N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels
Beyond Fossil Fuels: Biofuel Opportunities for Africa
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Transcript of Beyond Fossil Fuels: Biofuel Opportunities for Africa
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Beyond Fossil Fuels:
Opportunities for Africa
Washington, 7th october 2008
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Energy Security: Energy poses a major problem in sub-Saharan Africa, more so than anywhereelse in the world.
The electrification rate < 16% in AfricaThe primary energy consumption < 5% of the world total consumptionAn increase in oil price $10/barrel = 1.5% drop in GDP & up to 3% for very poor countries
Climate change: The poorest countries that will suffer the climate change earliest and mostHunger, water shortages and coastal floodingThe increase of production and exports of oil and gas cannot be an end in itself
Carbon market: an additional revenue streamKyoto protocol and its local application : European Trading Scheme, CCX (USA),NSW(Australia)…Carbon finance could raise $4 billion by 2012 and up to $14 billion thereafter (10 timesgreater than what is available than Official Development Assistance)
I. Energy ContextI. Energy Context
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I. Energy ContextI. Energy Context
World Energy consumption
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook
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I. Energy ContextI. Energy Context
Africa Energy consumption
Source: Energy Information Administration, May 2008
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Biofuel : available land for Agriculture (69.8 million hectares in West Africa)
Biomass : total of 650 million hectares in Africa (17% of the world’s total forest cover)
Water (hydro power) : 17 major rivers with catchments areas of greater than 100,000 km2
Geothermal : example: on 80 km² of field there is enough steam to produce 200 TWh/year
Wind : 9m/s of average wind speed per 80m
Solar : average sunshine potential in West Africa represents 5 to 6 kWh/m² per day
II. Renewable EnergiesII. Renewable Energies
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IV.IV. BiofuelsBiofuels Opportunities in ECOWAS regionOpportunities in ECOWAS region
Superficies : 5 million Km²Population : 260 million habitants
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III.III. BiofuelsBiofuels
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III.III. BiofuelsBiofuels
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III.III. BiofuelsBiofuels
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III.III. BiofuelsBiofuels
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Energy Balance = (biofuel combustion energy) / (energy requirement for biofuelproduction)
Environmental Benefit = (biofuel CO2 emission ) / (fossil fuel CO2 e 1m 0i ,5ssion)
Maximum matrix substitution = fossil fuel fraction possible for substitution taking allallowable biomass
Source: PNAS, jul 2006
III.III. BiofuelsBiofuels
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First Generation (from sugars, grains, or seeds) Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester; fatty acid ethyl ester)
Rapeseed (RME), soybeans (SME), sunflowers, jatropha, coconut, palm, recycledcooking oil
Pure plant oils (straight vegetable oil). Alcohols (ethanol, butanol)
From grains or seeds: corn, wheat, potatoFrom sugar crops: sugar beets, sugarcane
Second Generation (from lignocellulose: crop residues, grasses, woody crops) Biological fuels
Ethanol (or butanol) via enzymatic hydrolysis Thermochemicalfuels (most made via “gasification”)
Fischer-Tropschliquids (FTL)Methanol, MTBE, gasolineDimethylether (DME)Mixed alcoholsGreen diesel
III.III. BiofuelsBiofuels
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III.III. BiofuelsBiofuels
5
3
2
Other
3
3
Palm oil
3
3
Jatropha
Total
BioethanolProduction
BiodieselProduction
3
3
Cassava
195
115
8
TotalSugarCane
Biofuel projects in the pipe line
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III.III. BiofuelsBiofuels
3
Aff /Ref
19
Hydro
4
FossilFuel
9
Biomass
1
Wind
5
E. Eff
1
E.Distr
2
Agri
2
Solar
471
TotalSolideWaste
Other projects in the pipe line
Agri = AgricultureE. Distr = Energy DistributionE. Eff = Energy EfficiencyAff / Ref = Afforestation / Reforestation
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FINANCING Strategy :African Biofuel & Renewable Energy Fund
(ABREF)
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I. PresentationI. Presentation
In November 2006, the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID) and theUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) organized a regionalconference in Accra, Ghana, on the financing of bio-fuels and Jetropha cultivation inAfrica, and on the development of the carbon market.
During the conference the initiative was launched to establish an African Fund for thedevelopment of bio fuels and other renewable energy.
