.46 2,752.37 175.86 164.63 6.1% 5.1%
Vitamin C (mg) 16.26 11.23 6.01 9.47 30.8% 41.1%
Cholesterol (mg) 437.88 280.90 317.94 323.98 59.6% 72.8%
Contribution from bushmeat (2/2)
NutrientHh without BM Cons BM Cons Nutr value of BM in
Avg SD Avg SD Day 3 Day Avg
Protein (g) 131.72 86.38 96.22 94.51 59.5% 71.4%
Lipids (g) 75.01 21.53 24.04 20.63 30.6% 34.0%
Carbohydrates (g) 188.00 100.20 0.22 0.59 0.2% 0.1%
Saturated FA (g) 19.28 7.57 6.86 6.20 35.0% 38.4%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 22.18 7.30 7.44 6.52 32.8% 35.5%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 22.64 8.17 3.99 3.97 16.7% 20.9%
Contribution from bushmeat (2/2)
NutrientHh without BM Cons BM Cons Nutr value of BM in
Avg SD Avg SD Day 3 Day Avg
Protein (g) 131.72 86.38 96.22 94.51 59.5% 71.4%
Lipids (g) 75.01 21.53 24.04 20.63 30.6% 34.0%
Carbohydrates (g) 188.00 100.20 0.22 0.59 0.2% 0.1%
Saturated FA (g) 19.28 7.57 6.86 6.20 35.0% 38.4%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 22.18 7.30 7.44 6.52 32.8% 35.5%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 22.64 8.17 3.99 3.97 16.7% 20.9%
Discussion
Bushmeat consumption seems to be gradually
substituted by
Other protein sources
Food items that present lower protein and iron contents
Evidences supported by results of other studies
Manioc flour continues as staple food
Nutrition transition in Amazon region
Poorer diets
Susceptible to anaemia and chronic health problems