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II. Objectives of the FundII. Objectives of the Fund
The Fund will :
Contribute to the development of the biofuels and renewable energy industry in theAfrican regions, with a particular focus on West African countries
Provide investors with superior returns through investments in biofuels and renewableenergy projects which generate Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
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III. StructureIII. Structure
Africa Biofuels &Renewable Energy
Fund (ABREF)
Equity Investment CERs Purchase
Africa Clean EnergyTechnical Assistance
Facility (ACE TAF)
Feasibility studies Energy audit for potential energy
efficiency projects Project Design Documentation &
Validation Projects preparation costs Capacity building
Africa Biofuels &Renewable EnergyCompany (ABREC)
Project identification Support for Management of
the TAF Liaison & Coordination Support to the Fund Manager
InternationalFund Manager)
Revew & carry out duediligence on projects &recommandation to the Boardof Trustees
Monitor the project postfunding & report backto the Board of Trustees
Prepare an annual budgetfor its activities
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IV.IV. SizeSize && SharesShares
ABREF Equity investments : €200 million
€150 million (75%) of the Fund’s capital for equity investments in specific projects€50 million (25%) to purchase CERs
Debt facility : US $ 1 billion
ACE TAF : €10 million
Contributions from governmentsVoluntary contributions from private sector
Fund Size
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Private Investors , Share A
Governments, Share B
Category of Shares
IV. Size &IV. Size & SharesShares
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V.V. StrategyStrategy ofof FinancingFinancing
Low
High
HighLow
ODA & governmentPERCEIVED
RISK
BANKABILITY
Export credit agencies& Insurance companies
Commercial banks
Institutionalinvestors
Capital market
Development banks
ABREF financing strategy
Use credit enhancementsbased on additional cash flows
Carbonfunding
Revolvefunding
Mezzaninefinance
Debt &leasing
Equity
Advise
&
Arrange
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V.V. StrategyStrategy ofof FinancingFinancing
Project
programme
…
CDMportfolio
CDMreviewprocess
Buyer
ABREF Investment Fund Escrow
Advisor/Arranger/
Manager/Financier
Sales realization
carbon creditsissuance
ABREF Carboncredit company
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V.V. StrategyStrategy ofof FinancingFinancing
Project
Escrow a/c
Buyer
Option 1
Sale agreement (ERPA)
Sale of carbon credits
Project asset
& assignment ofERPA
Upfrontlending
&
Cofinancing
Sales
realization
Servicing
Project
Escrow a/c
Buyer
Lenders
Sale of Carbon credits
Sales
realization
Upfront
lending
Advisor
/arranger
Project asset
& assignment
of ERPA
Credit wrap
servicing
Sales agreement (ERPA)
Option 2
ABREFABREF
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THANKS TOOUR SPONSORS
EcowasEcowas Bank forBank forInvestment & DevelopmentInvestment & Development
United NationsUnited NationsConference On Trade & DevelopmentConference On Trade & Development
World BankWorld BankCarbon Finance AssistCarbon Finance Assist
Economic CommunityEconomic CommunityOf West African StatesOf West African States
ECOBANK GroupECOBANK GroupInternationalInternational
Energy Insurance (Nigeria)Energy Insurance (Nigeria) FondsFonds AfricainAfricain dede GarantieGarantie etetdede CoopCoopéérationration EconomiqueEconomique
OUR PARTNER
ECOSURECOSUR Energy.EnvironmentEnergy.Environment..InnovationInnovation Alien EnergyAlien Energy EmpresaEmpresa BrasileiraBrasileira dede
PesquisaPesquisa AgropecuAgropecuààriaria
FIRST CLIMATEFIRST CLIMATE Agence Nationale dAgence Nationale d’’AppuiAppuiAu DAu Dééveloppement Ruralveloppement Rural CommunautCommunaut éé
ElectriqueElectrique du Bdu BééninninDENTON WILDE SPATEDENTON WILDE SPATEUnionUnion EconomiqueEconomique etet
MonMonéétaire Ouest Africainetaire Ouest Africaine
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Head of Project
Mr. Thierno Bocar TALL
Tel : (+228) 221 68 64Fax : (+228) 221 86 84
(+228) 222 81 51
E-mail : [email protected]
www.faber-abref.org
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
ContactContact